NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0992-19
FRANCINE LATORRACA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ALADYN, INC.,
Defendant-Respondent. _________________________
Submitted May 10, 2021 – Decided May 25, 2021
Before Judges Sabatino and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. L-3049-18.
Richard A. Amdur, Jr., attorney for appellant.
Kiernan Trebach, LLP, attorneys for respondent (Lynda E. Liebhauser and Leslie A. Flora, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this slip-and-fall personal injury case, plaintiff appeals the trial court's
grant of summary judgment to defendant, the operator of a fast-food eatery. We affirm, as there is no legal basis to impose liability even viewing the factual
record in a light most favorable to plaintiff.
The record presented to the motion judge supplied the following facts.
Plaintiff Francine Latorraca was a customer at a McDonald's restaurant operated
by defendant Aladyn, Inc. Between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m. on April 11, 2018,
plaintiff entered through the back entrance of the restaurant. She walked up to
the front register to place her order.
After plaintiff had ordered her food, but before leaving the counter, a
young female to her left dropped a plastic cup. The female was wearing a shirt
with a McDonald's logo but was apparently off-duty.
As plaintiff bent down to pick up the cup, her right foot slipped and she
fell to the floor. When plaintiff looked on the floor near where she fell, she saw
a wrapper she described as "wrinkly" and "yellow with a brown . . . tint to it."
She further stated the wrapper had what "felt like a light grease as opposed to if
you have a sandwich two hours ago and it gets coagulated grease, it's a different
feeling. This one felt like it was fresh, like."
Plaintiff stated there was nothing else on the floor where she fell but the
wrapper. As she recounted, "There was no water there, there was no substance
of any kind, no soda, you know. [The wrapper] was the only thing there."
A-0992-19 2 Plaintiff did not "think [the wrapper] was on the ground for a long time."
She further clarified, "I think the person before me or maybe [another] person
before that dropped it."
Plaintiff was injured as a result of her fall. She consequently brought this
present action against defendant in the Law Division.
During discovery, plaintiff and a manager of the McDonald's were both
deposed. The manager testified that, although she was not an eyewitness to
plaintiff's fall, the area in question was cleaned "all the time," noting there is an
employee at the restaurant dedicated to cleaning the lobby.
Defendant moved for summary judgment, asserting that plaintiff failed to
present triable issues of negligence or any other basis to impose liability for her
fall. Plaintiff opposed the motion, stressing the dangerous and slippery
condition of the floor where she fell.
After hearing oral argument, the trial court granted defendant's motion in
an oral opinion issued on October 25, 2019. This appeal followed.
Plaintiff essentially argues on appeal two alternative theories of
defendant's liability, both of which the trial court rejected. First, she contends
defendant is responsible for the slippery condition of the floor by the store
counter because of its "mode of operation." Although plaintiff had not
A-0992-19 3 articulated that theory initially below, it became a subject of discussion during
the motion proceeding. Second, plaintiff argues that even if a mode-of-
operation theory fails in this case, she is entitled to present her claims to the jury
under ordinary principles of negligence.
In reviewing these arguments on appeal, we abide by fundamental
principles applicable to summary judgment motions. The court must "consider
whether the competent evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational
factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving
party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995); see
also R. 4:46-2(c). If there are materially disputed facts that could support the
legal requirements for liability, the motion for summary judgment should be
denied. Parks v. Rogers, 176 N.J. 491, 502 (2003); Brill, 142 N.J. at 540. To
grant the motion, the court must find that the evidence in the record "is so one-
sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142 N.J. at 540
(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)).
Our review of an order granting summary judgment, such as the one here,
must observe the same standards, including our obligation to view the record in
a light most favorable to the non-moving parties. See IE Test, LLC v. Carroll,
A-0992-19 4 226 N.J. 166, 184 (2016) (citing Brill, 142 N.J. at 540). We accord no special
deference to a trial judge's assessment of the documentary record, as the decision
to grant or withhold summary judgment does not hinge upon a judge's
determinations of the credibility of testimony rendered in court, but instead
amounts to a ruling on a question of law. See Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995) (noting that no "special
deference" applies to a trial court's legal determinations).
