TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00398-CR
Francisco Garza, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 368TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. 03-648-K368, HONORABLE BURT CARNES, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this case, we decide whether a district court’s decision to cumulate sentences
violates a defendant’s right to trial by jury. We affirm the order of the district court.
BACKGROUND
Appellant Francisco Garza was tried on three counts of sexual assault of a child, a
second degree felony. Garza plead not guilty to all counts, but the jury found him guilty on all three
counts.
The indictment contained an enhancement paragraph alleging that Garza had
previously been convicted of a felony. This prior conviction enhanced the punishment range to that
of a first degree felony (five to 99 years or life in prison and an optional maximum fine of $10,000).
See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 12.32 (West 2003). Garza pleaded true before the jury to this enhancement paragraph. The jury found it to be true and sentenced Garza to confinement for 25
years in prison and a $500 fine for count one, 10 years in prison for count two, and 10 years in prison
for count three. Garza requested that the jury decide whether the sentences should be cumulated, but
the district court denied this motion. Instead, the district court ordered the sentences to be served
consecutively.
DISCUSSION
Garza brings two issues on appeal. First, he argues that the court’s decision to
cumulate his sentences violates his Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury because the issue of
cumulation should have been submitted to the jury. Second, he contends that the court’s decision
to cumulate his sentences violated his right to a trial by jury under Article I, Section 15 of the Texas
Constitution.
Preservation of error
As a threshold matter, the State argues that Garza has failed to preserve error
regarding his Sixth Amendment claim by failing to make a timely, specific objection and obtain a
ruling from the court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. We disagree. Under Texas law, the right to trial
by jury can be extinguished only by express waiver. See Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 888 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002); Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 278-79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on
other grounds by Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If there is no such waiver,
error can be urged on appeal whether or not it was first urged in the district court. Marin, 851
S.W.2d at 280. Because he can give up his right to trial by jury only by express waiver, and he did
2 not expressly waive that right, Garza is allowed to urge error on appeal. We overrule the State’s
contention that error was not preserved.
Additionally, the State argues that Garza waived review of his Texas constitutional
issue because he has failed to provide separate research and arguments on that issue. We agree.
Garza has provided argument and authority under only the United States Constitution, and has,
therefore, forfeited consideration of the Texas constitutional issue. See Shuffield v. State, 189
S.W.3d 782, 788 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 15, 2006) (citing Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681, 690
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Because Garza has waived review of his Texas constitutional claim, we
will analyze only his Sixth Amendment claim.1
Standard of review
Texas statutes give a trial court discretion to order that a defendant’s sentences run
consecutively under most circumstances, including those shown here. See Tex. Code of Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 42.08(a) (West Supp. 2005); Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 3.03 (West Supp. 2005). Therefore,
we review a decision regarding consecutive sentences under an abuse of discretion standard. See
Marci v. State, 12 S.W.3d 505, 511 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). An abuse of
discretion will generally be found only if the trial court imposes consecutive sentences where the law
requires concurrent sentences, if the court imposes concurrent sentences where the law requires
consecutive sentences, or if the court otherwise fails to observe the statutory sentencing
1 Even if Garza had preserved his Texas constitutional claim of right to jury trial, our analysis of that issue would be identical to our analysis of the Sixth Amendment issue, as he assumes that the two provisions are coextensive.
3 requirements. Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.
ref’d).
The issue presented also requires us to interpret the Sixth Amendment, a question of
law. We review constitutional issues de novo. See Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 137, 119 S. Ct.
1887, 144 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1999); Campos v. State, 186 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Davis v. State, 169 S.W.3d 660, 665 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. granted);
Wilson v. State, 151 S.W.3d 694, 697 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d); Muttoni v. State,
