OPINION OF THE COURT.
ROBERTS, C. J.- —
-While many claimed errors are assigned, we will confine our consideration to those only which appellant has discussed in his brief, and upon the hearing of the cause in this Court.
Complaint is first made that the findings of fact made by the trial court are mere conclusions of law, and therefore, the decree made is inoperative, because not supported by findings, such findings having been requested by appellant. It would require unnecessary space to incorporate all the findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the trial court. It is perhaps sufficient, to state that the Court found: that the parties entered into the so-called partnership agreement set out in the statement of facts, on the date herein named; that pursuant to such partnership agreement, Fraser and wife m'ade, executed and delivered to Bidwell and Probert, deeds to one-third interest each, in and to the property described in the complaint; that Bidwell and Probert performed all the conditions of said agreement, on their part to be performed; that there was a good and sufficient consideration for the said deeds; that said deeds were executed and delivered by plaintiff as his free and voluntary act, and without any undue influence or duress of Bidwell and Probert; that at the time of making such partnership agreement and executing said deeds, said Fraser was of sound mind and had the mental capacity to make said contract and execute said deeds; that the attempted dissolution of the co-partnership by Fraser, was an attempt to defraud Bidwell and Probert. Certain other facts were found not involved in this appeal, however, as such facts affected only the intervenors, Martin, and Kandall, the receiver of the Taos Savings Bank.
1 The Court is only required to find the ultimate facts in controversy, raised by the issues in the case. Here the questions to be determined were, (1) the mental condition of Fraser at the time he entered into the contract with, and executed the deeds, to Probert and Bid-well, and, (2) were said deeds .executed and delivered by Fraser to Bidwell and Probert freely and voluntarily and without any undue influence or duress on the part of either Bidwell or Probert? These were the main issues in the case, the ultimate facts which the Court was required to determine in order to render a judgment. In 38 Cye. 1980, it i& stated:
“The setting out of matters of evidence and subordinate facts in the findings is neither necessary, nor proper, as a finding of ultimate facts necessarily includes all the probative facts, together with the inferences therefrom, and it is the province and duty of the Court to state ultimate, rather than evidentiary or probative, facts in its findings.”
The Court was not required, nor would it have been proper, to set-out the evidence upon which it relied in determining the ultimate facts found. Nor does the fact that conclusions of law may have been intermixed with the findings of fact, render such findings so objectionable as to require a reversal of the case. In the case of Baker v. De Armijo, decided at the last term of this Court, and reported in 128 Pac. 73, we quoted, with approval, the following excerpt from the case of O’Beilly v. Campbell, 116 IT. S. 420, 6 Sup. Ct. 422, 29 La. Ed. 669:
2 ‘‘Findings are not to be construed with the strictness of special pleadings. It is sufficient if from them all, taken together with the pleadings, we can see enough upon a fair eoiistruction to justify the judgment of the Court notwithstanding their want of precision and the occasional intermixture of matters of fact and conclusions of law/’
Tested by this rule, we think the findings are sufficient to support the judgment.
3 Appellant next contends that the findings of fact are not supported by sufficient evidence, and further that it is the duty of this Court, this being an equity case, to review all the evidence in the record, and, regardless of the findings of the trial Court, enter such a decree as “may be agreeable to law.” In other words, notwithstanding the rule adopted and always adhered to by the Territorial Supreme Court, that it would not, where the trial Court heard all the evidence ore tenus, and thus had the opportunity of observing the witnesses while testifying, and was thereby enabled to judge from their manner and demeanor while testifjdng, the weight to which their testimony was entitled, disturb the findings of fact made by the trial Court, if such findings were supported by substantial evidence, or, as sometimes stated, “by sufficient, evidence.” Of course, where the testimony is taken by an examiner, or by deposition, or is in the main, so taken, and this Court has the same opportunity as the trial Court possessed of determining the facts, the reason for the rule does not exist, and the Appellate Court will review the-evidence and arrive at its ow.n conclusion as to the facts established thereby. But, where, as in this case, the Court heard all the witnesses testify, and observed their manner, demeanor and appearance while on the stand, this Court will not review the evidence further than to determine whether or not the findings are supported by substantial evidence, in the absence of such an overwhelming weight of 'evidence against such findings as would clearly show that the trial Court erred in its conclusions-drawn therefrom. In an equity case, where the Court hears all the witnesses testify, there is no reason-for a departure from the rule. Under the old equity practice such cases were heard entirely upon written evidence,, which doubtless, and correctly so, established the practice that the Appellate Court would review and weigh the-evidence, but under modern practice the reason for the rule no longer exists.
