Hoke, J.,
after stating the case: There was error in the charge of the court as to the degree and quality of proof required on an issue as to the execution of a deed by fraud and undue influence. Tbe question was directly presented in the case of
Harding v. Long,
103 N. C., 1, and the principle declared and sustained in an elaborate and learned opinion by
Associate Justice Avery,
that, on the issue indicated, the plaintiff was required to establish the allegation to the satisfaction of the jury by the. greater weight of the evidence. Tbe main purpose of this decision was to withdraw an issue of this character from the principle announced in
Ely v. Early,
94 N. C., 1, that in a certain class of cases, notably where it was soug’bt to correct or alter a written deed, or superimpose a trust thereon by parol, the proof must be clear, strong and convincing, and place it within the rule which ordinarily obtains in the determination of civil issues — that is, by the preponderance or greater weight of the evidence; the language of the opinion on the point in question being as follows: “But, on the other band, when the relief demanded by a party is that a deed shall be declared void because its execution was procured by false and fraudulent representations or undue influence, or that it was executed with intent to binder, delay or defeat creditors, the allegations material to establish the fraud must be
proven, so as to produce belief of their truth in the minds of the jury, or so as to satisfy the jury of their truth, or to the satisfaction of the jury.”
Ill saying here that fraud must be proven to the satisfaction of the jury, etc., the learned justice was only describing or defining the result to be attained in the mind of the jury, and did not, as stated, intend to lay down .any special rule of proof differing from that usually applied in the determination of civil issues. This interpretation of the words, “proof to the satisfaction of the jury,” is- fully supported in a later opinion of the Court, in
Chaffin v. Manufacturing Co.,
135 N. C., 95, where, in an action to recover for damages caused by the erection and maintenance of a dam, the trial judge had charged the jury that “It is not sufficient for plaintiffs to show that their land has been damaged; -they must further prove to the satisfaction of the jury that this damage was caused by the erection of the dam.” It was objected that this required of plaintiffs a greater degree of proof than the law imposed upon them; and
Justice Walker,
in disallowing the exception, said: “The use of the word 'satisfied’ did not intensify the proof required to entitle the plaintiffs to their verdict. ■ The
weight
of the evidence must be with the party who has the burden of proof, or else he cannot succeed. But surely the jury must be satisfied or, in other words, be able to reach a decision or conclusion from the evidence and in favor of the plaintiff which will be satisfactory to themselves. In order to qiroduce this result, or to carry such conviction to the minds of the jury as is satisfactory to them, the plaintiff’s proof need not be more than a bare .preponderance, but it must not be less. The charge, as we construe it, required only that plaintiffs should prove their case by the greater weight of the evidence.”
In
Neal v. Fesperman,
46 N. C., 446, the Court, by
Pearson, J.,
in stating the true rule in civil cases, said that “The party affirming a fact must prove it to the satisfaction of the jury, because the
‘owns probandi’
is ujion him. If he does prove it to the satisfaction of the jury, it is settled that, in civil actions, he is entitled to a verdict in his favor upon the issue.” And intimation of like tenor is given in
Ferral v. Broadway,
95 N. C., 551.
There was error, therefore, in the charge of "the court on the ■second issue, as to the degree of proof required. It is urged by
defendants that this should be regarded as harmless error, for the reason that there was no evidence presented in favor of plaintiffs’ position sufficient for a jury’s consideration; but we cannot so hold. At this stage of the action we do not think it. desirable to state in detail the’ testimony, which' makes only for plaintiffs’ claim, but will say, in general terms, that we have carefully considered the entire evidence, and are of opinion that plaintiffs are entitled to have their cause submitted to the jury, under a correct and proper charge, and that the mistake, in the respect indicated, constitutes reversible error.
As the case goes back for a new trial, we deem it proper to say, further, that the court below made a correct ruling as to the evidence of J. D. Austin, admitted over plaintiffs’ objection. It appears that at some time prior to the execution of the deed in question, and with a view to its execution, this witness, with two others, was called in by Jacob Fraley, the grantor, and the grantees, to consider and decide whether the property owned by Jacob Fraley and to be included in the deed was too much for taking care of him and the payment of his debts, amounting to about three hundred dollars. The persons called in met on the premises, and, having considered the matter, decided that one was about a fair equivalent for the other; and while Jacob Fraley, it seems, was not present at the precise time when the decision was made, he was then and there immediately informed of the conclusion reached, and the deed was afterwards executed for the consideration indicated. This decision, followed by the immediate announcement of it to Jacob Fraley, under -the circumstances presented, was admissible as part of the
res gestee
— not as conclusive- on the question decided, but as a circumstance occurring as a part of an entire transaction which resulted in the execution of the deed, and in' any event its announcement to the grantor was relevant as an independent fact in the
res gestee
and as tending to affect the mind of the 'grantor in reference to the execution of the deed.
