Sherwood, J.
On the. eighteenth day of May, 1853, Mahitibal Foote owned a farm of eighty acres .of land in St. Joseph county, and on that day sold it to Elisha Foote, who was her son-in-law, and in part payment therefor took back the following note:
“ For value received I promise to pay Mahitibal Foote the sum of eight hundred dollars, to be paid in annual payments of one hundred dollars, the first payment to be made one year from the date of this instrument, or as soon after the expiration of that time as the said Mahitibal Foote may think proper to commence drawing. There is to be no interest on the above amount, or on any or either of the payments, as long as the said Mahitibal Foote may see fit to make it her home with the undersigned, Elisha Foote.
“ Sherwood, May 18, 1853. Elisha Foote.”
After this note was given, Mahitibal went to live with [186]*186Elisha, and continued to reside with him, occupying separate rooms in the house,- until she died, on the twenty-second day of September, 1867. While she lived, Elisha paid to Mahitibal on the note, May 18, 1853, $50; June 19, 1854, $50; June 13, 1862, $35. These payments are all indorsed on the note. There is also on the note an entry in pencil r “Paid on the note, $266.15.” This item is controverted.
Mahitibal was 82 years old when she died. At the time of her death her children then known to be living were Gilbert W. Foote, above mentioned, Sarah L. Goss, Clarissa S. Foote, and Augusta Foote. She had another daughter, Anna Childs, who had died several years before the death of Mahitibal, leaving five children, two of whom were minors when Mahitibal died. There was also another of Mahitibal’s children by the name of Oliver Gaylord Foote, about whom but little seems to have been known for many years before his mother’s death, except that it was reported that he went to California and there died, leaving a soil by the name of Oliver James Foote, who resided, as understood, in Oregon at the time of the death of his grandmother.
It was claimed, however, upon the trial, by one of the witnesses, that Oliver Gaylord Foote wrote to some one in St. Joseph county inquiring after his mother’s estate two or three years after her death. It was also rumored that this son was alive seven or eight years ago. The evidence is very vague as to whether this father or son were either of them alive at the time the administration was applied for on Mahitibal’s estate.
The record, which contains all the evidence in the case, further shows that Mahitibal made a will, reading as follows.1
[187]*187This was made about three months previous to her death. She resided at the time, as did one of the witnesses to the will, who was her granddaughter, a child of Mrs. Goss, at Mendon, St. Joseph county.
It was conceded upon the trial that at the time application was made for administration there were no claims against the estate of Mabitibal. It further appears, so far as the record shows anything upon the subject, that she left no property at her decease, except what might be owing upon the above-mentioned note, if-anything was then due her thereon.
It further appears that on'the day of her funeral, and after the burial had taken place, all the children then known to be living, viz., Gilbert W. Foote, Sarah L. Goss, Clarissa S. Foote, and Augusta Foote, assembled at the house of Elisha Foote, the maker of the note, and had a consultation in regard to the same, and the claim made by' Elisha against the note. The interview upon the subject seems to have been a friendly one, and the discussion had was as to what should be done with the note.
Elisha asked the heirs to bring forward the note. Augusta produced it. He then told them he wanted a settlement, as the heirs, were then all together; “that he thought they could arrange the matters without trouble, and have it set-[188]*188tied; that the note called for $800, and he was to pay no interest on it as long as she saw fit to live in his family; that instead of living in his family he had to furnish her with two separate rooms, and warm them for her; that if they would give up the note he would pay the funeral expenses and doctor’s bill, and buy a tombstone for deceased, and call it square;” Or they might, if they -were not satisfied, settle it by law, and he would put in his claim against it, “ which would more than balance the note.” They might do either yvay, as they chose.
To this proposition Clarissa said she had no claim on it; Gilbert W. .Foote, the present administrator, said he had no claim, and thought it better be settled in the way proposed, and have no trouble about it; Mrs. Goss said she did not want anything that did not belong to her, but all that did, and neither she nor Augusta objected to making the arrangement proposed; and, after further talk about the matter, and after the note and indorsements had been read by John Foote, and a further suggestion from one of the grandchildren that Elisha had earned the note, the note was handed to Elisha, who, in the presence of all of them, cut his name off the note and put it in his pocket, without any objection from any one; and he subsequently paid Mahitibal’s funeral expenses, her doctor’s bill, and purchased the gravestone, as he had promised; and, so far as the record shows anything, it tends to show that the adjustment made of the matter of the note, there at the home of Elisha, has ever since been treated and regarded as a settlement of the claim now- made until the death of Elisha, a few years since — in fact, until Gilbert W. Foote made application to be appointed administrator of Mahitibal’s estate, the last of the year 1882; and on the seventeenth of April, 1883, said will was admitted to probate, and he received his appointment as such administrator with the will annexed.