Upon the trial of the case, a great deal of testimony was-introduced for the purpose of showing that appellant was mentally inefficient at the time he entered into the contract of- December 16, 1910. On his behalf, it was established that about six months prior thereto, he was thrown-from a buggy and received a severe blow on the head, from which he was unconscious for from ten days to three-weeks. Witnesses, for appellant, detailed various circumstances and conduct on his part thereafter, upon which-they based the opinion that he was of unsound mind. Two physicians testified as experts, that from a review of the-facts detailed by. other witnesses, and examinations which they had made of appellant, he was of unsound mind at the time of making the contract. On the other hand, the-physicians who attended him during his illness, testified that there was a complete recovery from the injury and that he was restored to a normal condition mentally, about two weeks after the injury. Upon the trial, there was introduced in evidence, a great many letters written by appellant, dating from about four weeks after his injury to some months after the signing of the-contract in question, all of which, without exception, appeared to have been written by a man in possession of all his mental faculties. Indeed, such' letters were remarkably clear, explicit and concise, and would hardly be reconciliable with mental deficiency or unsoundness of mind on the part of the writer.
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OPINION OF THE COURT.
ROBERTS, C. J.- —
-While many claimed errors are assigned, we will confine our consideration to those only which appellant has discussed in his brief, and upon the hearing of the cause in this Court.
Complaint is first made that the findings of fact made by the trial court are mere conclusions of law, and therefore, the decree made is inoperative, because not supported by findings, such findings having been requested by appellant. It would require unnecessary space to incorporate all the findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the trial court. It is perhaps sufficient, to state that the Court found: that the parties entered into the so-called partnership agreement set out in the statement of facts, on the date herein named; that pursuant to such partnership agreement, Fraser and wife m'ade, executed and delivered to Bidwell and Probert, deeds to one-third interest each, in and to the property described in the complaint; that Bidwell and Probert performed all the conditions of said agreement, on their part to be performed; that there was a good and sufficient consideration for the said deeds; that said deeds were executed and delivered by plaintiff as his free and voluntary act, and without any undue influence or duress of Bidwell and Probert; that at the time of making such partnership agreement and executing said deeds, said Fraser was of sound mind and had the mental capacity to make said contract and execute said deeds; that the attempted dissolution of the co-partnership by Fraser, was an attempt to defraud Bidwell and Probert. Certain other facts were found not involved in this appeal, however, as such facts affected only the intervenors, Martin, and Kandall, the receiver of the Taos Savings Bank.
1 The Court is only required to find the ultimate facts in controversy, raised by the issues in the case. Here the questions to be determined were, (1) the mental condition of Fraser at the time he entered into the contract with, and executed the deeds, to Probert and Bid-well, and, (2) were said deeds .executed and delivered by Fraser to Bidwell and Probert freely and voluntarily and without any undue influence or duress on the part of either Bidwell or Probert? These were the main issues in the case, the ultimate facts which the Court was required to determine in order to render a judgment. In 38 Cye. 1980, it i& stated:
“The setting out of matters of evidence and subordinate facts in the findings is neither necessary, nor proper, as a finding of ultimate facts necessarily includes all the probative facts, together with the inferences therefrom, and it is the province and duty of the Court to state ultimate, rather than evidentiary or probative, facts in its findings.”
The Court was not required, nor would it have been proper, to set-out the evidence upon which it relied in determining the ultimate facts found. Nor does the fact that conclusions of law may have been intermixed with the findings of fact, render such findings so objectionable as to require a reversal of the case. In the case of Baker v. De Armijo, decided at the last term of this Court, and reported in 128 Pac. 73, we quoted, with approval, the following excerpt from the case of O’Beilly v. Campbell, 116 IT. S. 420, 6 Sup. Ct. 422, 29 La. Ed. 669:
2 ‘‘Findings are not to be construed with the strictness of special pleadings. It is sufficient if from them all, taken together with the pleadings, we can see enough upon a fair eoiistruction to justify the judgment of the Court notwithstanding their want of precision and the occasional intermixture of matters of fact and conclusions of law/’
Tested by this rule, we think the findings are sufficient to support the judgment.
3 Appellant next contends that the findings of fact are not supported by sufficient evidence, and further that it is the duty of this Court, this being an equity case, to review all the evidence in the record, and, regardless of the findings of the trial Court, enter such a decree as “may be agreeable to law.” In other words, notwithstanding the rule adopted and always adhered to by the Territorial Supreme Court, that it would not, where the trial Court heard all the evidence ore tenus, and thus had the opportunity of observing the witnesses while testifying, and was thereby enabled to judge from their manner and demeanor while testifjdng, the weight to which their testimony was entitled, disturb the findings of fact made by the trial Court, if such findings were supported by substantial evidence, or, as sometimes stated, “by sufficient, evidence.” Of course, where the testimony is taken by an examiner, or by deposition, or is in the main, so taken, and this Court has the same opportunity as the trial Court possessed of determining the facts, the reason for the rule does not exist, and the Appellate Court will review the-evidence and arrive at its ow.n conclusion as to the facts established thereby. But, where, as in this case, the Court heard all the witnesses testify, and observed their manner, demeanor and appearance while on the stand, this Court will not review the evidence further than to determine whether or not the findings are supported by substantial evidence, in the absence of such an overwhelming weight of 'evidence against such findings as would clearly show that the trial Court erred in its conclusions-drawn therefrom. In an equity case, where the Court hears all the witnesses testify, there is no reason-for a departure from the rule. Under the old equity practice such cases were heard entirely upon written evidence,, which doubtless, and correctly so, established the practice that the Appellate Court would review and weigh the-evidence, but under modern practice the reason for the rule no longer exists.
Upon the trial of the case, a great deal of testimony was-introduced for the purpose of showing that appellant was mentally inefficient at the time he entered into the contract of- December 16, 1910. On his behalf, it was established that about six months prior thereto, he was thrown-from a buggy and received a severe blow on the head, from which he was unconscious for from ten days to three-weeks. Witnesses, for appellant, detailed various circumstances and conduct on his part thereafter, upon which-they based the opinion that he was of unsound mind. Two physicians testified as experts, that from a review of the-facts detailed by. other witnesses, and examinations which they had made of appellant, he was of unsound mind at the time of making the contract. On the other hand, the-physicians who attended him during his illness, testified that there was a complete recovery from the injury and that he was restored to a normal condition mentally, about two weeks after the injury. Upon the trial, there was introduced in evidence, a great many letters written by appellant, dating from about four weeks after his injury to some months after the signing of the-contract in question, all of which, without exception, appeared to have been written by a man in possession of all his mental faculties. Indeed, such' letters were remarkably clear, explicit and concise, and would hardly be reconciliable with mental deficiency or unsoundness of mind on the part of the writer. Again, the experts for appellant testified that the condition of his mind would naturally become worse, his intellect would become gradually impaired, and that the disease with which he was suffering was “progressive.” That in no event- could there be hope of improvement in his mental condition; that at the time of the trial he was in a worse condition mentalty, or at least was no better than he was at the time he executed the contract December 16, 1911. Appellant testified as a witness upon the trial, and was subjected to a rigid cross examination. From his testimony it appears that he knew all the details of his business, even to the minutest details, and there is nothing whatever to suggest an impaired intellect. It is probable that the trial Court gave considerable weight to his testimony, and his maner and conduct upon the stand, in arriving at the conclusion that he was of sound mind, as also the letters written by him, before and after the contract was executed. From a review of the evidence, it appears-that the findings in this respect are supported by substantial evidence, and are not subject to attack here.
