In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00062-CR
FREDERICK WILLIAMS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 42109-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter MEMORANDUM OPINION Frederick Williams was convicted of possession of less than one gram of cocaine,
sentenced to two years’ confinement, and ordered to pay a $5,000.00 fine. Williams appeals,
claiming the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Finding the evidence
sufficient to support the conviction, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review
In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305
S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). We examine legal sufficiency under
the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to
fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences
from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
II. Background
On the night of December 29, 2011, Officer Michael Bailey of the Longview Police
Department was on patrol when he was dispatched to an area on Elderville Road regarding a
robbery. After receiving this dispatch, Bailey spotted Williams, who apparently matched the
2 description of the robbery suspects, in the vicinity of the robbery. 1 Bailey stopped and asked
Williams to talk with him. Although Williams replied, “Yes, sir,” he then turned and ran from
Bailey. Williams fled through a grassy area, a parking lot, around a doughnut café, and back
towards the road. As Williams ran around the back of the doughnut café, with Bailey giving
chase on foot, Bailey saw Williams, who was approximately ten-to-twenty feet in front of him,
throw what appeared to Bailey to be a white object into the bushes. Ambient lighting in the area
was sufficient for Bailey to visualize this event. Bailey apprehended Williams between the
doughnut café and Elderville Road.
After apprehending Williams, Bailey returned to the area where he saw Williams discard
the white object. There he found a Newport cigarette box with a white top lying on the ground.
The bottom portion of the cigarette box was dark green. The cigarette box contained a razor
blade and two plastic baggies, which contained crack cocaine. 2 The night was cold and there
was dew on the ground. When Bailey retrieved the cigarette box from the ground, however, the
box was dry. Bailey described other trash on the ground (some of which was also white) next to
the cigarette box; these items were covered in dew, as was the grass. The only item not covered
in dew was the cigarette box. Although the cigarette box and its contents were submitted to the
laboratory for fingerprints, no prints were obtained. 3
1 It is undisputed that Williams had nothing to do with the robbery. 2 Claybion Cloud, a forensic chemist with the Texas Department of Public Safety’s crime laboratory in Tyler, analyzed the contents of the plastic baggies found inside the Newport cigarette box recovered from the scene by Bailey. Based on his analysis, Cloud determined the substance to be .82 grams of crack cocaine. 3 Chris Taylor, a physical evidence specialist with the Longview Police Department, explained that the surface of the razor blade was rusty, making it difficult to retain a latent print. The plastic inside the cigarette box was wrinkled 3 III. The Evidence is Legally Sufficient to Support the Conviction
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id.
Williams was guilty, as charged in the indictment, if he (1) knowingly or intentionally
(2) possessed less than 1 gram (3) of cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.
§ 481.115(a), (b) (West 2010). “To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the
State must prove that: (1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the
substance; and (2) the accused knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State,
153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Williams contends that the evidence is
insufficient to support findings that he had knowledge of the contraband and that he exercised
control over it.
Where, as here, the controlled substance is not in the exclusive control of the defendant at
the time when and in the place where it is found, the State must make a showing of links between
the accused and the controlled substance. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161–62 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746, 748 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d).
“Mere presence at the location where drugs are found is thus insufficient, by itself, to establish
and folded, and, thus, not conducive to a fingerprint transfer. It is possible to handle or possess a cigarette package without leaving identifiable fingerprints. No fingerprints from any source were found on any of these items. 4 actual care, custody, or control of those drugs.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162. However, presence
or proximity, when combined with other direct or circumstantial evidence, may be sufficient to
establish control, management, custody, or care beyond a reasonable doubt if the proof amounts
to more than a strong suspicion or probability. Id.; Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736, 741 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).
