COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judge Annunziata and Senior Judge Coleman Argued at Richmond, Virginia
FRANK EDWARD BIVIANO MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1882-01-2 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA MARCH 12, 2002 FAITH V. KENNY, F/K/A FAITH V. BIVIANO
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY James A. Luke, Judge
Robert B. Hill (Hill, Rainey & Eliades, on briefs), for appellant.
Lawrence D. Diehl for appellee.
The trial court entered an equitable distribution order in
this divorce matter on March 20, 2001. On appeal, Frank Edward
Biviano challenges the trial court's decision to: (1) overrule his
exceptions to the commissioner's report; (2) deny his motion to
re-value the North Carolina property; and (3) reverse the
commissioner's finding that three trailers were marital property.
In addition, Faith V. Kenny requests appellate attorney's fees.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part,
and award Kenny appellate attorney's fees.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. I.
Background
Biviano and Kenny were married on November 8, 1989,
separated on May 1, 1996, and divorced by a final decree entered
on June 19, 1998. The trial court referred all equitable
distribution matters between the parties to a commissioner in
chancery.
Biviano filed exceptions to the commissioner's report,
contending that the commissioner erred by: (1) classifying Kenny's
two IRA accounts as separate property; (2) classifying trailers
6259 and 6260 as separate property; (3) declining to account for
Biviano's separate interest in the parties' North Carolina lake
house; (4) determining that Biviano had possession of $38,429 in
proceeds from the parties' stock; (5) awarding Biviano only $7,350
of the $36,750 in funds that Kenny had misappropriated during the
parties' separation; and (6) giving his debts little
consideration. The trial court overruled each of these
exceptions. The court also denied Biviano's motion to re-open the
hearing in order to re-value the North Carolina lake house.
Kenny filed an exception to the commissioner's finding that
trailers 6212, 6231 and 6261 were marital. The trial court
reversed that finding and accordingly deducted $33,500 from the
total value of marital assets.
- 2 - II.
Facts and Analysis
It is well settled that a trial court's "decision regarding
equitable distribution . . . will not be reversed unless it is
plainly wrong or without evidence to support it." Gilman v.
Gilman, 32 Va. App. 104, 115, 526 S.E.2d 763, 768 (2000)
(internal citations and quotations omitted). In reviewing such
awards, "we have recognized that the trial court's job is a
difficult one, and we rely heavily on the discretion of the
trial judge in weighing the many considerations and
circumstances that are presented in each case." Id. Because a
commissioner in chancery faces similar responsibilities, when
his or her findings are based upon ore tenus evidence, the
commissioner's report is presumed correct. See Brown v. Brown,
11 Va. App. 231, 236, 397 S.E.2d 545, 548 (1990) (noting that
the commissioner has the "authority to resolve conflicts in the
evidence and to make factual findings"). Consequently, "the
trial judge ordinarily must sustain the commissioner's report
unless the trial judge concludes that it is not supported by the
evidence." Id. (citing Morris v. United Virginia Bank, 237 Va.
331, 337-38, 377 S.E.2d 611, 614-15 (1989)). An appellate
court, therefore, should sustain the commissioner's report,
"unless it plainly appears, upon a fair and full review, that
the weight of the evidence is contrary to his findings."
- 3 - Thrasher v. Thrasher, 202 Va. 594, 604, 118 S.E.2d 820, 826
(1961) (internal quotation omitted).
In applying these principles of law to the factual issues in
this appeal, we note the commissioner did not place great weight
on Biviano's testimony because he found that Biviano "engaged in a
course of conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, and
misrepresentation . . . ." Specifically, the commissioner noted
that Biviano
misrepresented himself to the Wife and her family, as, among other things, a Vietnam veteran jet pilot, a Certified Financial Planner, the owner of substantial assets, and a man who had been married only twice in the past . . . forged his Wife's signature on a Power of Attorney, and used the altered document without her knowledge or consent[,] . . . stole money from friends of the Wife and attempted to obtain a credit card in her name without her knowledge . . . .
A. Classification of Kenny's IRA accounts
Relevant Facts
Kenny owned three IRA accounts totaling $48,000, which were
funded completely during the marriage. Kenny and her parents,
Willard and Ethel Vejnar, testified that the checks which funded
Kenny's IRAs were written from an account owned by "Oak Shades
Mobile Home Park," and were gifts from her parents. The checks
were deposited into the parties' joint account. Immediately
thereafter, funds from the joint account were used to purchase
IRAs equaling the exact amounts of the gift checks. No other
source for the purchase of the IRA accounts was proved.
