Fontaine Inc. v. United States

2026 CIT 26

• Court: United States Court of International Trade
• Decided: March 6, 2026
• Docket: 19-00154
• Status: Published

Opinion

Slip Op. 26-26

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

FONTAINE INC.,

Plaintiff,

and

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND GOVERNMENT OF QUÉBEC,

Plaintiff-Intervenors,

v. Before: Mark A. Barnett, Chief Judge Court No. 19-00154 UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

COMMITTEE OVERSEEING ACTION FOR LUMBER INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTIGATIONS OR NEGOTIATIONS,

Defendant-Intervenor.

OPINION AND ORDER

[Denying Plaintiff’s motion for relief from final judgment.]

Dated: March 6, 2026

Mark B. Lehnardt, Davis & Leiman, PLLC, of Washington, DC, for Plaintiff Fontaine Inc.

Sosun Bae, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for Defendant United States. Also on the brief were Brett A. Shumate, Assistant Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, and Claudia Burke, Deputy Director. Of counsel on the brief was Jesus Saenz, Senior Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC. Court No. 19-00154 Page 2

Sophia J.C. Lin and Jarret Williamson, Picard Kentz & Rowe LLP, of Washington, DC, for Defendant-Intervenor Committee Overseeing Action for Lumber International Trade Investigations or Negotiations.

Barnett, Chief Judge: Before the court is Fontaine Inc.’s (“Fontaine”) motion for

relief from final judgment pursuant to U.S. Court International Trade (“USCIT”) Rule

60(b)(5) and (6). Confid. Rule 60(b)(5) Mot., and Alternative Rule 60(b)(6) Mot., for

Relief from Final J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 53. Specifically, Fontaine seeks a court order

requiring U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) to refund, prior to liquidation,

countervailing duty (“CVD”) cash deposits Fontaine paid while the company was subject

to the CVD order on certain softwood lumber products from Canada. Id. at 1.

Defendant United States (“the Government”) and Defendant-Intervenor Committee

Overseeing Action for Lumber International Trade Investigations or Negotiations (“the

Coalition”) oppose the motion. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Relief from Final J. (“Def’s

Resp.”), ECF No. 65; Confid. Def.-Int.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Fontaine’s Mot. for Relief

Under Rule 60(b)(5) and Rule 60(b)(6) (“Def.-Int.’s Resp.”), ECF No. 66. The court

exercises jurisdiction in this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)(1)(D) (2018 & Supp. II

2020). For the following reasons, the court will deny the motion.

BACKGROUND

I. Relevant Procedural History

This case arises out of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) final

results in the CVD expedited review of certain softwood lumber products from Canada.

See Certain Softwood Lumber Prods. From Can., 84 Fed. Reg. 32,121 (Dep’t Court No. 19-00154 Page 3

Commerce July 5, 2019) (final results of CVD expedited review) (“Final Results”). In the

expedited review, Commerce individually examined eight Canadian lumber producers

(and their respective affiliates), including Fontaine, that were assigned the “all-others”

rate of 14.19 percent in the underlying investigation. 1 See id. at 32,122. Relevant here,

for the Final Results, Commerce calculated an above de minimis subsidy rate for

Fontaine in the amount of 1.26 percent. Id.

Several companies filed complaints challenging procedural and substantive

aspects of the Final Results. Fontaine commenced this case to challenge Commerce’s

reliance on the company’s fiscal year 2014 tax returns rather than the company’s fiscal

year 2015 tax returns to calculate benefit for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5). Compl.

¶ 36, ECF No. 2. The court consolidated this case, and others challenging the Final

Results, under lead Court No. 19-00122. Order (Nov. 12, 2019), ECF No. 37. Litigation

in the consolidated case resulted in a de minimis CVD rate for Fontaine. See Comm.

Overseeing Action for Lumber Int’l Trade Investigations or Negots. v. United States

(Coalition VIII), 49 CIT __, __, 755 F. Supp. 3d 1317, 1327–28 (2025).