It is said by an intelligent writer (Chamberlayne), in his notes to Taylor’s Evidence, 391 (1), that “It would probably be difficult and perhaps impossible to give a wholly satisfactory definition of the term
res gestee,
and possibly this very ambi
guity constitutes no small part of tbe attractiveness of tbe pbrase.” After tbis comment tbe writer makes tbe statement tbat “Legal liability in any case is predicated upon tbe existence of some-particular .transaction or state of affairs, and it is tbis group of facts or events wbicb make up its
res gestee."
And Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 108, after making comment not dissimilar as to any satisfactory definition of tbe term, intimates tbat tbe pbrase
res gestee
consists of tbe principal fact and surrounding circumstances consisting of kindred facts materially affecting its character and essential to be known in order-to a right understanding of its nature.
And both of these authors, and others of repute, lay it down as essential to tbe inclusion of a given fact, within tbe meaning-of tbe term, tbat it should be cotemporaneous with tbe principal fact and so connected with it as to illustrate its character.
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Hoke, J.,
after stating the case: There was error in the charge of the court as to the degree and quality of proof required on an issue as to the execution of a deed by fraud and undue influence. Tbe question was directly presented in the case of
Harding v. Long,
103 N. C., 1, and the principle declared and sustained in an elaborate and learned opinion by
Associate Justice Avery,
that, on the issue indicated, the plaintiff was required to establish the allegation to the satisfaction of the jury by the. greater weight of the evidence. Tbe main purpose of this decision was to withdraw an issue of this character from the principle announced in
Ely v. Early,
94 N. C., 1, that in a certain class of cases, notably where it was soug’bt to correct or alter a written deed, or superimpose a trust thereon by parol, the proof must be clear, strong and convincing, and place it within the rule which ordinarily obtains in the determination of civil issues — that is, by the preponderance or greater weight of the evidence; the language of the opinion on the point in question being as follows: “But, on the other band, when the relief demanded by a party is that a deed shall be declared void because its execution was procured by false and fraudulent representations or undue influence, or that it was executed with intent to binder, delay or defeat creditors, the allegations material to establish the fraud must be
proven, so as to produce belief of their truth in the minds of the jury, or so as to satisfy the jury of their truth, or to the satisfaction of the jury.”
Ill saying here that fraud must be proven to the satisfaction of the jury, etc., the learned justice was only describing or defining the result to be attained in the mind of the jury, and did not, as stated, intend to lay down .any special rule of proof differing from that usually applied in the determination of civil issues. This interpretation of the words, “proof to the satisfaction of the jury,” is- fully supported in a later opinion of the Court, in
Chaffin v. Manufacturing Co.,
135 N. C., 95, where, in an action to recover for damages caused by the erection and maintenance of a dam, the trial judge had charged the jury that “It is not sufficient for plaintiffs to show that their land has been damaged; -they must further prove to the satisfaction of the jury that this damage was caused by the erection of the dam.” It was objected that this required of plaintiffs a greater degree of proof than the law imposed upon them; and
Justice Walker,
in disallowing the exception, said: “The use of the word 'satisfied’ did not intensify the proof required to entitle the plaintiffs to their verdict. ■ The
weight
of the evidence must be with the party who has the burden of proof, or else he cannot succeed. But surely the jury must be satisfied or, in other words, be able to reach a decision or conclusion from the evidence and in favor of the plaintiff which will be satisfactory to themselves. In order to qiroduce this result, or to carry such conviction to the minds of the jury as is satisfactory to them, the plaintiff’s proof need not be more than a bare .preponderance, but it must not be less. The charge, as we construe it, required only that plaintiffs should prove their case by the greater weight of the evidence.”
In
Neal v. Fesperman,
46 N. C., 446, the Court, by
Pearson, J.,
in stating the true rule in civil cases, said that “The party affirming a fact must prove it to the satisfaction of the jury, because the
‘owns probandi’
is ujion him. If he does prove it to the satisfaction of the jury, it is settled that, in civil actions, he is entitled to a verdict in his favor upon the issue.” And intimation of like tenor is given in
Ferral v. Broadway,
95 N. C., 551.
There was error, therefore, in the charge of "the court on the ■second issue, as to the degree of proof required. It is urged by
defendants that this should be regarded as harmless error, for the reason that there was no evidence presented in favor of plaintiffs’ position sufficient for a jury’s consideration; but we cannot so hold. At this stage of the action we do not think it. desirable to state in detail the’ testimony, which' makes only for plaintiffs’ claim, but will say, in general terms, that we have carefully considered the entire evidence, and are of opinion that plaintiffs are entitled to have their cause submitted to the jury, under a correct and proper charge, and that the mistake, in the respect indicated, constitutes reversible error.