Soon after the death of Elisha Foote, and on the third day of J anuary, 1883, his son Frederick S. Foote was appointed administrator of his father’s estate-; and, after commissioners were appointed to hear and examine claims against Elisha’s [189]*189estate, Gilbert W. Foote, as administrator of Mahitibal, presented the said note to the commissioners for allowance. After hearing the proofs in the matter, the claim was disallowed, and Gilbert W. took an appeal therefrom to the circuit court of St. Joseph county, where the cause was tried before Judge Pealer, by jury; and under the proofs there introduced, and charge of the court, a verdict was obtained, allowing the claim made upon the note in favor of Mrs. Foote’s estate at the-sum of $1,393.93, and judgment was entered thereon accordingly. The administrator of Elisha Foote’s estate now brings error, and the case is before us for review.
It will be noticed by the terms of the will Oliver Gaylord Foote was to have $200, but if he should not live to receive it in three years after the' death of the testatrix, then his son was to have $5, and the $200 was to be divided equally between Gilbert W. Foote (the plaintiff) and his three sisters. To Mrs. Goss she gave $6 and forgave a debt of $74; to the five children of Mrs. Childs she gave $10; and to said Gilbert W. and his two sisters Augusta and Clarissa she gave $80 each, should there be that amount left after paying testatrix’s necessary funeral charges and expenses; and if then anything more was left, she gave it to Gilbert, Clarissa, Sarah, and Augusta.
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Sherwood, J.
On the. eighteenth day of May, 1853, Mahitibal Foote owned a farm of eighty acres .of land in St. Joseph county, and on that day sold it to Elisha Foote, who was her son-in-law, and in part payment therefor took back the following note:
“ For value received I promise to pay Mahitibal Foote the sum of eight hundred dollars, to be paid in annual payments of one hundred dollars, the first payment to be made one year from the date of this instrument, or as soon after the expiration of that time as the said Mahitibal Foote may think proper to commence drawing. There is to be no interest on the above amount, or on any or either of the payments, as long as the said Mahitibal Foote may see fit to make it her home with the undersigned, Elisha Foote.
“ Sherwood, May 18, 1853. Elisha Foote.”
After this note was given, Mahitibal went to live with [186]*186Elisha, and continued to reside with him, occupying separate rooms in the house,- until she died, on the twenty-second day of September, 1867. While she lived, Elisha paid to Mahitibal on the note, May 18, 1853, $50; June 19, 1854, $50; June 13, 1862, $35. These payments are all indorsed on the note. There is also on the note an entry in pencil r “Paid on the note, $266.15.” This item is controverted.
Mahitibal was 82 years old when she died. At the time of her death her children then known to be living were Gilbert W. Foote, above mentioned, Sarah L. Goss, Clarissa S. Foote, and Augusta Foote. She had another daughter, Anna Childs, who had died several years before the death of Mahitibal, leaving five children, two of whom were minors when Mahitibal died. There was also another of Mahitibal’s children by the name of Oliver Gaylord Foote, about whom but little seems to have been known for many years before his mother’s death, except that it was reported that he went to California and there died, leaving a soil by the name of Oliver James Foote, who resided, as understood, in Oregon at the time of the death of his grandmother.
It was claimed, however, upon the trial, by one of the witnesses, that Oliver Gaylord Foote wrote to some one in St. Joseph county inquiring after his mother’s estate two or three years after her death. It was also rumored that this son was alive seven or eight years ago. The evidence is very vague as to whether this father or son were either of them alive at the time the administration was applied for on Mahitibal’s estate.
The record, which contains all the evidence in the case, further shows that Mahitibal made a will, reading as follows.1
[187]*187This was made about three months previous to her death. She resided at the time, as did one of the witnesses to the will, who was her granddaughter, a child of Mrs. Goss, at Mendon, St. Joseph county.
