In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00222-CR
FREDERIC SCOTT YOC-H, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court No. 4 Denton County, Texas Trial Court No. CR-2011-01086-D, Honorable Joe Bridges, Presiding
April 28, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant, Frederic Scott Yoc-H, was charged with the offense of criminal
trespass1 and entered a plea of guilty, pursuant to a plea bargain, following the trial
court’s denial of his motion to quash the complaint and information, or, in the alternative,
to enter an acquittal. Under the terms of the plea bargain, appellant retained the right
to appeal the trial court’s pretrial ruling and, accordingly, brings forth a single issue on
appeal. Appellant contends that section 30.05(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code, as
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.05(a)(1) (West Supp. 2013). applied, violates his rights to due process as protected in the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
30.05(a)(1). We will affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant previously worked at Texas Woman’s University (TWU) as a grill cook.
In November of 2010, appellant was questioned by the Denton Police Department as
part of an ongoing investigation involving allegations regarding a sexual assault.
Subsequently, appellant was terminated by TWU. Thereafter, on November 16, 2010, a
document was prepared by Officer Vince Oldag of the TWU Police Department which,
upon its face, advised appellant that he was not to be on the property of TWU under
penalty of criminal trespass. However, appellant did not sign this document and his
name, which is printed on the document, is misspelled. On that same day, Lieutenant
Kenneth Adams, of the TWU patrol service, prepared and sent to appellant a letter
which apprised him of the fact that he had been officially “trespassed” from TWU. This
letter had attached to it the document executed by Oldag. The notice mailed by Adams
was sent certified mail. The certified mail was delivered to the address where appellant
lived, but the certificate of delivery was signed by appellant’s sister.
On January 11, 2011, appellant was in the parking lot of a dormitory on the TWU
campus, having returned his girlfriend to her dorm room. Appellant’s car was parked in
a handicapped parking spot. TWU patrol officer Dadra Bundick noticed appellant
parked in a handicapped parking spot and questioned him. Upon receiving appellant’s
official Texas identification card, Bundick had a background check run on the name and
2 was informed by dispatch that appellant had received a “trespass notice” previously.
Appellant was then arrested for criminal trespass.
At the hearing on appellant’s pretrial motion, appellant provided the only
testimony. He contends that he was never given an opportunity to respond to the notice
of criminal trespass. However, he further testified that he did not know of the criminal
trespass notice until his arrest. Appellant affirmatively denied receiving the notification
from TWU; however, appellant further avers that this lack of notification is not the basis
of his complaint. Rather, he contends the issuance of the “trespass notice” itself
violates his due process rights. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied
the motion.
Appellant subsequently entered into a plea agreement and, as a part of that
agreement, appellant brings forth his appeal from the trial court’s denial of his pretrial
motion. For the reasons hereinafter set forth, we will affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution provides that a State
shall not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
U.S. CONST. amend XIV.
As an appellate court reviewing a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to quash
a complaint and information where the decision did not turn on a credibility
determination, we apply a de novo standard of review. See Lawrence v. State, 240
S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In considering the constitutionality of a
3 statute, we begin with the presumption that the legislature has not acted
unconstitutionally. Id. The party who challenges the constitutionality of the statute on
Due Process grounds has the burden of demonstrating the scheme’s unconstitutionality.
See Anthony v. State, 209 S.W.3d 296, 303 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, no pet.)
(citing Lujan v. G & G Fire Sprinklers, Inc., 532 U.S. 189, 198, 121 S. Ct. 1446, 149 L.
Ed. 2d 391 (2001), and Ex parte Granviel, 561 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)
(en banc)).
Analysis
For purposes of our analysis we will assume, arguendo, that appellant had a
protected liberty or property interest in being able to access TWU’s property. See Am.
Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 59, 119 S. Ct. 977, 143 L. Ed. 2d 130
(1999). This then leads to a discussion of what evidence appellant, the party
challenging the constitutionality of the statute on due process grounds, put forth to
demonstrate that TWU’s scheme was unconstitutional in its application to himself. See
Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (construing whether the
application of the sex offender registration act operated as an unconstitutional ex post
facto law under the United States and Texas constitutions).
Appellant provided the only testimony heard by the trial court. Appellant testified
that he never received any written notification regarding being placed on notice that he
had received a trespass warning from TWU. The singular purpose of his testimony was
to demonstrate that he was placed under arrest for criminal trespass without any
opportunity to contest the trespass notice allegedly sent him by TWU. However,
4 conspicuously missing from the testimony was any reference to what the process at
TWU consisted of, or whether there was a process at TWU. Appellant seems to take
the position that he does not know what the process is. While that may be true of
appellant personally, that does not provide this Court with any information upon which to
base a decision that the process was defective for purposes of a due process analysis.
See Anthony, 209 S.W.3d at 303 (citing Lujan, 532 U.S. at 198, and Granviel, 561
S.W.2d at 511).
Appellant avers in his brief that “the official decision to permanently exclude
[appellant] from TWU property was made by Oldag and Adams without affording
[appellant] an opportunity to be heard.” While this position is based upon the testimony
of appellant at the hearing, there is nothing in the record to support the position other
than appellant’s personal knowledge that he was not told of any method to appeal and
had no personal knowledge of a method of appeal.
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00222-CR
FREDERIC SCOTT YOC-H, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court No. 4 Denton County, Texas Trial Court No. CR-2011-01086-D, Honorable Joe Bridges, Presiding
April 28, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant, Frederic Scott Yoc-H, was charged with the offense of criminal
trespass1 and entered a plea of guilty, pursuant to a plea bargain, following the trial
court’s denial of his motion to quash the complaint and information, or, in the alternative,
to enter an acquittal. Under the terms of the plea bargain, appellant retained the right
to appeal the trial court’s pretrial ruling and, accordingly, brings forth a single issue on
appeal. Appellant contends that section 30.05(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code, as
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.05(a)(1) (West Supp. 2013). applied, violates his rights to due process as protected in the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
30.05(a)(1). We will affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant previously worked at Texas Woman’s University (TWU) as a grill cook.
