Fowler v. Collins

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

s2+1 )2:/(5 ; 3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOODQW    1R Y  !  7(55< &2//,16:DUGHQ  5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOOHH  1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH6RXWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&ROXPEXV 1RnsRVHSK3.LQQHDU\'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG0DUFK 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsXQH %HIRUH0$57,1&KLHIsXGJH0225(&LUFXLWsXGJH 7$512:'LVWULFWsXGJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('  $OLVRQ 0 &ODUN 38%/,& '()(1'(5j6 2)),&(&ROXPEXV2KLRIRU$SSHOODQW6WXDUW:+DUULV 2)),&( 2) 7+( $77251(< *(1(5$/ &ROXPEXV

7KH +RQRUDEOH $UWKXU s 7DUQRZ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

  )RZOHUY&ROOLQV 1R

2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,()$OLVRQ0&ODUNsLOO( 6WRQH38%/,&'()(1'(5j62)),&(&ROXPEXV2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW  6WXDUW : +DUULV 2)),&( 2) 7+( $77251(<*(1(5$/&ROXPEXV2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,,QWURGXFWLRQ $57+85 s 7$512: 'LVWULFW sXGJH  7KLV PDWWHU LV EHIRUHWKH&RXUWIROORZLQJSHWLWLRQHUsRKQ)RZOHUjVDSSHDO IURPWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDORIKLVDSSOLFDWLRQIRUZULWRI KDEHDVFRUSXV)RZOHUFRQWHQGVWKDWKHZDVGHSULYHGRIKLV ULJKWWRFRXQVHOEDVHGRQWKHWULDOFRXUWjVIDLOXUHWRDGHTXDWHO\ LQTXLUHZKHWKHUKLVZDLYHUZDVPDGHNQRZLQJO\LQWHOOLJHQWO\ DQGYROXQWDULO\7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHGDOLPLWHGFHUWLILFDWH RI DSSHDODELOLW\ RQ WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI )RZOHUj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jVZDLYHUZDVNQRZLQJLQWHOOLJHQWDQG YROXQWDU\ 7KHVWDWHFRXUWGLVFXVVHG)RZOHUjVZDLYHURIFRXQVHOZLWK KLP DW DUUDLJQPHQW DQG DJDLQ LPPHGLDWHO\ SULRU WR WULDO 'XULQJWKHVHOLPLWHGLQWHUDFWLRQV)RZOHUZDVQRWLQIRUPHGRI WKHGDQJHUVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIVHOIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ:HILQG WKDW WKH VWDWH FRXUWjV GHFLVLRQ WKDW WKH ZDLYHU ZDV SURSHU EDVHGRQWKHUHFRUGLVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIFOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQW 1R )RZOHUY&ROOLQV 

)RUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQVZH9$&$7(WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjV GHQLDORIKDEHDVUHOLHIDQG5(0$1'ZLWKLQVWUXFWLRQVWKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW LVVXH D ZULW RI KDEHDV FRUSXV UHOHDVLQJ )RZOHUIURPFXVWRG\LIWKHVWDWHGRHVQRWSURYLGHKLPDQHZ WULDOZLWKLQGD\V ,,%DFNJURXQG 2Qs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jV H[SODQDWLRQ RI \RXU &RQVWLWXWLRQDO DQG VWDWXWRU\ULJKWVDQGSULYLOHJHVDVZHOODV DQH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHSOHDVDYDLODEOHDQG WKHPHDQLQJRIHDFKSOHD" 05)2:/(5