25 S.W.3d 300, 304 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.).
Sixth Amendment
Garza argues that the district court’s decision to cumulate his sentences violated his
Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, as construed in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466
(2000). In Apprendi, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a New Jersey hate crime
statute. The statute at issue allowed a jury to convict a defendant of the second-degree offense of
unlawful possession of a prohibited weapon; after a later and separate proceeding, the statute then
permitted the trial court to impose punishment identical to that which New Jersey provides for a
crime of the first degree based on the judge’s findings, that by a preponderance of the evidence, the
crime was motivated by racial bias. Id. at 491. The Supreme Court held the statute to be
unconstitutional, stating that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the
penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and
proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490. Texas courts have since adopted the rule set out in
Apprendi. See Ex parte Boyd, 58 S.W.3d 134, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
4 Garza’s reliance on Apprendi and its progeny is misplaced for two reasons. First, in
Apprendi, the Court was concerned with a trial court’s finding of facts, other than prior convictions,
that increased the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum. In this case, the district court
did not do so. Garza pleaded true to the enhancement paragraph, and the enhancement paragraph
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TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00398-CR
Francisco Garza, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 368TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. 03-648-K368, HONORABLE BURT CARNES, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this case, we decide whether a district court’s decision to cumulate sentences
violates a defendant’s right to trial by jury. We affirm the order of the district court.
BACKGROUND
Appellant Francisco Garza was tried on three counts of sexual assault of a child, a
second degree felony. Garza plead not guilty to all counts, but the jury found him guilty on all three
counts.
The indictment contained an enhancement paragraph alleging that Garza had
previously been convicted of a felony. This prior conviction enhanced the punishment range to that
of a first degree felony (five to 99 years or life in prison and an optional maximum fine of $10,000).
See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 12.32 (West 2003). Garza pleaded true before the jury to this enhancement paragraph. The jury found it to be true and sentenced Garza to confinement for 25
years in prison and a $500 fine for count one, 10 years in prison for count two, and 10 years in prison
for count three. Garza requested that the jury decide whether the sentences should be cumulated, but
the district court denied this motion. Instead, the district court ordered the sentences to be served
consecutively.
DISCUSSION
Garza brings two issues on appeal. First, he argues that the court’s decision to
cumulate his sentences violates his Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury because the issue of
cumulation should have been submitted to the jury. Second, he contends that the court’s decision
to cumulate his sentences violated his right to a trial by jury under Article I, Section 15 of the Texas
Constitution.
Preservation of error
As a threshold matter, the State argues that Garza has failed to preserve error
regarding his Sixth Amendment claim by failing to make a timely, specific objection and obtain a
ruling from the court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. We disagree. Under Texas law, the right to trial
by jury can be extinguished only by express waiver. See Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 888 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002); Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 278-79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on
other grounds by Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If there is no such waiver,
error can be urged on appeal whether or not it was first urged in the district court. Marin, 851
S.W.2d at 280. Because he can give up his right to trial by jury only by express waiver, and he did
2 not expressly waive that right, Garza is allowed to urge error on appeal. We overrule the State’s
contention that error was not preserved.
Additionally, the State argues that Garza waived review of his Texas constitutional
issue because he has failed to provide separate research and arguments on that issue. We agree.
Garza has provided argument and authority under only the United States Constitution, and has,
therefore, forfeited consideration of the Texas constitutional issue. See Shuffield v. State, 189
S.W.3d 782, 788 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 15, 2006) (citing Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681, 690
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Because Garza has waived review of his Texas constitutional claim, we
will analyze only his Sixth Amendment claim.1
Standard of review
Texas statutes give a trial court discretion to order that a defendant’s sentences run
consecutively under most circumstances, including those shown here. See Tex. Code of Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 42.08(a) (West Supp. 2005); Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 3.03 (West Supp. 2005). Therefore,
we review a decision regarding consecutive sentences under an abuse of discretion standard. See
Marci v. State, 12 S.W.3d 505, 511 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). An abuse of
discretion will generally be found only if the trial court imposes consecutive sentences where the law
requires concurrent sentences, if the court imposes concurrent sentences where the law requires
consecutive sentences, or if the court otherwise fails to observe the statutory sentencing
1 Even if Garza had preserved his Texas constitutional claim of right to jury trial, our analysis of that issue would be identical to our analysis of the Sixth Amendment issue, as he assumes that the two provisions are coextensive.
3 requirements. Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.
ref’d).
The issue presented also requires us to interpret the Sixth Amendment, a question of
law. We review constitutional issues de novo. See Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 137, 119 S. Ct.