With this in mind, we conclude the trial court correctly granted defendant
summary judgment. Based on the facts adduced in the record, neither of
plaintiff's legal theories is sustainable.
In order to prove a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1)
a duty of care, (2) that the duty has been breached, (3) proximate causation, and
(4) injury. Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 51 (2015) (citing Polzo v. Cnty. of
Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 584 (2008)); see also Weinberg v. Dinger, 106 N.J. 469,
484 (1987) (citing W. Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts §
30 at 164-65 (5th ed. 1984)). A plaintiff bears the burden of proving negligence,
see Reichert v. Vegholm, 366 N.J. Super. 209, 213 (App. Div. 2004), and must
prove that unreasonable acts or omissions by the defendant proximately caused
his or her injuries, Underhill v. Borough of Caldwell, 463 N.J. Super. 548, 554
A-0992-19 5 (App Div. 2020) (citing Camp v. Jiffy Lube No. 114, 309 N.J. Super. 305, 309-
11 (App. Div. 1998)).
The required elements of a negligence claim in the context of a business
invitee's slip and fall at a defendant's premises are well established. A plaintiff
must prove by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) defendant's actual or
constructive notice of a dangerous condition; (2) lack of reasonable care by
defendant; (3) proximate causation of plaintiff's injury; and (4) damages.
Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 132 N.J. 426, 434 (1993) (citing Handleman
v. Cox, 39 N.J. 95, 111 (1963)).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0992-19
FRANCINE LATORRACA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ALADYN, INC.,
Defendant-Respondent. _________________________
Submitted May 10, 2021 – Decided May 25, 2021
Before Judges Sabatino and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. L-3049-18.
Richard A. Amdur, Jr., attorney for appellant.
Kiernan Trebach, LLP, attorneys for respondent (Lynda E. Liebhauser and Leslie A. Flora, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this slip-and-fall personal injury case, plaintiff appeals the trial court's
grant of summary judgment to defendant, the operator of a fast-food eatery. We affirm, as there is no legal basis to impose liability even viewing the factual
record in a light most favorable to plaintiff.
The record presented to the motion judge supplied the following facts.
Plaintiff Francine Latorraca was a customer at a McDonald's restaurant operated
by defendant Aladyn, Inc. Between 8:00 and 9:00 p.m. on April 11, 2018,
plaintiff entered through the back entrance of the restaurant. She walked up to
the front register to place her order.
After plaintiff had ordered her food, but before leaving the counter, a
young female to her left dropped a plastic cup. The female was wearing a shirt
with a McDonald's logo but was apparently off-duty.
As plaintiff bent down to pick up the cup, her right foot slipped and she
fell to the floor. When plaintiff looked on the floor near where she fell, she saw
a wrapper she described as "wrinkly" and "yellow with a brown . . . tint to it."
She further stated the wrapper had what "felt like a light grease as opposed to if
you have a sandwich two hours ago and it gets coagulated grease, it's a different
feeling. This one felt like it was fresh, like."
Plaintiff stated there was nothing else on the floor where she fell but the
wrapper. As she recounted, "There was no water there, there was no substance
of any kind, no soda, you know. [The wrapper] was the only thing there."
A-0992-19 2 Plaintiff did not "think [the wrapper] was on the ground for a long time."
She further clarified, "I think the person before me or maybe [another] person
before that dropped it."
Plaintiff was injured as a result of her fall. She consequently brought this
present action against defendant in the Law Division.
During discovery, plaintiff and a manager of the McDonald's were both
deposed. The manager testified that, although she was not an eyewitness to
plaintiff's fall, the area in question was cleaned "all the time," noting there is an
employee at the restaurant dedicated to cleaning the lobby.