IRUKLPWRPDNHUDWLRQDOGHFLVLRQVDERXW WULDOFRXUWGHSHQGHGWRDODUJHH[WHQWRQWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKH ZKDWSOHDWRHQWHU ZDLYHUDWWKHDUUDLJQPHQW$VVWDWHGDERYHKRZHYHUWKDW ZDLYHUZDVLPSURSHU 7KHRQO\RWKHUWLPHWKDWWKHVWDWHFRXUWVSRNHWR)RZOHU DERXWZDLYHURIFRXQVHOZDVLPPHGLDWHO\SULRUWRWULDO7KH 7KHWULDOFRXUWGLGWDNHWKHDGGLWLRQDOVWHSRIKDYLQJ)RZOHU WULDOMXGJHUHOLHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\RQ)RZOHUjVSUHVXPHGSURSHU VLJQDZULWWHQZDLYHURIFRXQVHO3ULRUWRKDYLQJ)RZOHUVLJQ ZDLYHURIFRXQVHODWDUUDLJQPHQW WKHZDLYHUWKHFRXUWUHDGWKHZULWWHQZDLYHUDORXGDQGDVNHG )RZOHULILWUHIOHFWHGKLVLQWHQW)RZOHUUHVSRQGHGDWOHQJWK 7+(&2857 :HQHHGWRGHWHUPLQHVRPHSUHOLPLQDU\ WKDWKHZDVXQSUHSDUHGIRUWULDOWKURXJKQRIDXOWRIKLVRZQ PDWWHUVILUVW,XQGHUVWDQGIURPDQGLWjV DQG WKDW WKH LQGLFWPHQW ZDV FRPSOH[  7KH WULDO FRXUW QRWFRXQVHOIRU0U)RZOHUDQGOHWPH LQWHUUXSWHGDQGDVNHG)RZOHUIRUDZDLYHU6WLOOWKHFRXUWGLG LQGLFDWHDWWKLVWLPHWKDW0U)RZOHUKDV QRW FRPPXQLFDWH WR )RZOHU WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI ZDLYLQJ DQG KH LV SUHVHQW LQ &RXUW DQG LV QRW FRXQVHO&RQFOXGLQJWKDWVXFKDGHILFLHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKH UHSUHVHQWHGE\FRXQVHODWWKLVWLPHKDV UHFRUGDVWRZKHWKHUWKHZDLYHUZDVNQRZLQJLQWHOOLJHQWDQG IURP WKH DUUDLJQPHQW LQ WKLV FDVH YROXQWDU\ ZDV SURSHU LV DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI LQGLFDWHG,XQGHUVWDQGWKDW\RXDUHJRLQJ 6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQW WRUHSUHVHQW\RXUVHOILVWKDWFRUUHFW" 05)2:/(5

,QWKLVFDVHWKHUHFRUGGRHVQRWVXSSRUWWKHVWDWHFRXUWjV DWWRUQH\ IURP WKH 3XEOLF 'HIHQGHUjV 2IILFH ZDV SUHVHQW WR FRQFOXVLRQWKDW)RZOHUZDLYHGKLVULJKWWRFRXQVHOZLWKH\HV HQVXUHFRPSOLDQFHZLWKGXHSURFHVV)RZOHUREMHFWHGWRKLV ZLGHRSHQ$WULDOFRXUWjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQDVWRWKHSURSULHW\RI SUHVHQFH EDVHG XSRQ HVWDEOLVKHG FRQIOLFWV ZLWK WKH 3XEOLF DZDLYHUVKRXOGDSSHDURQWKHUHFRUG6HHsRKQVRQY=HUEVW 'HIHQGHUjV2IILFH 862QKDEHDVUHYLHZWKHFRXUWPXVW LQGXOJHHYHU\UHDVRQDEOHSUHVXPSWLRQDJDLQVWZDLYHURIDQ )RZOHU ZDV IRXQG JXLOW\  7KH FRXUW VHQWHQFHG KLP WR D LQGLYLGXDOjV IXQGDPHQWDO FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV  ,G DW  RQH\HDU WHUP RI LQFDUFHUDWLRQ RQ HDFK RI WZHQW\IRXU 7KH UHFRUG RI ERWK )RZOHUjV DUUDLJQPHQW DQG WULDO IDLO WR FRQYLFWLRQVWREHVHUYHGFRQVHFXWLYHO\)RZOHUDSSHDOHGWKH GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHSUHVXPSWLRQZDVRYHUFRPH WZHQW\IRXU\HDUVHQWHQFHWR2KLRjV)LIWK$SSHOODWH'LVWULFW 7KH VWDWH FRXUW GLG QRW VDWLVI\ LWV GXW\ WR PDNH )RZOHU 2QHRIWKHWKUHHDVVLJQPHQWVRIHUURU)RZOHUUDLVHGZDV DZDUHRIWKHGDQJHUVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIVHOIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WKDW WKH WULDO FRXUW HUUHG E\ IDLOLQJ WR DGHTXDWHO\ LQTXLUH $WDUUDLJQPHQWWKHMXGJHFRQGXFWHGDFXUVRU\LQYHVWLJDWLRQ ZKHWKHUKHNQRZLQJO\LQWHOOLJHQWO\DQGYROXQWDULO\ZDLYHG RIZKHWKHU)RZOHUjVZDLYHUPHWWKHKLJKVWDQGDUGVHWE\WKH KLVULJKWWRFRXQVHO,QDIILUPLQJWKHWULDOFRXUWj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jVZDLYHURIKLVULJKWWRFRXQVHODWDUUDLJQPHQWZDV )RZOHUjVUHVSRQVHLQWKHDIILUPDWLYHWKHFRXUWjVSURWHFWLYH SURSHU UROHZDVQRWIXOILOOHGm7KHIDFWWKDWDQDFFXVHGPD\WHOO>WKH MXGJH@WKDWKHLVLQIRUPHGRIKLVULJKWWRFRXQVHODQGGHVLUHV 6XEVHTXHQWO\)RZOHUDSSOLHGWRUHRSHQKLVDSSHDODOOHJLQJ WR ZDLYH WKLV ULJKW GRHV QRW DXWRPDWLFDOO\ HQG WKH MXGJHjV WKDW KH UHFHLYHG LQHIIHFWLYH DVVLVWDQFH RI DSSHOODWH FRXQVHO UHVSRQVLELOLW\l9RQ0ROWNH86DW EDVHG RQ KLV DWWRUQH\j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jV ZDLYHU RI FRXQVHO IDLOHG WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH 86&†WKLVFRXUWUHYLHZVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVOHJDO ZDLYHUZDVSURSHU FRQFOXVLRQVGHQRYR6HH'RDQY%ULJDQR)GWK &LU7KLV&RXUWPD\RQO\JUDQWKDEHDVUHOLHILIWKH 7KHWULDOFRXUWDOVRIDLOHGWRDSSULVH)RZOHURIWKHGDQJHUV VWDWHFRXUWjVDGMXGLFDWLRQRQWKHPHULWVUHVXOWHGLQDGHFLVLRQ DQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIVHOIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ,QWKLVFDVHWKH WKDW

