Ford Motor Company v. Donald Jobe

• Court: Kentucky Supreme Court
• Decided: April 26, 2018
• Docket: 2017-SC-0010
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

RENDERED: APRIL 26, 2018

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[Q)~1~5/17/t'l kj,;, lk!.,,,~ FORD MOTOR COMPANY APPELLANT

ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS v. CASE NO. 20J6-CA-000258-WC WORKERS' COMPENSATION NO. 13-WC-00800

DONALD JOBE, HON. JOHN B. COLEMAN, APPELLEES ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE, AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD

OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT

AFFIRMING

Appellee, Donald Jobe, has worked for Appellant, Ford Motor Company,

since 2001. In 2012, Jobe suffered a right hip injui:y stemming from an

accident at Ford's Louisville plant. Ford accepted the hip injui:y as work-

related and covered Jobe's medical bills regarding his hip .. Jobe asserted he

also sustained a low back impairment due to the hip injui:y. However, Ford

disputed that Jobe's back pain had a causal connection to his work-related hip

injui:y. The administrate law judge (AW) found that Jobe's work-related hip

injui:y was a proximate cause of his low back impairment. Due to the causal

relationship, the. AW awarded Jobe benefits regarding his back. The AW

awarded Jobe benefits for a 14% permanent-partial disability, temporai:y total

disability benefits for the periods . he was off- work due to his back impairment,

and medical benefits. Ford appealed to the Workers' Compensation Board, disputing the finding that Jobe's low back impainp.ent has a causal connection

to the work-related injury. The Workers' Compensation Board affirmed the

AW's decision, holding the AW had substantial evidence to support his

decision. Ford appealed the Board's decision to the Court of Appeals, which

affirmed. Ford now appeals the Court of Appeals' decision to this Court as ~ I

matter of right. See Vessels v. Brown-Forf7!-an Distillers Corp., 793 S.W.2d 795,

798 (Ky. 1990); Ky. Const.§ 115.

I. BACKGROUND On January 25, 2012, Jobe tripped due to a gap between two rubber

floor mats while working on Ford's assembly line.1 When he tripped, Jobe felt a

popping sensation in his right hip. , He provided Ford with notice of his injury

and went to the Ford Medical Department. Shortly thereafter, Jobe. began to

experi~nce right hip· pain. He sought medical treatment for this pain and was

treated by a series of physicians who were unable to diagnose the cause of the

hip pain. Jobe saw Dr. Nazar who, according to the AW's report, referred Jobe

to a hip specialist. That hip specialist believed Jobe's problems stemmed from

a low back condition. Thereafter, Jobe saw Dr. Guarnaschelli who opined on

September 6, 2012, that Jobe sustained a work-related injury which resulted

in complaints of persistent back and hip pain. (Later, Dr. Guarnaschelli

contradicted this statement when he indicated on an FMLA form that Jobe's

lo~ back condition was.not due"'to his occupation.) Dr. Guarna~chelli

performed back surgery on March 23, 2013, but Jobe continued to experience

pain.

2 Jobe testified that he believed his back surgery and other medical

treatment for his back was performed in the interest of resolving the pain from

his work-related hip injury. He testified he had the back surgery because Dr.

- Guarnaschelli recommended it as a solutio:ri to his hip pain. After his back

surgery, Jobe underwent right hip surgery on February 13, 2014. He testified

that, unlike the back surgery, the surgery on the right hip substantially

improved his condition.

Over the course of his treatment, Jobe was off work during several

intervals. Jobe did not return to work following his injury until July 2013. He

was placed under restriction and did not return to his previous job, but

instead, was assigned the job of driving trucks off the assembly line. Jobe was

then taken off work again on September 3, 2013. When he returned to work

on October 4, 2013, Jobe continued driving trucks off the assembly line until

October 15, 2013, wheri he was taken off work yet again. When Jobe returned.

to work on July 8, 2014, he was placed back on regular duty and subsequently

obtained an inspector position-which is his current position with Ford.

Before his most recent return to work, Jobe underwent an independent

medical evaluation (IME) on June 9, 2014. Dr. Farrage performed the IME,

and opined that Jobe's low back problem was work-related. He testified it was

possible for low back problems to present as hip pain. The AW noted that Dr.