Defendant moved for summary judgment, asserting that plaintiff failed to
present triable issues of negligence or any other basis to impose liability for her
fall. Plaintiff opposed the motion, stressing the dangerous and slippery
condition of the floor where she fell.
After hearing oral argument, the trial court granted defendant's motion in
an oral opinion issued on October 25, 2019. This appeal followed.
Plaintiff essentially argues on appeal two alternative theories of
defendant's liability, both of which the trial court rejected. First, she contends
defendant is responsible for the slippery condition of the floor by the store
counter because of its "mode of operation." Although plaintiff had not
A-0992-19 3 articulated that theory initially below, it became a subject of discussion during
the motion proceeding. Second, plaintiff argues that even if a mode-of-
operation theory fails in this case, she is entitled to present her claims to the jury
under ordinary principles of negligence.
In reviewing these arguments on appeal, we abide by fundamental
principles applicable to summary judgment motions. The court must "consider
whether the competent evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational
factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving
party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995); see
also R. 4:46-2(c). If there are materially disputed facts that could support the
legal requirements for liability, the motion for summary judgment should be
denied. Parks v. Rogers, 176 N.J. 491, 502 (2003); Brill, 142 N.J. at 540. To
grant the motion, the court must find that the evidence in the record "is so one-
sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142 N.J. at 540
(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)).
Our review of an order granting summary judgment, such as the one here,
must observe the same standards, including our obligation to view the record in
a light most favorable to the non-moving parties. See IE Test, LLC v. Carroll,
A-0992-19 4 226 N.J. 166, 184 (2016) (citing Brill, 142 N.J. at 540). We accord no special
deference to a trial judge's assessment of the documentary record, as the decision
to grant or withhold summary judgment does not hinge upon a judge's
determinations of the credibility of testimony rendered in court, but instead
amounts to a ruling on a question of law. See Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995) (noting that no "special
deference" applies to a trial court's legal determinations).
With this in mind, we conclude the trial court correctly granted defendant
summary judgment. Based on the facts adduced in the record, neither of
plaintiff's legal theories is sustainable.
In order to prove a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1)
a duty of care, (2) that the duty has been breached, (3) proximate causation, and
(4) injury. Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 51 (2015) (citing Polzo v. Cnty. of
Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 584 (2008)); see also Weinberg v. Dinger, 106 N.J. 469,
484 (1987) (citing W. Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts §
30 at 164-65 (5th ed. 1984)). A plaintiff bears the burden of proving negligence,
see Reichert v. Vegholm, 366 N.J. Super. 209, 213 (App. Div. 2004), and must
prove that unreasonable acts or omissions by the defendant proximately caused
his or her injuries, Underhill v. Borough of Caldwell, 463 N.J. Super. 548, 554
A-0992-19 5 (App Div. 2020) (citing Camp v. Jiffy Lube No. 114, 309 N.J. Super. 305, 309-
11 (App. Div. 1998)).
The required elements of a negligence claim in the context of a business
invitee's slip and fall at a defendant's premises are well established. A plaintiff
must prove by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) defendant's actual or
constructive notice of a dangerous condition; (2) lack of reasonable care by
defendant; (3) proximate causation of plaintiff's injury; and (4) damages.
Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 132 N.J. 426, 434 (1993) (citing Handleman
v. Cox, 39 N.J. 95, 111 (1963)).
When the mode-of-operation doctrine applies, a plaintiff is relieved of
demonstrating defendant's actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition
on its premises. This doctrine, first promulgated in the 1950s, applies when a
"dangerous condition is likely to occur as the result of the nature of the
[defendant's] business, the property's condition, or a demonstrable pattern of
conduct or incidents." Nisivoccia v. Glass Gardens, Inc., 175 N.J. 559, 563-64
(2003). More particularly, when the defendant's business has a "self-service
method of operation," the defendant is required to anticipate debris falling on
the ground as a result of "the carelessness of either customers or employees."
Id. at 564.