 7KH LQLWLDO VWDWH FRXUW RI DSSHDOV GHFLVLRQ UHFRJQL]HG WKH LQDGHTXDF\  RI WKH WULDO FRXUWjV LQTXLU\ )RZOHU H[SUHVVHG WKDW KH KDG DQ RQJRLQJ GLVSXWH ZLWK WKDW RIILFH  )RZOHUY&ROOLQV 1R 1R )RZOHUY&ROOLQV 

 UHVXOWHG LQ D GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV FRQWUDU\ WR RU HIIHFWXDWH WKH ULJKW RI VHOIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ KH IRUJRHV DV D LQYROYHG DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FOHDUO\ IDFWXDOPDWWHUWKHEHQHILWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLRQE\ HVWDEOLVKHG)HGHUDOODZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH6XSUHPH OHJDOFRXQVHO,GDW7KHVHEHQHILWVDUHRIWKHXWPRVW &RXUWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRU LPSRUWDQFHLQDFULPLQDOSURFHHGLQJEHFDXVHDSHUVRQjVYHU\ IUHHGRPLVDWVWDNH,QFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHJUDYLW\RIVXFK  UHVXOWHG LQ D GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV EDVHG RQ DQ FLUFXPVWDQFHWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWPDQGDWHGWKDWDQLQGLYLGXDO XQUHDVRQDEOH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH IDFWV LQ OLJKW RI WKH ZKR ZLVKHV WR UHSUHVHQW KLPVHOI PXVW ZDLYH WKH ULJKW WR HYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGLQWKH6WDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJ FRXQVHOmNQRZLQJO\DQGLQWHOOLJHQWO\lRQWKHUHFRUG,G 86&†G $VWDWHFRXUWjVGHFLVLRQPXVWEH ,QWKLVUHJDUGWKHFRXUWVHUYHVDSURWHFWLYHIXQFWLRQ7KLV RSSRVLWHWRWKDWUHDFKHGE\WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWRQDTXHVWLRQ IXQFWLRQLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRDGHIHQGDQWWR RI ODZ RU PXVW IDFH D VHW RI IDFWV WKDW DUH PDWHULDOO\ HQVXUHWKDWDZDLYHURIFRXQVHOLVDSSURSULDWHLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHIURPDUHOHYDQW6XSUHPH&RXUWSUHFHGHQW RIWKLVPDQGDWH7KH)DUHWWD&RXUWDUWLFXODWHGWKLVGXW\WRD DQGDUULYHDWDQRSSRVLWHUHVXOWWRVDWLVI\WKHmFRQWUDU\WRl GHIHQGDQW ZKR ZLVKHV WR ZDLYH KLV ULJKW WR FRXQVHO  mKH WHVW6HH:LOOLDPVY7D\ORU867KH VKRXOGEHPDGHDZDUHRIWKHGDQJHUVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI mXQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQlWHVWLVVDWLVILHGZKHQDVWDWHFRXUW VHOIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRWKDWWKHUHFRUGZLOOHVWDEOLVKWKDWµKH FRUUHFWO\LGHQWLILHVWKHJRYHUQLQJOHJDOSULQFLSOHLQDFDVHEXW NQRZVZKDWKHLVGRLQJDQGKLVFKRLFHLVPDGHZLWKH\HVZLGH XQUHDVRQDEO\ DSSOLHV WKDW SULQFLSOH WR WKH IDFWV RI WKH RSHQjl,GFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG GHIHQGDQWjVFDVH,GDW7KLVSURQJLVDOVRPHWZKHQWKH VWDWH FRXUW H[WHQGV LPSURSHUO\ RU IDLOV WR H[WHQG D OHJDO 7RHQVXUHWKDWDGHIHQGDQWjVZDLYHULVPDGHZLWKH\HVZLGH SULQFLSOHLQWKHSURSHUQHZFRQWH[W,G RSHQDMXGJHPXVWWKRURXJKO\LQYHVWLJDWHWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV XQGHUZKLFKWKHZDLYHULVPDGH6HH9RQ0ROWNHY*LOOLHV :KHQ DQDO\]LQJ ZKHWKHU D VWDWH FRXUWjV GHFLVLRQ LV  86    SOXUDOLW\  7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW mFRQWUDU\ WRl RU DQ mXQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RIl FOHDUO\ JDYH JXLGHOLQHV IRU FRXUWV WR FRQVLGHU ZKHQ H[FHSWLQJ D HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZWKLVFRXUWPD\RQO\ORRNWR6XSUHPH ZDLYHURIFRXQVHO &RXUWSUHFHGHQWDVRIWKHWLPHRIWKHVWDWHFRXUWjVGHFLVLRQ ,GDW 7R EH YDOLG VXFK ZDLYHU PXVW EH PDGH ZLWK DQ DSSUHKHQVLRQRIWKHQDWXUHRIWKHFKDUJHVWKHVWDWXWRU\ ,9$QDO\VLV RIIHQVHV LQFOXGHG ZLWKLQ WKHP WKH UDQJH RI DOORZDEOH SXQLVKPHQWVWKHUHXQGHUSRVVLEOHGHIHQVHVWRWKHFKDUJHV 7KHVWDWHFRXUWjVFRQFOXVLRQWKDW)RZOHUKDGNQRZLQJO\ DQG FLUFXPVWDQFHV LQ PLWLJDWLRQ WKHUHRI DQG DOO RWKHU LQWHOOLJHQWO\DQGYROXQWDULO\ZDLYHGKLVULJKWWRFRXQVHOLVDQ IDFWV HVVHQWLDO WR D EURDG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH ZKROH XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG 6XSUHPH PDWWHU &RXUWSUHFHGHQW ,GDW:KLOHWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKDFRXUWPXVWSUREHLQWR 7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWUHLWHUDWHGLQ)DUHWWDY&DOLIRUQLD WKHVHHOHPHQWVLQRUGHUWRUHQGHUDZDLYHURIFRXQVHOSURSHU 86    WKDW WKH 6L[WK DQG )RXUWHHQWK YDULHVIURPFDVHWRFDVHWKHFRXUWjVREOLJDWLRQWRPDLQWDLQWKH $PHQGPHQWV RI WKH 86 &RQVWLWXWLRQ JXDUDQWHH HYHU\ LQWHJULW\ RI WKH 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW  $ GHIHQGDQW D ULJKW WR FRXQVHO LQ FULPLQDO SURVHFXWLRQV GHIHQGDQWjVZDLYHURIKLVULJKWWRFRXQVHOPXVWEHPDGHRQ &RQYHUVHO\ WKH 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW LPSOLHV D ULJKW RI VHOI WKHUHFRUGNQRZLQJO\LQWHOOLJHQWO\DQGYROXQWDULO\ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ  ,G DW   :KHQ D GHIHQGDQW FKRRVHV WR