Following Coalition VIII, the court granted Fontaine’s motion to sever its case

from the lead consolidated case, see Order (Mar. 13, 2025), ECF No. 46, and entered

judgment sustaining the Final Results as amended on remand in part with respect to

Fontaine, see J., ECF No. 47. Regarding Fontaine’s entries covered by the period of

1 Commerce’s investigation determination is set forth in Certain Softwood Lumber

Products From Canada, 83 Fed. Reg. 347 (Dep’t Commerce Jan. 3, 2018) (am. final affirmative CVD determination and CVD order) (“CVD Order”). Court No. 19-00154 Page 4

review for the CVD expedited review, the court ordered “the subject entries enjoined in

this action (ECF No. 11) [to] be liquidated in accordance with the final court decision,

including all appeals, consistent with the requirements in section 516A(e) of the Tariff

Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(e) (2018).” J. at 2. The court

subsequently ordered Commerce to “publish expeditiously notice of amended final

results of CVD expedited review with respect to Fontaine that reflects the zero percent

cash deposit rate” that Commerce calculated on remand. Order (Apr. 18, 2025) at 6,

ECF No. 52. Commerce complied with the court’s April 18, 2025 Order when it

published Certain Softwood Lumber Products From Canada, 90 Fed. Reg. 18,957,

18,959 (Dep’t Commerce May 5, 2025) (notice of am. final results of CVD expedited

review; exclusion from CVD order) (Am. Final Results: Fontaine).

In the notice, Commerce excluded Fontaine from the CVD Order, set the

company’s cash deposit rate to zero, and indicated it would instruct CBP to apply that

zero percent cash deposit rate to merchandise produced and exported by Fontaine.

See id. at 18,959. Commerce further stated that if “the CIT’s final judgment is not

appealed or is upheld on appeal, Commerce will instruct CBP to liquidate [Fontaine’s

enjoined] entries” but that, “[a]t this time, Commerce remains enjoined by the CIT from

liquidating certain entries.” Id. While the court’s judgment with respect to Fontaine is

now final, liquidation of Fontaine’s entries of subject merchandise remains suspended

based on proceedings tied to the parallel antidumping duty (“AD”) order. See Pl.’s Mot. Court No. 19-00154 Page 5

at 9. 2 The continuing suspension of liquidation, and CBP’s alleged “refus[al] to provide

pre-liquidation refunds,” prompted Fontaine’s motion. See id.

II. Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d 1300

The court previously denied a motion for pre-liquidation refunds filed by certain

Defendant-Intervenors in Consol. Court No. 19-00122 (“the Excluded Companies”).

See Committee Overseeing Action for Lumber Int’l Trade Investigations or Negots. v.

United States (Coalition IX), 49 CIT __, 779 F. Supp. 3d 1300 (2025). The Excluded

Companies had relied, in part, on USCIT Rule 60(b)(5) to seek relief from the court’s

judgment of August 18, 2021 3 in Consolidated Court No. 19-00122. Id. at 1307. The

court denied the motion after concluding that the equities do not favor the Excluded

Companies. Id. at 1309. 4 The court acknowledged the potentially lengthy suspension

of liquidation resulting from the parallel AD proceedings, id. at 1310, but found that any

2 Fontaine acknowledged that AD duties paid on entries it made from 2017 to 2019

should “be settled soon” such that CVD cash deposits on the entries would be refunded in the normal course of liquidation. Pl.’s Mot. at 13. Since then, Commerce has issued liquidation instructions to CBP for these entries. See Message No. 6022402 (Jan. 22, 2026); Message No. 6022407 (Jan. 22, 2026). Accordingly, Fontaine seeks pre- liquidation refunds for cash deposits paid from 2019 pursuant to the Final Results until Commerce’s issuance in 2025 of Amended Final Results: Fontaine. 3 In the judgment of August 18, 2021, the court vacated the regulation on which

Commerce relied to conduct the CVD expedited review. See Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1304 (summarizing relevant history). The Excluded Companies were, at that time, reinstated in the CVD Order prospectively with a corresponding cash deposit rate. See id. After the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the August 18, 2021 Judgment, the court reinstated those companies’ exclusion from the CVD Order but denied their request for pre-liquidation refunds. See id. at 1309. 4 The court also held that Rule 60(a), the other basis invoked by the Excluded

Companies, did not apply in the absence of any demonstrable clerical or other mistake in a prior court order. See Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1308–09. Court No. 19-00154 Page 6

harm to the Excluded Companies would be offset by the interest they would receive on

excess cash deposits paid (“the statutorily provided offset to any harm”) and otherwise

outweighed by the administrative burden from issuing pre-liquidation refunds, id. at

1310–11.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Rule 60(b)(5) permits the court, “[o]n motion and just terms,” to “relieve a party

. . . from a final judgment” when, inter alia, “applying it prospectively is no longer

equitable.” USCIT Rule 60(b)(5). In some instances, the rule “provides a means by

which a party can ask a court to modify or vacate a judgment or order if a significant

change either in factual conditions or in law renders continued enforcement detrimental

to the public interest.” Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433, 447 (2009) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Tapper v. Hearn, 833 F.3d 166, 170 (2nd Cir. 2016)

(observing that Rule 60(b)(5) “is rooted in the traditional power of a court of equity to

modify its decree in light of changed circumstances” (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted)). 5 “A party seeking modification of a consent decree may meet its initial

burden by showing either a significant change either in factual conditions or in law.”

Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk Cnty. Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 384 (1992). “Once a moving party

has met its burden of establishing either a change in fact or in law warranting

modification,” the court will then consider “whether the proposed modification is suitably

5 While Tapper addresses Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5), USCIT Rule

60(b)(5) “is identical and the court may refer for guidance to the rules of other courts.” United States v. Univar USA, Inc., 40 CIT __, __, 195 F. Supp. 3d 1312, 1317 (2016) (citing USCIT Rule 1). Court No. 19-00154 Page 7

tailored to the changed circumstance.” Id. at 391. Public interest considerations may

be relevant to the latter question. See id. at 392–93 (“Financial constraints . . . are a

legitimate concern of government defendants in institutional reform litigation and

therefore are appropriately considered in tailoring a consent decree modification.”).

Rule 60(b)(6) provides for relief from a final judgment for any reason other than

the reasons listed in Rule 60(b)(1)–(5) “that justifies relief.” USCIT Rule 60(b)(6). Rule

60(b)(6) requires a party to demonstrate “extraordinary circumstances.” Pioneer Inv.

Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assoc. Ltd. P’ship, 507 U.S. 380, 393 (1993).

A motion filed pursuant to Rule 60(b)(5) or (6) “must be made within a

reasonable time.” USCIT Rule 60(c)(1). Whether to grant relief pursuant to this rule is

discretionary. See Lazare Kaplan Int’l, Inc. v. Photoscribe Techs., Inc., 714 F.3d 1289,

1295 (Fed. Cir. 2013).

DISCUSSION

I. Rule 60(b)(5)

A. Parties’ Contentions

Fontaine grounds its Rule 60(b)(5) request in the court’s April 18, 2025 Order

that required Commerce to issue amended final results with respect to Fontaine. Pl.’s

Mot. at 11. Fontaine asserts that it now requests “additional relief” in the form of pre-

liquidation refunds. Id. (emphasis added). Fontaine seeks to distinguish the court’s

denial of pre-liquidation refunds in Coalition IX by asserting that the amount of interest

accruing on its cash deposit payments is “too significant to ignore.” Id. at 11–12.

According to Fontaine, the equities favor granting its motion because the amount of Court No. 19-00154 Page 8

interest will exceed Fontaine’s estimate of what it would cost CBP to hire additional

employees to process pre-liquidation refunds. See id. at 17–18.

The Government argues that Fontaine has not identified “a significant change in

fact or law warranting relief from judgment” or demonstrated “that the equities favor the

granting of such relief.” Def.’s Resp. at 5. The Government asserts that Fontaine’s

reliance on the amount of accrued interest is not a relevant change for purposes of Rule

60(b)(5) and the burden on CBP continues to outweigh any harm to Fontaine from

awaiting liquidation. Id. at 6–9; see also Decl. of Connor Snitker ¶¶ 6–10, ECF No. 65

(discussing the steps and time involved in manually processing pre-liquidation refunds).

The Government also contends that Fontaine’s public interest argument should fail

because “Fontaine fails to establish that an allegation of harm not specific to itself

should be part of the consideration of the equities under Rule 60(b)(5),” Fontaine’s

argument “was not properly raised,” and, lastly, that “Fontaine has not explained why

alleged harm to the public fisc constitutes a significant change in factual conditions or

law.” Def.’s Resp. at 7 n.1. The Coalition advances similar arguments. See Def.-Int.’s

Resp. at 6–8.

B. Analysis 6

The court first considers whether circumstances have materially changed since

the court entered judgment or required Commerce to publish amended final results with

6 Relief from a final judgment (or order) when “applying it prospectively is no longer

equitable,” USCIT Rule 60(b)(5), is limited to a final judgment (or order) that has prospective application, Comm. Overseeing Action for Lumber Int’l Trade Investigations Court No. 19-00154 Page 9

respect to Fontaine. See Horne, 557 U.S. at 447; Rufo, 502 U.S. at 384. They have

not. Fontaine instead points to “a significant change from the circumstances of the

[Excluded Companies],” namely, the interest accruing on Fontaine’s cash deposits

relative to theirs. Pl.’s Mot. at 11–12. However, a claimed distinction between Fontaine

and other companies is not a change in factual circumstances for purposes of Rule

60(b)(5). That alone is enough to deny Fontaine’s motion with respect to Rule 60(b)(5).