Farrage indicated there could have been degenerative changes in Jobe's back

which were dormant prior.to the work injury, but "brought into disabling

reality by the work incident." The AW further stated that "Dr. Farrage

3 . explained the treating surgeon felt the lumbar surgery was necessary following

failure of conservative treatment and there was a reasonable expeetation the

procedure would address the right hip pain."

On August 6, 2015, the ALJ rendered an opinion awarding Jobe

pe.rmanent partial disability benefits from Ford for his 14% permanent partial

disability, beginning from the date of inju!Y. This 14% impairment rating is a

combined percentage of the 3% impairment for the right hip injury and the

11 % impairment for the low back injury. Further, the ALJ's opinion ordered

Ford to· pay all reasonable and necessary medical expenses for the cure and

relief of Jobe's right hip and low back injuries pursuant to KRS 342.020, and

to pay temporary total disability benefits for the periods of time Jobe was off

work due to his work-related hip and back issues.

Ford appealed to the Board, arguing that it should not be liable for the

disability attributable to Jobe's back condition. It further argued that the AW·

engaged in unsupported speculation when he concluded the only reason Jobe

underwent the lumbar surgery was due to a failure· to find the source of his hip

pain. Ford asserted this. speculation was not supported by substantial

evidence. It contended Jobe would.have undergone back surgery regardless of

the work-related hip injury, and that the award of permanent·partial disability

. benefits. and temporary .total disability benefits attributable to the back

condition should be vacated.

The Board held that Jobe was successful in his burden of proving each

essential element of his cause of action, leaving the only question on app~al to

4 be whether there was substantial evidence to support the AW's decision. The

Board held that Dr. Guarnaschelli's September 6, 2012 report and Dr.

Farrage's report constituted substantial evidence.

Ford appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the Board's

decision.. That court held that causation of the back injury was a factual issue

and that the AW relied on substantial evidence in finding the back injury to be

work-related. Ford now appeals the Court of App~als' decision to this Court as

a matter of right. See Vessels, 793 S.W.2d at 798; Ky. Const. § 115.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Our standard of review in workers' compensatfon claims differs

depending on whether we are reviewing questions of law or questions of fact.

"As a rev'iewing court, we are bound neither by an AW's decisions '-. on questions of law or an AW's interpretation and application of the law to the

facts. In .either case, our standard of review is de novo." -Bowerman v. Black

Equip. Co., 297 S.W.3d 858, 866 (Ky. App. 2009).

As to questions of fact, "[t]he AW as fact finder has the sole authority to I

judge the weight, credibility, substance, and inferences to be drawn from the _,

evidence." LKLP CAC Inc. v. Fleming, 520 S.W.3d 382, 386 (Ky. 2017) (citing

Paramount Foods, Inc. v. Burkhardt, 695 S.W.2d 418, 419 (Ky. 1985). (

Furthermore,

KRS 342.285 gives the AW the sole discretion to determine the quality, character, and substance of evidence. As fact-finder, an AW may reject any testimony and believe or disbelieve various parts of the evidence, regardless of whether it comes from the same witness or the same party's total proof. KRS 342.285(2) and KRS

5 342.290 limit administrative and judicial review of an AW's decision to determining whether the ALJ "acted without or in excess of his powers;" whether the decision "was procured by fraud;" or whether the decision was erroneous as a matter of law. Legal errors would include whether the ALJ misapplied Chapter 342 to the facts; made a clearly erroneous finding of fact; rendered an arbitrary or capricious decision; or committed an abuse of discretion.

Abel Verdon Const. v. Rivera, 348 S.W.3d 749, 753-54 (Ky. 2011) (footnotes

omitted).

"Where the party with the burden of proof was successful before the AW,

the issue on appeal is whether substantial evidence supported the AW's

conclusion." Whittaker v. Rowland, 998 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Ky. 1999).

"Substantial evidence means evidence of substance and relevant consequence

having the fitness to induce conviction in the minds of reasonable men."

Smyzer v. B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co., 474 S.W.2d 367 (Ky. 1971).