As the case goes back for a new trial, we deem it proper to say, further, that the court below made a correct ruling as to the evidence of J. D. Austin, admitted over plaintiffs’ objection. It appears that at some time prior to the execution of the deed in question, and with a view to its execution, this witness, with two others, was called in by Jacob Fraley, the grantor, and the grantees, to consider and decide whether the property owned by Jacob Fraley and to be included in the deed was too much for taking care of him and the payment of his debts, amounting to about three hundred dollars. The persons called in met on the premises, and, having considered the matter, decided that one was about a fair equivalent for the other; and while Jacob Fraley, it seems, was not present at the precise time when the decision was made, he was then and there immediately informed of the conclusion reached, and the deed was afterwards executed for the consideration indicated. This decision, followed by the immediate announcement of it to Jacob Fraley, under -the circumstances presented, was admissible as part of the
res gestee
— not as conclusive- on the question decided, but as a circumstance occurring as a part of an entire transaction which resulted in the execution of the deed, and in' any event its announcement to the grantor was relevant as an independent fact in the
res gestee
and as tending to affect the mind of the 'grantor in reference to the execution of the deed.
It is said by an intelligent writer (Chamberlayne), in his notes to Taylor’s Evidence, 391 (1), that “It would probably be difficult and perhaps impossible to give a wholly satisfactory definition of the term
res gestee,
and possibly this very ambi
guity constitutes no small part of tbe attractiveness of tbe pbrase.” After tbis comment tbe writer makes tbe statement tbat “Legal liability in any case is predicated upon tbe existence of some-particular .transaction or state of affairs, and it is tbis group of facts or events wbicb make up its
res gestee."
And Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 108, after making comment not dissimilar as to any satisfactory definition of tbe term, intimates tbat tbe pbrase
res gestee
consists of tbe principal fact and surrounding circumstances consisting of kindred facts materially affecting its character and essential to be known in order-to a right understanding of its nature.
And both of these authors, and others of repute, lay it down as essential to tbe inclusion of a given fact, within tbe meaning-of tbe term, tbat it should be cotemporaneous with tbe principal fact and so connected with it as to illustrate its character. And tbis term, “cotemporaneous,” does not always of necessity refer to any single or ultimate fact, however important to any precise- or definite time; for a “transaction” may, and not infrequently does, include a series of occurrences extending over a great length of time, and a relevant fact in any one of them, and until the-close of tbe matter, may come within tbis term, “coterqpora-neous,” and constitute a part of tbe
res gestae. Greenleaf v. Taylor, supra;
Brander on Evidence, 325;
Knox Co. v. Bank,
147 U. S., 90;
Ahern v. Goodspeed,
72 N. Y., 108. In tbis last ease, it was held: “Representations made by one offering to sell property to another negotiating therefor are part of tbe
res gestee
and binding upon tbe maker, although a bargain is not concluded at tbe time, if afterwards, as a continuation of the negotiation, tbe person to whom they were made becomes a purchaser.” ■ And so it is here.
Tbe ultimate fact of the execution of the deed is not an important or controlling fact in tbis inquiry, nor the point of time to-wbicb the admission of testimony must be necessarily referred. It is not even.the issuable fact, for the execution of tbfe deed is admitted, and the issuable fact is whether the grantor executed the deed of bis own mind and will or was induced to do it by fraud and undue influence; and any fact taking place in the treaty between the parties which resulted in the execution of
the deed, and any relevant fact occurring at any time during the treaty, tending to throw light upon the transaction, which was intended and reasonably calculated to affect the mind of the grantor, in reference to the execution of the deed, would be competent as part of the
res gestee,
or an independent fact in the
res gestee,
and so admissible in evidence. And see Ohamber-layne’s Best on Evidence (Int. Ed.), p. 463, 1893r’94, where the annotator puts down as an exception to the rule excluding facts which are
res inter alios acta
such acts as reasonably tend to show the “existence of knowledge, intent and motive, or any bodily or mental state whatever, in any case, when the existence of such knowledge, intent or state is a fact in issue or a fact relevant thereto.”
On authority and the reason of the thing, we hold that the decision and its announcement "to the grantor were properly received.
For the error in the charge there will be a new trial on all the issues, and it is so ordered.
New Trial.