It was conceded upon the trial that at the time application was made for administration there were no claims against the estate of Mabitibal. It further appears, so far as the record shows anything upon the subject, that she left no property at her decease, except what might be owing upon the above-mentioned note, if-anything was then due her thereon.
It further appears that on'the day of her funeral, and after the burial had taken place, all the children then known to be living, viz., Gilbert W. Foote, Sarah L. Goss, Clarissa S. Foote, and Augusta Foote, assembled at the house of Elisha Foote, the maker of the note, and had a consultation in regard to the same, and the claim made by' Elisha against the note. The interview upon the subject seems to have been a friendly one, and the discussion had was as to what should be done with the note.
Elisha asked the heirs to bring forward the note. Augusta produced it. He then told them he wanted a settlement, as the heirs, were then all together; “that he thought they could arrange the matters without trouble, and have it set-[188]*188tied; that the note called for $800, and he was to pay no interest on it as long as she saw fit to live in his family; that instead of living in his family he had to furnish her with two separate rooms, and warm them for her; that if they would give up the note he would pay the funeral expenses and doctor’s bill, and buy a tombstone for deceased, and call it square;” Or they might, if they -were not satisfied, settle it by law, and he would put in his claim against it, “ which would more than balance the note.” They might do either yvay, as they chose.
To this proposition Clarissa said she had no claim on it; Gilbert W. .Foote, the present administrator, said he had no claim, and thought it better be settled in the way proposed, and have no trouble about it; Mrs. Goss said she did not want anything that did not belong to her, but all that did, and neither she nor Augusta objected to making the arrangement proposed; and, after further talk about the matter, and after the note and indorsements had been read by John Foote, and a further suggestion from one of the grandchildren that Elisha had earned the note, the note was handed to Elisha, who, in the presence of all of them, cut his name off the note and put it in his pocket, without any objection from any one; and he subsequently paid Mahitibal’s funeral expenses, her doctor’s bill, and purchased the gravestone, as he had promised; and, so far as the record shows anything, it tends to show that the adjustment made of the matter of the note, there at the home of Elisha, has ever since been treated and regarded as a settlement of the claim now- made until the death of Elisha, a few years since — in fact, until Gilbert W. Foote made application to be appointed administrator of Mahitibal’s estate, the last of the year 1882; and on the seventeenth of April, 1883, said will was admitted to probate, and he received his appointment as such administrator with the will annexed.
Soon after the death of Elisha Foote, and on the third day of J anuary, 1883, his son Frederick S. Foote was appointed administrator of his father’s estate-; and, after commissioners were appointed to hear and examine claims against Elisha’s [189]*189estate, Gilbert W. Foote, as administrator of Mahitibal, presented the said note to the commissioners for allowance. After hearing the proofs in the matter, the claim was disallowed, and Gilbert W. took an appeal therefrom to the circuit court of St. Joseph county, where the cause was tried before Judge Pealer, by jury; and under the proofs there introduced, and charge of the court, a verdict was obtained, allowing the claim made upon the note in favor of Mrs. Foote’s estate at the-sum of $1,393.93, and judgment was entered thereon accordingly. The administrator of Elisha Foote’s estate now brings error, and the case is before us for review.
It will be noticed by the terms of the will Oliver Gaylord Foote was to have $200, but if he should not live to receive it in three years after the' death of the testatrix, then his son was to have $5, and the $200 was to be divided equally between Gilbert W. Foote (the plaintiff) and his three sisters. To Mrs. Goss she gave $6 and forgave a debt of $74; to the five children of Mrs. Childs she gave $10; and to said Gilbert W. and his two sisters Augusta and Clarissa she gave $80 each, should there be that amount left after paying testatrix’s necessary funeral charges and expenses; and if then anything more was left, she gave it to Gilbert, Clarissa, Sarah, and Augusta. Oliver Gaylord appears to have been regarded as dead by the whole family. Mrs. Childs’ heirs would be entitled to two dollars each; the son of Gaylord to five dollars; so that under the provisions of the will the only parties, if Gaylord’s legacy lapsed, — if there was any estate,— interested therein, to the extent of.requiring the attention of the court, were really the four residuary legatees, all of whom were present and participated in the settlement claimed to have occurred at the home of Elisha Foote, Sr., on the day the testatrix was buried.