- 4 - The commissioner found that the funds used to purchase these
IRA accounts were gifts from a third party and that the accounts
were Kenny's separate property. Biviano filed an exception to
that finding, which the trial court overruled.
Analysis
Biviano contends that the IRA accounts were marital
property because the funds were not gifts from Kenny's parents,
claiming that the evidence showed that Kenny was the proprietor of
Oak Shades Mobile Home Park. We disagree.
Biviano bases his claim on evidence that Kenny's tax returns
for 1989, 1990, and 1991 listed her as the proprietor of the
mobile home park and on her accountant's testimony that he
understood that to be her position. The commissioner found,
however, that the "[t]ax returns designating the Wife as the owner
of the property were clearly in error." The evidence supports
this finding. Alan Ross Connelly, the accountant who prepared the
Bivianos' tax returns for 1990 and 1991, testified that Kenny was
the manager, and not the owner, of the mobile home park. 1 In
addition, Kenny and her parents testified that her parents owned
the mobile home park and Kenny did not. The record thus contains
sufficient evidence that Kenny's parents owned the business and
1 Biviano mischaracterizes a statement by Connelly, one of Kenny's accountants. While Connelly agreed that he completed the tax returns in a manner consistent with his understanding of Kenny's status at the park, on redirect, he clarified that "in no way was any ownership of anything transferred to [Kenny]."
- 5 - that the funds from the mobile home park were deposited in Kenny's
IRA accounts as third party gifts. Accordingly, we affirm the
trial court's decision to classify the IRAs as Kenny's separate
property. Code § 20-107.3(A)(1)(ii); see Holden v. Holden, 31 Va.
App. 24, 520 S.E.2d 842 (1999) (reversing court's classification
of real estate as marital where the evidence showed husband's
income from his separate comic book sales had been deposited into
the parties' joint account and used as a down payment on the
land).
B. Classification of Trailers 6259 and 6260
The commissioner recommended that these trailers be
classified as Kenny's separate property. Biviano excepted to that
finding on the ground that his personal efforts and marital
monetary contributions transmuted the property into marital
property. The trial court overruled this exception and classified
the property as separate. We find that the evidence supports the
trial court's classification.
Kenny owned these trailers prior to the marriage.
Therefore, they are presumed to be separate property. To
overcome that presumption, Biviano must demonstrate that the
trailers increased in value due to his personal efforts or to
marital monetary contributions. See Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(a);
Martin v. Martin, 27 Va. App. 745, 751, 501 S.E.2d 450, 453
(1998). "For personal labor contributed to property to be
'significant' and to cause or result in a substantial increase in
- 6 - value, without proof to the contrary, the personal labor must
amount to more than customary care, maintenance, and upkeep." Id.
at 757, 501 S.E.2d at 456.
Although Biviano managed these trailers and made repairs to
them, spending more than $16,000 of marital funds to keep them
"rentable," there was no evidence of a substantial increase in
value of the trailers. Accordingly, the commissioner properly
found that "there were no significant improvements or monetary or
non-monetary contributions" to transmute the trailers into marital
property, and, at most, "[Biviano] did repairs and maintenance,
not capital improvements, and the same were not sufficient to
change the character of the assets," and we affirm its decision.
C. Classification of North Carolina Lake House
Biviano contends that the trial court erred in overruling
his exception to the commissioner's finding that he did not have
a separate property interest in the North Carolina lake house
because he made thirty-three mortgage payments during the parties'
separation. Because the trial court affirmed the commissioner's
finding that the equity in the lake house was entirely marital, we
will sustain that finding if there is evidence in the record to
support it. See Gilman, 32 Va. App. at 115, 526 S.E.2d at 768.
We find that there is.
Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(d) provides, in pertinent part, that
where separate property is contributed to marital property, "to
the extent that the [separate] property is retraceable by a
- 7 - preponderance of the evidence and was not a gift, the [separate]
property shall retain its original classification." The party
contending that a portion of marital property should be
classified as separate bears the burden of proof. See Barker v.
Barker, 27 Va. App. 519, 500 S.E.2d 240 (1998); von Raab v. von
Raab, 26 Va. App. 239, 248, 494 S.E.2d 156, 160 (1997).
"Whether a transmuted asset can be traced back to a separate
property interest is determined by the circumstances of each
case, including the value and identity of the separate
interest." See id.
In this case, Biviano presented certain personal records and
his own testimony that he reduced the principal on the lake
house mortgage during the parties' separation. However, the
commissioner and the trial court did not credit this evidence,
see Brown, 11 Va. App. at 236, 397 S.E.2d at 548, and there is no
other evidence in the record to support his contention that he
made these post-separation payments. Furthermore, Biviano's
proof did not establish the source of the funds used to make the
mortgage payments. Accordingly, he has failed in his burden of
proving retraceablity, and we must affirm the trial court's
determination that he does not have a separate property interest
in the lake house. See von Raab, 26 Va. App. at 248, 494 S.E.2d
at 160.