III. ANALYSIS Ford argues the Board acted outside its scope of review and issued a new

· · finding of fact as to causation. This Court has held: "[w]here the AW

determines that a worker has satisfied his burderr of proof with regard to a

question of fact, the issue on appeal is whether substantial evidence supported

the determination." McNutt Constr./First Gen. Servs. v. Scott, 40 S.W.3d 854,

860 (Ky. 2001). Review of the Board's decisions is governed by KRS 342.290,

which reads:

The decision of the board shall be subject to review by the Court of Appeals pursuant to Section 111 of the Kentucky Constitution and rules adopted by the ~uprem.e Court. The scope of review by the Court of Appeals shall include all matters subject to review by the

6 board and also errors of law arising before the board and made reviewable by the rules of the Supreme Court for review of decisions of an administrative agency.

As to appellate review of the Board's decisions, we have held:

The function of further review of the [Board] in the Court of Appeals is to correct the Board only where the . . . Court perceives the Board has overlooked or misconstrued controlling statutes or precedent, or committed an e~or in assessing the evidence so flagrant as to cause gross injustice. The function of further review in our Court is to address new or novel questions of statutory construction, or to reconsider precedent when such appears necessary, or to review a question of constitutional magni.tude.

W. Baptist Hosp. v. Kelly, 827 S.W.2d 685, 687-88 (Ky. 1992).

The Co~rt of Appeals reviewed the.Board's decision and stated "[t]he AW

reviewed the evidence and made the factual finding that Jobe sustained his

burden of proving the lumb~ condition was due to a work-related injury." As

the Court of Appeals pointed out, the Board was tasked with determining

whether the AW's findings of fact were based on substantial evidence. After

examining tbe evidence, the Board believed the AW had based his· opinion on

the requisite evidence of substance. The Court of Appeals agreed and affirmed.

Ford insists the AW failed to make a finding of a causal connection between Jobe's work at Ford and his back condition. However, that is simply

not the case. The AW likened Jobe's case to Coleman v. Emily Enterprises, 58

S.W.3d 459 (Ky. 2001) and stated:

In that case, the plaintiffs injuiy was not the direct cause of his development of a psychological disorder. Instead, the psychological disorder developed as result of the failure to provide prompt medfoal ·treatmeqt for the work-related physical injury. In this instance, it was also the plaintiffs work-related hip injury which led him to undergo a low back surgery which led.to his impairment. 7 As for Jobe, the AW found:

[Jobe] underwent the surgery because the doctors were unable to accurately diagnose his work related condition. [One of the many doctors Jobe .saw] pointed out that the lumbar spine was evaluated only because of the difficulty in making adiagnosis for the causation of his right hip pain. In other words,- the only reason1 [Jobe] underwent low back evaluation and subsequent surgery was because of the difficulty in making the work related right hip diagnosis. As such, the low back impairment resulting from the surgery is related to the plaintiffs work related right hip injury and· is therefore compensable.

The AW would have been hard-pressed to make a more explicit finding as tor

the causation of J9be's back impairment. Ford argues that Jobe "did not

submit proof that the surgery was unnecessary and there is no 'substantial

evidence' that 'but for' the hip injury, the back condition would have never ' required ... surgeiy." However, the AW found that but for Jobe's work-related

hip injury, he would not have undergone back surgery. Therefore, the AW

found tpat Jobe's work-related injury 'was both the proximate and but-for

cause of his back impairment.

Ford insists that the AW's finding that thefre was a causal relationship /

between Jobe's hip injury·and his back impairment was a question of law·

rather than a question of fact. Therefore, Ford asks this Court to review the

issue de novo. Howeve~, this argument fails, as "[c]ausation is a matter to be

decided by the fact-finder." Colemdn, 58 S.W.3d at 462. Though it is not

entirely clear, Ford's argument as to what it terms the "legal aspect of

causation" may revolve around whether Jobe's back surgery was an intervening

8 cause of his impairment-thus rendering his back impairment non-

compensable. It was not.

Our predecessor Court held long ago "[t]he general rule is that

compensation must be allowed for all of:t}le injurious consequences flowing

from the original injury, and not attributable to an independent, intervening ! I

cause." Beech Creek Coal Co. v. Cox, 314 Ky. 743, 744 (1951). In that case,

the injured employee followed his prescribed treatment instructions to walk

around following surgery "in order to expedite healing by stimulating

circulation, reducing stiffness of the knee and ankle joints, and restoring the

general muscle tone." Id. However, his compliance with treatment orders for

the initial work-related injury led to a second injury. The Court stated,.