Under these circumstances, and as it clearly1 appears that there were no creditors of Mahitibal Foote’s estate, the defendant’s counsel claim that there should have been no administrator appointed, — that there was nothing for him to do.
The legal estate only in personal property vests in the administrators; the equitable estate therein is in the heirs, or [190]*190other persons entitled to distributive portions thereof. The estate of the administrators therein is a trust for that purpose, and is created only for the purpose of laying hold of the estate and making such distribution. When there are no creditors, the heirs or legatees may collect, if they can, the estate together, and make such distribution among themselves as they may agree to and carry into effect, without the intervention of any administrators; and the law favors such arrangements. In such cases it is only where the heirs or legatees fail to make such collection and distribution that administration becomes necessary.
When such arrangement and distribution have been made and executed, it will be binding, both in law and equity, as between the parties making it, whenever the rights of creditors do not intervene. And where there are no creditors, the heirs or legatees may divide up and distribute the personal property of the decedent, without converting it into money, in such manner as they see fit; and when such division has been executed, even though it is not such as the decedent has made by his will, or such as the law would make when there is no will, it will be binding upon all the parties to the agreement: Walworth v. Abel, 52 Penn. St. 370; Calhoun v. Hays, 8 Watts & S. 132; Bavington v. Clarke, 2 Pen. & W. 123; McMahan v. McMahan, 13 Penn. St. 380; Lee v. Gibbons, 14 Serg. & R. 105; 3 Redf. Wills, 89; Carter v. Owens, 41 Ala. 217; Fretwell v. McLemore, 52 Ala. 124; Hibbard v. Kent, 15 N. H. 516; Clarke v. Clay, 31 Id. 393; Taylor v. Phillips, 30 Vt. 238; Babbitt v. Bowen, 32 Id. 437; Kilcrease v. Shelby, 23 Miss. 161; Needham v. Gillett, 39 Mich. 574.
By the terms of the claimed settlement in this case all the estate was disposed of, and the heirs with whom Elisha, Sr., made the settlement were fully satisfied, and among whom was the heir who has been appointed administrator of Mrs. Eoote’s estate. It is not claimed any fraud was practised upon either side in making the settlement, or any mistake made; all the parties to the agreement were familiar with the facts and circumstances under which it was made. If such [191]*191.settlement was made as claimed, we think it was upon a sufficient consideration, and all the parties present and participating therein, or assenting thereto, are bound thereby, and estopped from making any claim to said note, or to any of the proceeds thereof.
The order appointing Gilbert W. Foote administrator of Mahitibal’s estate is riot so brought before us that we can review the proceedings had in that case, or pass upon them intelligently.
It is not easy to discover, if there was a settlement and an agreement among the heirs of Mahitibal as to what disposition should be made of the note, and upon what conditions, what necessity there could be, upon the facts stated in the record, for administration upon her estate, especially after the conditions were performed and the disposition made as agreed upon.
Whether or not such settlement had been had and conditions performed were certainly proper questions to have been submitted to the jury in this case, if the plaintiff could maintain the suit at all; but the court told the jury: “You will have nothing to do with the settlement; '* * * there
will simply be the question of how much will be due on this noteand the court further charged the jury that they should deduct the amount which was indorsed on the note before Mrs. Foote’s death, and render their verdict against the defendant for the balance. This was error.
Upon these subjects counsel for the defendant requested the court to charge the jury that—
“ 1. Whether a settlement of a claim is right or wrong, the law holds a party to diligence who proposes to avoid it. If he acquiesces for an unreasonable length of time, he will be bound by it. If he seeks to repudiate it, he must do so at the first opportunity, or account for and excuse the delay. By acquiescence for an unreasonable length of time, without excuse, he affirms the settlement, whether it was originally right or not. In this case those interested in the claim, if any ever existed, waited for more than fourteen years after, as the defense claim, it had been adjusted. This was an unreasonable length of time to wait. If, therefore, such settlement as is [192]*192claimed was effected of the claim, you will find for the defense.
2. When a matter is settled by the parties in interest, and there is no unfairness, and all the facts are equally known to both sides, the settlement is final. This principle acquires new force when death has interposed to close a party’s lips.
3. If the deceased, Elisha Eoote, settled with some of the heirs for their interest in the obligation sued on, you will deduct from the face of the note the share which, under the will, those of the heirs participating in the settlement of the claim would have been entitled to out of it, and only allow the balance of the claim.”