In November of 2010, appellant was questioned by the Denton Police Department as
part of an ongoing investigation involving allegations regarding a sexual assault.
Subsequently, appellant was terminated by TWU. Thereafter, on November 16, 2010, a
document was prepared by Officer Vince Oldag of the TWU Police Department which,
upon its face, advised appellant that he was not to be on the property of TWU under
penalty of criminal trespass. However, appellant did not sign this document and his
name, which is printed on the document, is misspelled. On that same day, Lieutenant
Kenneth Adams, of the TWU patrol service, prepared and sent to appellant a letter
which apprised him of the fact that he had been officially “trespassed” from TWU. This
letter had attached to it the document executed by Oldag. The notice mailed by Adams
was sent certified mail. The certified mail was delivered to the address where appellant
lived, but the certificate of delivery was signed by appellant’s sister.
On January 11, 2011, appellant was in the parking lot of a dormitory on the TWU
campus, having returned his girlfriend to her dorm room. Appellant’s car was parked in
a handicapped parking spot. TWU patrol officer Dadra Bundick noticed appellant
parked in a handicapped parking spot and questioned him. Upon receiving appellant’s
official Texas identification card, Bundick had a background check run on the name and
2 was informed by dispatch that appellant had received a “trespass notice” previously.
Appellant was then arrested for criminal trespass.
At the hearing on appellant’s pretrial motion, appellant provided the only
testimony. He contends that he was never given an opportunity to respond to the notice
of criminal trespass. However, he further testified that he did not know of the criminal
trespass notice until his arrest. Appellant affirmatively denied receiving the notification
from TWU; however, appellant further avers that this lack of notification is not the basis
of his complaint. Rather, he contends the issuance of the “trespass notice” itself
violates his due process rights. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied
the motion.
Appellant subsequently entered into a plea agreement and, as a part of that
agreement, appellant brings forth his appeal from the trial court’s denial of his pretrial
motion. For the reasons hereinafter set forth, we will affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution provides that a State
shall not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
U.S. CONST. amend XIV.
As an appellate court reviewing a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to quash
a complaint and information where the decision did not turn on a credibility
determination, we apply a de novo standard of review. See Lawrence v. State, 240
S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In considering the constitutionality of a
3 statute, we begin with the presumption that the legislature has not acted
unconstitutionally. Id. The party who challenges the constitutionality of the statute on
Due Process grounds has the burden of demonstrating the scheme’s unconstitutionality.
See Anthony v. State, 209 S.W.3d 296, 303 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, no pet.)
(citing Lujan v. G & G Fire Sprinklers, Inc., 532 U.S. 189, 198, 121 S. Ct. 1446, 149 L.
Ed. 2d 391 (2001), and Ex parte Granviel, 561 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)
(en banc)).
Analysis
For purposes of our analysis we will assume, arguendo, that appellant had a
protected liberty or property interest in being able to access TWU’s property. See Am.
Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 59, 119 S. Ct. 977, 143 L. Ed. 2d 130
(1999). This then leads to a discussion of what evidence appellant, the party
challenging the constitutionality of the statute on due process grounds, put forth to
demonstrate that TWU’s scheme was unconstitutional in its application to himself. See
Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (construing whether the
application of the sex offender registration act operated as an unconstitutional ex post
facto law under the United States and Texas constitutions).
Appellant provided the only testimony heard by the trial court. Appellant testified
that he never received any written notification regarding being placed on notice that he
had received a trespass warning from TWU. The singular purpose of his testimony was
to demonstrate that he was placed under arrest for criminal trespass without any
opportunity to contest the trespass notice allegedly sent him by TWU. However,
4 conspicuously missing from the testimony was any reference to what the process at
TWU consisted of, or whether there was a process at TWU. Appellant seems to take
the position that he does not know what the process is. While that may be true of
appellant personally, that does not provide this Court with any information upon which to
base a decision that the process was defective for purposes of a due process analysis.
See Anthony, 209 S.W.3d at 303 (citing Lujan, 532 U.S. at 198, and Granviel, 561
S.W.2d at 511).
Appellant avers in his brief that “the official decision to permanently exclude
[appellant] from TWU property was made by Oldag and Adams without affording
[appellant] an opportunity to be heard.” While this position is based upon the testimony
of appellant at the hearing, there is nothing in the record to support the position other
than appellant’s personal knowledge that he was not told of any method to appeal and
had no personal knowledge of a method of appeal. In fact, appellant testified that if
there were a review process for individuals who had been given a criminal trespass
warning, he would have no knowledge of it. Appellant seems to ask this Court to infer
that there is no process from the fact that he has no personal knowledge of any
process. However, we are not permitted to make such an inference. See Rodriguez,
93 S.W.3d at 69. In the absence of contrary evidence, we must continue to presume
that the statute is constitutional as applied. See id. We are constrained to remember
that this is not a situation where once appellant testifies that, he was not told of a
method to challenge the trespass notice or appeal the trespass notice, the burden then
shifts to the State to show that there was a method to challenge or appeal the notice.
Rather, the burden is solely that of the appellant to demonstrate what the process is that
5 he claims is constitutionally infirm. See Anthony, 209 S.W.3d at 303 (citing Lujan, 532
U.S. at 198, and Granviel, 561 S.W.2d at 511). We have no information upon which we
can base a decision to overturn the ruling of the trial court. Accordingly, appellant’s
issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s single issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial
Mackey K. Hancock Justice
Do not publish.