The surgeon testified: 'It is my opinion that he, Levi Cox, would have been much less likely to have fallen and fractured the bone the second time had his joints not been stiff from the treatment of the first fracture.' While the X-ray revealed no physical connection between the first and the second fracture an inch al:;mve it, we believe that the Workmen's Compensation Board was justified in concluding, as did the surgeon, tjlat the haridicap the man suffered from his first injury was. a highly contributing factor in causing the second injury.

Id. at 744-45.

Furthermore, in Pond Creek Collieries Co. v. La Santos, 307 Ky. 866, 868

(1948), the parties disputed whether the injured employee's broken hip

resulted from his accident at work or during the course of his treatment

therefor. There, the Court stated: "even if his hip was fractured when he fell

from or beside his hospital bed, this occurred during his medical treatment ...

and as a direct and proximate result of the original injury suffered in an

9 'accident arising out of and in the course of his employment.' .... In such

cases the ultimate disability should be compensable."

Just as the injured employees in Cox and La Santos suffered further

injuries due to their treatment for work-related· injuries, Jobe followed his

doctor's recommended course ·of treatment for his hip pain when he underwent

back surgery. The AW found this back surgery caused Jobe's back

impairment, and that Jobe's work-related hip injury "led him to undergo" said

surgery.I

The AW's finding as to causation was supported by substantial evidence.

The AW exhaustively discussed the many doctors who had seen Jobe for his

hip and back and their various reports and opinions. For example, the AW's

opinion cited Dr. Guarnaschelli's initial note on September 6, 2012, which

read: "the plaintiff sustained a work-related injury resulting in complaints of -, persistent back pain as w~ll as bilaterctl hip and upper thigh pain."

Furthermore, the AW opinion discussed Dr. Farrage's opinion that Jobe's back

impairment was related to the work incident.

1 Ford asserts "[t]he Court of Appeals erroneously relied upon the Board's faulty premise that absent a Petition for Reconsideration, its scope of review is limited to whether substantial evidence exists." The Board stated that "[i]n the absence of a petition for reconsideration, concerning questions of fact, the Board is limited to a determination of whether there is substantial.evidence contained in the record to support the AW's conclusion." Ford's argument that the Board failed to review the legal issue of causation is unpersuasive because, as noted, causation is a factual issue. The Board could have also reviewed questions of law, but stated they were limited in their review of factual issues·to whether the AW's fut.dings were supported by substantial evidence. This is the proper standard as to factual issues-and both the Board and Court of Appeals each applied it in this case.

10 Ford disagrees with the AW's conclusion and would have us hold that

Johe failed to meet his burden of proof that he sustained a work-related injury

to his back. It asserts that the AW "engaged in unsupported medical

speculation when concluding that the only reason [Jobe] underwent lumbar

surgery was due to a failure to find the source of his hip pain." We disagree.

In spite of Jobe's history of prior back problems (which the AW also details in

his opinion), there was substantial medical evidence that the back surgery was

an attempt to alleviate Jobe's hip and leg pain.

While not all the evidence the AW recounted was in Jobe's favor (such as

Dr. Guarnaschelli's later indication that Jobe's low-back condition was not due

to his occupation), it was well within the discretion of the AW to choose which

evidence to believe. We will not disturb the AW's finding unless its basis lacks

substantial evidence in the record. That is not the case here. The fact that an

opposite conclusion could have also been supported by substantial evidence

makes no difference in our analysis. See McNutt Constr., 40 S.W.3d at 860.

As we hold that the AW based his decision that Jobe's back impairment

was work-related on substantial evidence, we reject Ford's final argument that / we should vacate Jobe.'s award of temporary total disability benefits for the

periods of time he was off work due to his back impairment. We affirm the

Court of Appeals on all grounds. Therefore, the AW's award of permanent

partial disability benefits, temporary total disability benefits, and medical

benefits stands.

11 IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Court of Appeals.

Minton, C.J.; Cunningham, Hughes, Keller, Venters, Wright; JJ., concur.

VanMeter, J., not sitting. \

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Elizabeth M. Hahn O'Bryan Brown & Toner, PLLC

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Joy Buchenberger Jennings Law Offices

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