Various factors have been recognized as contributing to an evaluation of whether an
accused is linked to the contraband. A nonexclusive list of factors that can be sufficient, either
singly or in combination, to establish Williams’ possession of the contraband include: (1) his
presence when a search was conducted, (2) whether the contraband was in plain view, (3) his
proximity to and the accessibility of the contraband, (4) whether he was under the influence of
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In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00062-CR
FREDERICK WILLIAMS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 42109-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter MEMORANDUM OPINION Frederick Williams was convicted of possession of less than one gram of cocaine,
sentenced to two years’ confinement, and ordered to pay a $5,000.00 fine. Williams appeals,
claiming the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Finding the evidence
sufficient to support the conviction, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review
In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305
S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). We examine legal sufficiency under
the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to
fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences
from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
II. Background
On the night of December 29, 2011, Officer Michael Bailey of the Longview Police
Department was on patrol when he was dispatched to an area on Elderville Road regarding a
robbery. After receiving this dispatch, Bailey spotted Williams, who apparently matched the
2 description of the robbery suspects, in the vicinity of the robbery. 1 Bailey stopped and asked
Williams to talk with him. Although Williams replied, “Yes, sir,” he then turned and ran from
Bailey. Williams fled through a grassy area, a parking lot, around a doughnut café, and back
towards the road. As Williams ran around the back of the doughnut café, with Bailey giving
chase on foot, Bailey saw Williams, who was approximately ten-to-twenty feet in front of him,
throw what appeared to Bailey to be a white object into the bushes. Ambient lighting in the area
was sufficient for Bailey to visualize this event. Bailey apprehended Williams between the
doughnut café and Elderville Road.
After apprehending Williams, Bailey returned to the area where he saw Williams discard
the white object. There he found a Newport cigarette box with a white top lying on the ground.
The bottom portion of the cigarette box was dark green. The cigarette box contained a razor
blade and two plastic baggies, which contained crack cocaine. 2 The night was cold and there
was dew on the ground. When Bailey retrieved the cigarette box from the ground, however, the
box was dry. Bailey described other trash on the ground (some of which was also white) next to
the cigarette box; these items were covered in dew, as was the grass. The only item not covered
in dew was the cigarette box. Although the cigarette box and its contents were submitted to the
laboratory for fingerprints, no prints were obtained. 3
1 It is undisputed that Williams had nothing to do with the robbery. 2 Claybion Cloud, a forensic chemist with the Texas Department of Public Safety’s crime laboratory in Tyler, analyzed the contents of the plastic baggies found inside the Newport cigarette box recovered from the scene by Bailey. Based on his analysis, Cloud determined the substance to be .82 grams of crack cocaine. 3 Chris Taylor, a physical evidence specialist with the Longview Police Department, explained that the surface of the razor blade was rusty, making it difficult to retain a latent print. The plastic inside the cigarette box was wrinkled 3 III. The Evidence is Legally Sufficient to Support the Conviction
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id.
Williams was guilty, as charged in the indictment, if he (1) knowingly or intentionally
(2) possessed less than 1 gram (3) of cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.
§ 481.115(a), (b) (West 2010). “To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the
State must prove that: (1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the
substance; and (2) the accused knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State,
153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Williams contends that the evidence is
insufficient to support findings that he had knowledge of the contraband and that he exercised
control over it.
Where, as here, the controlled substance is not in the exclusive control of the defendant at
the time when and in the place where it is found, the State must make a showing of links between
the accused and the controlled substance. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161–62 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Muckleroy v. State, 206 S.W.3d 746, 748 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d).
“Mere presence at the location where drugs are found is thus insufficient, by itself, to establish
and folded, and, thus, not conducive to a fingerprint transfer. It is possible to handle or possess a cigarette package without leaving identifiable fingerprints. No fingerprints from any source were found on any of these items. 4 actual care, custody, or control of those drugs.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162. However, presence
or proximity, when combined with other direct or circumstantial evidence, may be sufficient to
establish control, management, custody, or care beyond a reasonable doubt if the proof amounts
to more than a strong suspicion or probability. Id.; Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736, 741 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).