- 8 - D. Possession of Proceeds From Marital Stock
The commissioner found that Biviano possessed the proceeds
from the sale of the parties' P&G and Texaco stock, Biviano
excepted to that finding, and the trial court overruled the
exception. Because the evidence supports the trial court's
decision, we affirm it.
Biviano liquidated the Texaco stock on March 22, 1996, and
the P&G stock on March 27, 1996. The funds totaled $28,429.96.
Kenny testified that she never received any portion of these
funds. Biviano claims that these funds were deposited into an
account with James River Bank, controlled by both Biviano and
Kenny, on April 4, 1996 and that Kenny then deposited those funds
into her separate account. Indeed, Kenny wrote a check to her
separate Benham Group account for $25,429 from the James River
account. However, she testified, and Biviano did not contest,
that these funds represented Biviano's reimbursement to her for
the sales proceeds from her Arabian horses. In addition, Kenny's
counsel wrote to Biviano's counsel requesting that "$23,000 be
returned to [Kenny] which is her separate assets resulting from
the sale of her premarital horses." Biviano's counsel responded
that same day, agreeing to "waive argument" on the issue, i.e.
"she can keep [it]." Because this correspondence and Kenny's
testimony support the commissioner's finding that Biviano
possessed the proceeds from the sale of the stock, we will not
disturb that finding. See Brown, 11 Va. App. at 236, 397 S.E.2d
- 9 - at 548; see also Amburn v. Amburn, 13 Va. App. 661, 666, 414
S.E.2d 847, 850 (1992) (holding that party with dominion and
control over proceeds at the time of the parties' separation has
the burden of accounting for their use).
E. Compensation for Kenny's Overcharge in Trailer Accountings
The parties owned nine trailers that were situated in the
trailer park owned by Kenny's parents. Upon separation, Kenny
managed the trailers and paid Biviano half the proceeds, as
evidenced by Kenny's accounting of trailer profits to Biviano. In
these accountings, Kenny represented that the business paid $170
lot rent per trailer per month and noted a $300 per month
management fee. Kenny actually paid her parents only $120 lot
rent per month. The commissioner found that Kenny overcharged
Biviano for lot rent and that a management fee for a marital asset
was inappropriate. Because Kenny based her payments to Biviano on
these figures, he concluded that Kenny owed Biviano a portion of
the overcharged amount.
The commissioner then considered that he had divided the
trailers sixty-six percent to Kenny and thirty-four percent to
Biviano and that Kenny had contributed one hundred percent to the
management and maintenance of the trailers since separation, and
concluded that Biviano was due a twenty percent refund for the
overcharged amounts.
- 10 - Analysis
Biviano contends that the parties agreed to split the profits
from the trailers equally and that by awarding Biviano only twenty
percent of what he terms "misappropriated" funds, the commissioner
improperly ignored the parties' agreement to divide the profits
equally. 2 See Richardson v. Richardson, 10 Va. App. 391, 392
S.E.2d 688 (1990).
First, we note that the commissioner did not find, as Biviano
suggests, that Kenny "misappropriated" any funds but that she
improperly assessed lot rental charges and management fees in her
accounting statements. Second, we hold that sufficient evidence
supported the trial court's conclusion that there was no agreement
between the parties to equally divide the proceeds from the
trailers during separation.
The evidence demonstrated only that Kenny paid Biviano half
of the proceeds during their separation 3 ; Kenny's accounting
statements do not prove that Biviano and Kenny had agreed to
"settle property . . . claims." See Richardson, 10 Va. App. at
2 In his brief, Biviano raises other issues that he did not preserve, present as questions on appeal, or support with legal argument. Accordingly, we will not consider them here. Rule 5A:18; Rule 5A:20; Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). 3 Biviano also contends that an affidavit by J. Larry Palmer, his former attorney, proves that the parties had agreed to divide the profits equally. However, we cannot consider Palmer's affidavit as evidence, as it was not part of the record before the trial court. See Russell County School Bd. v. Anderson, 238 Va. 372, 385, 384 S.E.2d 598, 605 (1989).