A-0992-19 6 The mode-of-operation doctrine was incorporated into the New Jersey
Model Jury Charges (Civil), § 5.24B-11, "Duty Owed as to Condition of
Premises" (1970). The Court in Nisivoccia summarized the doctrine as follows:
[W]hen a substantial risk of injury is inherent in a business operator's method of doing business, the plaintiff is relieved of showing actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition. The plaintiff is entitled to an inference of negligence, shifting the burden of production to the defendant, who may avoid liability if it shows that it did "all that a reasonably prudent man would do in the light of the risk of injury [the] operation entailed."
[Nisivoccia, 175 N.J. at 564-65 (quoting Wollerman v. Grand Union Stores, Inc., 47 N.J. 426, 429 (1966) (alteration in original)).]
The Model Jury Charge defines a self-service setting as one in which
customers are permitted "to handle products and equipment . . . unsupervised by
employees." Model Jury Charges (Civil), 5.20F-11, "Mode of Operation Rule"
(approved Mar. 2000, modified Apr. 2016).1 A plaintiff is relieved of proving
1 The "Duty Owed – Condition of Premises" charge was "amended in accordance with the Supreme Court's decision in Prioleau v. Kentucky Fried Chicken, Inc., 223 N.J. 245 (2015) and the Appellate Division's decision in Walker v. Costco Wholesale Warehouse, 445 N.J. Super. 111 (App. Div. 2016). The redrafted charge adds a new section MCJC 5.20F(11) titled 'Mode of Operation Rule,' and renumbers the subsequent sections of the charge accordingly." Notice to the Bar, Model Civil Jury Charge Update (Mar. 24, 2017). A-0992-19 7 that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous
condition only upon proving:
(1) the defendant's business was being operated as a self-service operation; (2) that the plaintiff's accident occurred in an area affected by the business's self- service operations; and (3) that there is a reasonable factual nexus between the defendant's self-service activity and the dangerous condition allegedly producing the plaintiff's injury.
[Model Jury Charges (Civil), 5.20F-11 (emphasis added).]
If plaintiff successfully demonstrates that the mode-of-operation rule
applies, then "an inference of negligence arises that shifts the burden to the
defendant to produce evidence that it did all that a reasonably prudent business
would do in the light of the risk of injury that the self-service operation
presented." Ibid.
Here, the motion judge soundly ruled that the facts do not support a mode-
of-operation basis for liability. Accepting as true plaintiff's description of the
incident, there is no evidence that her fall was produced by any self-service
feature of defendant's business. She does not attribute the slippery surface to a
beverage that another customer might have obtained from a self-service
dispenser and then spilled onto the floor. Indeed, she acknowledges the cup she
saw on the floor did not appear to have spilled any liquid. Instead, plaintiff
A-0992-19 8 attributes the condition to a greasy food wrapper that was on the floor near where
she fell.
There is no evidence the wrapper was on the floor because of any self-
service activities. The store personnel provide sandwiches in wrapped condition
to customers at the counter as they make payment. There is no evidence
customers are encouraged to unwrap their sandwiches and eat them while they
are standing near the counter. As the motion judge rightly determined, this clear
lack of a self-service component defeats a mode-of-operation claim. Prioleau,
223 N.J. at 251-52.
Turning to ordinary negligence principles, it is likewise obvious that
plaintiff has no viable cause of action on this record. The critical element of
actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition is not suggested, let alone
provable, from the evidence. By plaintiff's own account, the grease on the
wrapper she spotted on the floor was "fresh." There is no evidence a store
worker saw the discarded wrapper before plaintiff slipped. Nor is there evidence
the "fresh" greasy item had been on the floor long enough to have reasonably
placed defendant on constructive notice of a hazard. In addition, the testimony
of the manager attesting to the store's regular maintenance practices in
endeavoring to keep the floor clear of debris is uncontroverted.
A-0992-19 9 In short, summary judgment was justifiably granted. Any further
arguments plaintiff advances in her brief to set the court's ruling aside lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
A-0992-19 10