Nor was there- any evidence of duress, fraud or overreaching. It is true, Fraser was, at the time he entered into the contract with Bidwell and Probert, in straightened circumstances, but neither of the appellees had anything to do with bringing about such condition. The evidence discloses that Fraser owed about $10,000, some of which was past due; that his property-had been sold for taxes, and interest on some of Ms other debts was past dire and pressing. He required for his immediate necessities, approximately $2,000, which Bidwell agreed to, and did advance under the contract. The written contract, set out in the statement of facts, it is admitted by all parties, did not express the entire agreement between the parties. All agree that Bidwell was to, and did, advance the sum of $2,000, and that he was further to drive a tunnel and develop the property and put it in shape for examination by purchasers. Immediately upon signing the contract, he repaired to the property and began work agreed to be done. Probert, on the other hand, was to find a purchaser for the property, and to pay all expenses connected therewith. Fraser contended, upon the trial, that the agreement which he made with Bidwell and Probert, did not include the deal which was consummated. That it was expressly excepted from the contract, and he was to have the right to proceed with the sale, which was being promoted by Mr. Manley, of Denver. TMs was denied by Bidwell. Probert not testifying. But the letters which Fraser wrote to Probert, while the Manley deal was pending and about to be consummated, furnish strong evidence that no such exception was made from the contract. He advised Probert of every detail of the proposed deal, and asked his advice. Spoke of the three acting in concert in the matter, and, we think, justified the trial Court in concluding that no exception whatever was intended by Fraser or the parties.
From the transcript of the evidence, it appears, without dispute, that Fraser sent for Bidwell to come to his house two or three days prior to December 16, the date when the contract and deeds were signed. His object was to induce Bidwell to engage with him in the tie and lumber business. Bidwell declined to go into the business, because of the uncertainty of the title to the land upon which it was proposed to operate. During the conversation, Bidwell told Fraser that he had about $2,000 in cash which he was not using at the time. That Fraser asked him to loan the money, to enable him to pay his pressing debts and- taxes; Fraser claims Bidwell agreed to do so, but this is denied by. Bidwell. The next day, at Fraser’s suggestion, they went into Taos and called to see Mr. Probert, who was unknown to Bidwell. The next day Bidwell and Probert had a talk, in the absence of Fraser, but at Fraser’s suggestion, relative to some plan to- assist Fraser. Bidwell says they agreed upon the plan which was consummated in the contract. The next day Bidwell submitted the details of the proposition to Fraser, which he accepted, he claiming, however, that the Manley deal was excluded therefrom, and that Probert was to find a purchaser for the property at a price of not less than $300,000. It will be seen that there is no suggestion of fraud or duress, or overreaching, in the above recital of the facts leading up to the making of the contract and executing the deeds. Fraser had ample time to consider the proposition, having taken the deeds out over night for his wife’s signature. Mere inadequacy of consideration is not sufficient, in and of itself, to avoid a contract.
4. In the case of Eyre v. Potter, 15 How. 59, the Supreme Court of the United States say:
“Against an array of evidence like this, the question of equivalents or of the exact adequacy of consideration cannot well be raised. The parties, if competent to contract, and willing to contract, were the only proper judges of the motive or considerations operating upon them; and it would be productive of the worst consequences if under pretexts however specious, interests or dispositions subsequently arising could be made to bear upon acts deliberately performed, and which have become the foundation of important rights in others. 'Mere inadequacy of price, or any other inequality in a bargain, we are told, is not to be understood as constituting per se a ground to avoid a bargain in equity. For courts of equity, as well as courts of law, act upon the ground that every person who is not, from his peculiar condition or circumstances, under disability, is entitled to dispose of his property' in such manner and upon such terms as he chooses; and whether his bargain be wise and discreet or otherwise, ox profitable or" unprofitable, are considerations not for tbe courts of justice, but for tbe party himself to deliberate upon.”