- 11 - 395, 392 S.E.2d at 690 (noting that agreements between spouses "to
settle property or support claims are contracts," to which the
general contract rules apply). Because the evidence did not prove
that the parties had contracted to divide the profits equally, or
in any other manner, the trial court properly considered the
relative contributions of the parties to the property and the
division of the property upon divorce in determining Biviano was
entitled to twenty percent of the overcharged funds. See Gilman,
32 Va. App. at 115, 526 S.E.2d at 768.
F. Finding Debts Not Significant Factor
Biviano contends that the trial court erred by failing to
give effect to his assumption of a substantial unsecured marital
debt. See Trivett v. Trivett, 7 Va. App. 148, 371 S.E.2d 560
(1988). He claims that he incurred more than $35,000 in debt
during the last two months of the marriage in order to purchase a
marital truck, marital furniture, and to pay other marital debts.
Biviano, however, failed to present any evidence establishing
the amount of any debt or substantiating his claim that the debts
he incurred during the marriage were marital. See Bowers v.
Bowers, 4 Va. App. 610, 359 S.E.2d 546 (1987) (noting that
litigants have the burden to present evidence sufficient for the
court to discharge its duty to equitably distribute property under
Code § 20-107.3). Furthermore, the commissioner properly declined
to credit Biviano's testimony on this issue. See Brown, 11 Va.
App. at 236, 397 S.E.2d at 548. Therefore, the commissioner
- 12 - considered the debts of the parties and properly concluded that
marital debt was not a significant factor. See Marion v. Marion,
11 Va. App. 659, 664, 401 S.E.2d 432, 436 (1991) (holding that all
the factors enumerated in Code § 20-107.3(E) must be considered in
distributing marital property, but each factor need not be
weighed equally).
G. Classification of Trailers 6212, 6231 and 6261
The commissioner recommended that these three trailers be
classified as marital. The trial court reversed that
recommendation, finding that Kenny used funds secured by her horse
farm, which was her separate real estate, to purchase trailers
6212, 6231 and 6261. Biviano contends that the trailers are
marital property because Kenny paid the mortgage on the
farmhouse with marital funds. We agree.
The evidence proved that the three trailers were purchased
with marital funds. Kenny herself testified that she paid the
mortgage on the farm with her salary during the marriage. She
deposited the proceeds from the farm loan in a Dreyfus savings
account, transferred the funds to the parties' joint checking
account, and used these same funds to purchase the three trailers.
Therefore, Kenny did not maintain the trailers as separate
during the marriage, and Biviano has met his burden of proving
that the three trailers were marital property. See Taylor v.
Taylor, 9 Va. App. 341, 344-45, 387 S.E.2d 797, 799 (1990)
(classifying property as marital because mortgage on property
- 13 - was paid with husband's salary during the marriage and therefore
was not maintained as separate); see also Gilman, 32 Va. App. at
119, 526 S.E.2d at 770 (holding that non-owning spouse has the
burden of proving that property purchased with a loan secured by
separate property is marital). Because there is adequate
evidence to support the commissioner's finding that the three
trailers were marital, the trial court erred in overruling it.
Consequently, we reverse the trial court's determination that
trailers 6212, 6231 and 6261 are separate property and its
deduction of $33,500 from the marital assets, and remand so that
the trial court may equitably distribute the $33,500.
H. Denial of Motion to Re-Value North Carolina Property
Biviano claims that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to re-value the lake house property on the ground that
his separate non-marital share in the property had increased in
the two years since the original valuation figures were
provided. However, because Biviano failed to file an exception
to the commissioner's valuation of the lake house, we will not
consider the issue on appeal. See McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 2 Va.
App. 463, 470, 346 S.E.2d 535, 539 (1986) ("The established rule
in Virginia is that parts of the commissioner's report not
excepted to are considered as admitted to be correct, as the party
excepting, must put his finger on the error that the court may see
what it has to decide." (internal citations and quotations
omitted)); see also Matthews v. Matthews, 26 Va. App. 638, 649,
- 14 - 496 S.E.2d 126, 131 (1998) (finding issue barred because appellant
did not except to commissioner's report). In any event, the issue
is mooted by our affirmance of the trial court's determination
that the lake house property was entirely marital.
I. Appellate Attorney's Fees
Kenny contends that we should direct the trial court to award
her attorney's fees and costs incurred on appeal because Biviano's
appeal lacks merit. Under our decision in Gottlieb v. Gottlieb,
19 Va. App. 77, 448 S.E.2d 666 (1994), we find wife is entitled to
appellate attorney's fees and costs and remand the issue to the
trial court for determination of an appropriate amount. See id.
at 95, 448 S.E.2d at 677 (awarding appellate attorney's fees where
"[m]any of husband's questions presented or assignments of error
were not supported by the law or the evidence").
Affirmed, in part, reversed, in part, and remanded.
- 15 -