Various factors have been recognized as contributing to an evaluation of whether an
accused is linked to the contraband. A nonexclusive list of factors that can be sufficient, either
singly or in combination, to establish Williams’ possession of the contraband include: (1) his
presence when a search was conducted, (2) whether the contraband was in plain view, (3) his
proximity to and the accessibility of the contraband, (4) whether he was under the influence of
narcotics when arrested, (5) whether he possessed other contraband, narcotics, or paraphernalia
when arrested, (6) whether he made incriminating statements when arrested, (7) whether he
attempted to flee or made furtive gestures, (8) whether there was an odor of contraband, (9)
whether he owned or had the right to possess the place where the drugs were found, (10) whether
the place where the drugs were found was enclosed, (11) whether he was found with a large
amount of cash, (12) whether his conduct indicated a consciousness of guilt, (13) the quantity of
the contraband, and (14) whether he was observed in a suspicious area under suspicious
circumstances. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379, 385–86
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d); Muckleroy, 206 S.W.3d at 748 n.4. 4 This
4 This has been termed the “affirmative links” rule. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 161. This rule “is not an independent test of legal sufficiency.” Id. at 161 n.9. Rather, the term is used “merely as a shorthand catch-phrase for a large variety of circumstantial evidence that may establish the knowing ‘possession’ or ‘control, management, or care’ of some item such as contraband.” Id. 5 nonexclusive list is not a litmus test, and it is the logical force of all of the evidence that guides
our determination. Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, no pet.).
Weighing heavily against Williams is the fact that he fled when Bailey asked to speak
with him. While flight and/or mere presence at a scene where drugs are found, alone, are
insufficient to support a guilty verdict, they are circumstances from which an inference of guilt
can be drawn by a fact-finder. Foster v. State, 779 S.W.2d 845, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989);
Hill v State, 161 S.W.3d 771, 776 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.). The jury could have
determined that Williams’ flight indicated a consciousness of guilt and that Williams knew he
possessed illegal drugs. Moreover, Bailey saw Williams discard a white object in some bushes
as Williams fled. After Williams was apprehended, Bailey walked straight to the area where he
saw Williams discard the white object and found a Newport cigarette box containing cocaine.
The cigarette box was found in plain view in close proximity to Williams’ path during the chase,
in the location where Bailey saw him discard a white object. While there was other trash (some
of it white) lying on the ground in the area where the cigarette box was located, each of those
items was covered in dew; the cigarette box was not. From this evidence, the jury could have
determined that the cigarette box was the item Bailey saw Williams throw into the bushes while
running from Bailey.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that the jury
could have rationally found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Williams knowingly possessed
cocaine. Therefore, we find the evidence legally sufficient to support his conviction.
6 IV. Modification of Judgment
The judgment erroneously reflects that Williams was convicted of possession of between
one and four grams of cocaine and erroneously lists the statute under which he was convicted as
Section 481.115(c) of the Texas Health and Safety Code. 5 Williams was indicted for, tried for,
and convicted of violating Section 481.115(b) of the Texas Health and Safety Code by
possessing less than one gram of cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(b).
The indictment read to the jury alleged that Williams possessed less than one gram of cocaine.
The evidence at trial reflected that the cocaine in the cigarette box weighed less than one gram.
The jury was instructed that Williams was charged with possession of less than one gram of
cocaine, Williams was found guilty of possessing less than one gram of cocaine, and Williams’
sentence was within the sentencing range for a state jail felony. 6
The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure give this Court authority to modify judgments to
correct errors and make the record speak the truth. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); French v. State, 830
S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Rhoten v. State, 299 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2009, no pet.); see Gray v. State, 628 S.W.2d 228, 233 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
1982, pet. ref’d). Therefore, we hereby modify the judgment to reflect Williams was convicted
of possession of less than one gram of a controlled substance and that he was convicted under
5 The judgment lists the degree of offense as a state jail felony. The statute listed is Section 481.115(c) of the Texas Health and Safety Code (possession of between one and four grams of cocaine, a third degree felony). TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(c) (West 2010). 6 During the punishment phase, the jury was reminded that Williams was found guilty of possession of less than one gram of cocaine, and their duty was to assess punishment from 180 days up to two years in a state jail facility, with a possible fine of up to $10,000.00. This punishment range is appropriate for a state jail felony, not a third degree felony. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West 2011), § 12.35 (West Supp. 2012). Williams was sentenced to two years’ confinement and ordered to pay a $5,000.00 fine. 7 Section 481.115(b) of the Texas Health and Safety Code. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. § 481.115(b). We further modify the judgment to reflect the correct offense for which
Williams was convicted as possession of less than one gram of a controlled substance.
V. Conclusion
As modified, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jack Carter Justice
Date Submitted: October 4, 2013 Date Decided: October 18, 2013
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