4 “Again, it is ruled that inadequacy of consideration is not of itself a distinct principle of equity. The common law knows no such principle. The consideration, be it more or less, supports the contract. Common sense knows no such principle. The value of a thing is what it will produce, and it admits no precise standard. One man, in the disposal of his property may sell it for less than another would. If courts, of equity were to unravel all these transactions, they would throw everything into confusión, and set afloat the contracts of mankind. Such a consequence would of itself be sufficient to show the injustice and impracticability of adopting the doctrine that mere inadequacy should form a distinct ground for relief. Still there may be such an unconscionableness or inadequacy of consideration in a bargain, as to demonstrate some gross imposition or some undue influence; and in such case, courts of equity ought to interfere, upon satisfactory ground of fraud; but then, such unconscionableness or such inadequacy should be made out as would, to use an expressive phrase, shock the conscience, and amount in itself to conclusive and decisive evidence of fraud.”
Again in another case the same Court used the following language which fits the circumstances of the case at bar:—
“Enough appears in the record to convince the Court that the respondent was in straightened circumstances, that his business affairs had become complicated, that he was greatly embarrassed with litigations, that he was in ¡Dressing want of pecuniary means, but the Court is wholly unable to see that the complaint is responsible for these circumstances, or that he did any unlawful act to deprive the respondent of his property, or to create those necessities or embarrassments, or to compel him to do what he acknowledges he did do, which was to- yield to the pressure of the circumstances surrounding him,and as a choice of evils accepted the advance of five thousand dollars and the shares assigned to him, in the new organization as proposed, and voluntarily signed both the agreement and the assignment. Such an act as that- of signing those instruments, under circumstances disclosed in the record, must be regarded, both in equity and at law, as a voluntary act, as it was not attended by any act of violence, or threat of any kind, calculated in any degree to intimidate the party or to force the result, or to compel that consent which is the essence of every valid contract. Suppose he consented reluctantly, as he avers, still the fact is he did consent when he might have refused to affix his signature to the instrument, as he had repeatedly done for the year preceding, and having consented to the arrangement and signed the instruments he is bound by their terms, and must abide the consequences of his own voluntary act, and unless some other of his defenses set up in the answer have a better foundation.” French v. Shoemaker, 14 Wall. 333.
5 Counsel for appellant next insists that the agreement, entered into by the parties, did not constitute a partnership contract, but was at most a brokerage agreement. Had the parties to the contract not treated it as constituting a partnership agreement, we would be inclined to agree with counsel, but all the acts of the parties, and circumstances in evidence, from the time of making-the contract in December, until the conclusion of the sale, to Martin, plainly show that Fraser, and Bidwell and Probert, recognized that a partnership existed between them, by virtue of said contract, and treated each other accordingly. Having placed a construction upon the contract, and acted thereunder, the Court will not, at this time, and after all the rights have accrued, give to the contract a different construction, which would plainly be at variance with the understanding of the parties to it. 30 Cyc. 360.
Appellant contends that, as the written agreement did not embrace the entire contract between the parties, and a part of it rested in parol, that it was a parol contract, and that the partnership agreement was within the Statute of Frauds, first, because it was not to be performed within a year, and, second, because it concerned land.
This question is not involved in the case, however, as it was not raised by the pleadings.
What we have already said in the case disposes of appellant's contention that the Court erred in not decreeing the; dissolution of the partnership. The only basis in the complaint for the dissolution of the relations between the parties was the unsoundness of appellants mind at the time of the execution of the contract by which the partnership was formed, and the alleged fraud, duress and overreaching of appellant at that time. On these issues the-Court found for the appellees; consequently, there was no ground for a decree of dissolution.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the lower Court will be affirmed, and it is so ordered.