1887, 144 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1999); Campos v. State, 186 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Davis v. State, 169 S.W.3d 660, 665 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. granted);
Wilson v. State, 151 S.W.3d 694, 697 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d); Muttoni v. State,
25 S.W.3d 300, 304 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.).
Sixth Amendment
Garza argues that the district court’s decision to cumulate his sentences violated his
Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, as construed in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466
(2000). In Apprendi, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a New Jersey hate crime
statute. The statute at issue allowed a jury to convict a defendant of the second-degree offense of
unlawful possession of a prohibited weapon; after a later and separate proceeding, the statute then
permitted the trial court to impose punishment identical to that which New Jersey provides for a
crime of the first degree based on the judge’s findings, that by a preponderance of the evidence, the
crime was motivated by racial bias. Id. at 491. The Supreme Court held the statute to be
unconstitutional, stating that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the
penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and
proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490. Texas courts have since adopted the rule set out in
Apprendi. See Ex parte Boyd, 58 S.W.3d 134, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
4 Garza’s reliance on Apprendi and its progeny is misplaced for two reasons. First, in
Apprendi, the Court was concerned with a trial court’s finding of facts, other than prior convictions,
that increased the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum. In this case, the district court
did not do so. Garza pleaded true to the enhancement paragraph, and the enhancement paragraph
was also found to be true by the jury. The jury, not the district court, found the facts that increased
the penalty range. Furthermore, even if it could be argued that the district court acted as fact-finder
on the enhancement paragraph, it found only that Garza had a prior conviction, which is clearly
permitted by the rule of Apprendi.
Second, Apprendi applies only to a sentence imposed beyond the statutory maximum
for a crime. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. The statutory maximum for Apprendi purposes is the
maximum sentence a judge can impose based on the facts reflected in the jury verdict or as admitted
by the defendant. Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303 (2004). The jury verdict in this case
found Garza guilty of three counts of sexual assault of a child, a second degree felony. The jury also
found true the enhancement paragraph. Under Texas law, if a person convicted of a second-degree
felony has previously been convicted of a felony, he shall be punished for a first-degree felony. Tex.
Pen. Code Ann. § 12.42(b) (West 2003). The punishment for a first degree felony is imprisonment
for life or for any term not less than 5 years or more than 99 years, plus a fine not to exceed $10,000.
Id. § 12.32. In this case, the sentence imposed for each count was well within the statutory
maximum. For this reason, Apprendi does not apply.
The contention that a trial court’s cumulation of sentences by a trial court violates the
Sixth Amendment was recently rejected by the Waco Court of Appeals. See Marrow v. State, 169
5 S.W.3d 328 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d). In Marrow, the court noted that several federal
appellate courts have rejected the idea that Apprendi is violated when a trial court orders cumulation
of sentences if each individual sentence lies within the statutory range of punishment, even if the
cumulative sentence exceeds the statutory maximum for any single offense.2 Id. at 330-31. For
example, in United States v. McWaine, the Fifth Circuit held that Apprendi is not violated when the
total punishment for a crime exceeds the highest statutory maximum on a particular count, so long
as the punishment assessed for each single count does not exceed the statutory maximum. 290 F.3d
269, 276 (5th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1253-55 (11th Cir. 2003);
United States v. McLeod, 251 F.3d 78, 82 (2d Cir. 2001).
As noted above, Garza’s punishment for each count was assessed well within the
prescribed statutory maximum. Additionally, the cumulation of his sentences does not yield a
punishment in excess of the statutory maximum for any of the counts. If the holding in Apprendi
allows for cumulation in which the total exceeds the statutory maximum for a single count, certainly
it allows for cumulation in which the total does not exceed the statutory maximum. See Millslagle
v. State, 150 S.W.3d 781, 785 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. dism’d).
The district court did not find any facts that increased the penalty for any of his crimes
beyond the statutory maximum, and the cumulation of his sentences did not extend his punishment
outside the statutory maximum for any of his crimes. Therefore, Garza’s first point of error is
overruled.
2 Texas courts have also reached this conclusion, but only in unpublished opinions. Marrow v. State, 169 S.W.3d 328, 331 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d).
6 CONCLUSION
Because we have overruled Garza’s first issue and he has forfeited consideration of
his second issue, we affirm the order of the district court.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: June 23, 2006
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