We think, as the case stood when the charge was made, these three requests were entirely proper, and should have been given, and the failure so to do was error.
The proceeding authorized by the statute for the purpose of examining, allowing, and adjusting claims against an estate, whether before commissioners or the courts, is an equitable one, and governed by equitable principles ; and the administrator of Elisha Foote’s estate, in this case, was entitled to avail himself of any equitable, as well as legal, defense which existed against the claim presented for allowance against Elisha’s estate.
We think it substantially appears from the record that all the heirs of Mahitibal were present at the time the note was given up and canceled, then or since known to be living, except, perhaps, some of the children of Firs. Childs; but these all lived in the vicinity of Flahitibal at the time of her death, or knew all about the circumstances.
And it further appears that for more than fourteen years after that meeting of the heirs and that arrangement was made with the note, whatever it was, all parties had acquiesced in it, and no one of them had ever claimed any interest in the note until Gilbert W. made his application for the appointment of himself administrator, and this was not done until after Elisha, Sr., had died.
He and the other heirs evidently knew of the existence of the will all this time, and of its provisions ; for Gilbert produces it for probate, and the object of which at this late day [193]*193is made clearly to appear by the proceedings now. before us. No other object or purpose of these probate proceedings appears.except to try to compel payment of said note by the defendant, as Mahitibal had no other estate when she died.
In view of the fact of the settlement made, and which, in considering this record, must be regarded as made, as proposed to be shown, and was shown, upon the trial, and excluded by the court, this proceeding is most unjust and inequitable. Whatever interests the heirs may have had at the time Mrs. Foote died in the claim now made against Elisha’s estate certainly was taken in consideration at the time of the settlement, and the provisions of the will now probated disclose, taken in connection with the other testimony in the case, that the entire interest in the note (except a few dollars given to parties who have never made any claim thereto), subject to the equitable set-off of Elisha, passed to the heirs who made the settlement; and, if such settlement of the note was actually made, it would be clearly unjust not to allow the defense now made by Elisha’s administrator to prevail. ■
Had a few more months elapsed before Mahitibal’s death, the claim now made by Gilbert W. Foote would have been barred, both at law and in equity, by the statute of limitations, beyond any question; and it is claimed by defendant’s counsel that more than fourteen years having elapsed since the death of Mrs. Foote,- and the parties for whose benefit the claim is now made having all this time had the custody of the will, and neglected their statutory duty to present the same to the court, and secure probate thereof, and in the meantime Elisha Foote having died, the claim now made by the testatrix’s administrator should, in equity and good conscience, he held barred by the statute of limitations.
We think there is much force in this position, and we -are not prepared to say it is not wéll taken. We do not, however, deem it necessary to fully decide that question now, as the other errors noted are sufficient to make a reversal of the judgment necessary. But it is very certain that justice to all parties interested in the provisions of a will requires that, [194]*194under the statutes in this State as they now exist, a party holding the will, or one having knowledge of its existence, and under which he claims an interest in the legacies, must secure its probate within a reasonable time after be knows of the death of the testator; or, failing so to do, he may bar himself from making claim under its provisions to the benefits thereof; and we think a lapse of fourteen years after a knowledge of the death of the testator, under such circumstances (and as they appear iu this record), an unreasonable time, and that such defense to the claim of the plaintiff sought to be enforced against the estate of Elisha was a proper one to be made.
Every person having the custody of any will is required, within thirty days after he knows of the death of the testator, to deliver the same into the probate court having jurisdiction of the case, or to the executors named therein. And it is made the duty of the judge of probate to appoint a time and place for proving it, and give notice thereof, either personally or by publication, to the persons interested; and, if no sufficient cause is shown on the hearing against it, on proofs made by at least one of the subscribing witnesses, admit the same to probate. How. Stat. §§ 5797-5802, inclusive.1
It must be a case of extraordinary circumstances indeed [195]*195that would permit a legatee under a will, or the executor named therein, or other person, who has had the custody of a will, or knowledge thereof, and who has disregarded the statutory provisions herein referred to, and allowed the period -of the statute of limitations to elapse without delivering- ifr> to the probate court or securing probate thereof, to enforce claims in, favor of the estate of the testator wherein such person is interested against its debtors or their estates, when the latter makes defense as in this casé.
The judgment at the circuit must be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs.
The other Justices concurred.