See Rufo, 502 U.S. at 384 (consideration of an appropriate modification is necessary

only when the movant meets its initial burden of establishing changed circumstance).

Even if the changed circumstances requirement had been met, Fontaine has not

shown that the equities favor granting its motion. To the extent Fontaine seeks to make

an argument grounded in the public interest, i.e., the public fisc, see Pl.’s Mot. at 16–18,

it is not at all clear that Fontaine is the appropriate party to make such an argument,

see, e.g., Rufo, 502 U.S. at 381 (discussing the public interest consideration with

respect to a consent decree that “reach[ed] beyond the parties involved directly in the

suit” to impact matters of public concern). Additionally, Fontaine has not argued, or

or Negots. v. United States (Coalition VI), 47 CIT __, __, 665 F. Supp. 3d 1347, 1354 (2023). “[A] final judgment or order has prospective application for purposes of Rule 60(b)(5) only where it is executory or involves the supervision of changing conduct or conditions.” Id. (quoting Tapper, 833 F.3d at 170–71); see also id. (finding that the court’s August 18, 2021 Judgment had prospective force because it “imposed an ongoing cash deposit requirement” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Not all judgments are prospective. While Fontaine does not explain why the judgment in this case has such prospective force or why pre-liquidation refunds on prior importations are properly construed as relief from the judgment (or other final court order), neither the Government nor the Coalition argues that Fontaine’s motion should be denied on this basis. Thus, the court need not address the prospective force requirement. Court No. 19-00154 Page 10

made any relevant showing, “that CBP’s decision not to process pre-liquidation refunds

has caused any financial distress, loss of business opportunities, or any other harm that

may tip the scales of equity in its favor.” Def.-Int.’s Resp. at 7–8. “The interest on any

excess cash deposits paid will continue to accrue until liquidation, providing the

statutorily provided offset to any harm arising from the unavailability of the funds until

that time.” Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1310. Accordingly, Fontaine is not entitled

to relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(5).

II. Rule 60(b)(6)

Fontaine contends that it has established the “extraordinary circumstances”

required for relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6). Pl.’s Mot. at 12. Those circumstances

include the procedural posture of this case, namely, exclusion from the CVD Order after

several years of cash deposits, and “the amount of interest accruing compared to the

[claimed] cost of providing pre-liquidation refunds.” Id. Regarding the procedural

posture, Fontaine asserts that “[e]xclusion from an order after an appeal,” as occurred

here, is unusual, and the “excluded party’s claim to refund is greater than and different

from the claim for refund in the context of an administrative review of a party included

under an order.” Id. at 12–13. That is because, Fontaine contends, “the unlawful

decision by Commerce” led to CBP’s collection and retention of cash deposits in the first

instance. Id. at 13. Fontaine argues that the delay experienced by an interested party

obtaining a lower duty rate in an administrative review is typically shorter than the delay

Fontaine is experiencing after its exclusion from the CVD Order. See id. Court No. 19-00154 Page 11

Even if the case were “unusual, or even extraordinary,” the Government

contends, this would be “insufficient to merit relief,” particularly when the circumstances

surrounding this case “do not merit limiting CBP’s statutory discretion over whether to

issue pre-liquidation refunds.” Def.’s Resp. at 11–12. The Government avers that

Fontaine’s cost-based argument is misplaced because it is based on unsupported

assumptions about governmental hiring ability and resource allocation. Id.

The Coalition contends that the “extraordinary circumstance” required to merit

relief is absent here. Def.-Int’s Resp. at 8–9. It argues that “the liquidation process in

this case follows CBP’s standard practice, which, by definition, does not amount to an

extraordinary circumstance.” Id. at 9.

B. Analysis

The requirement for extraordinary circumstances is intended to preserve the

finality of judgments. See BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman, 605 U.S. 204, 213 (2025)

(referring to the extraordinary circumstances test as a “very strict interpretation” of the

rule that “is essential if the finality of judgments is to be preserved” (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted)). The court previously granted Fontaine relief pursuant to

Rule 60(b)(6) after finding extraordinary circumstances “with respect to [the] particular

jurisdictional and procedural posture” of this case. Apr. 18, 2025 Order at 4. The court

thus required Commerce to implement Fontaine’s “zero percent cash deposit rate”

through publication of a Federal Register notice. Id. at 6.

The court does not reach the same conclusion here with respect to pre-

liquidation refunds. The court has long recognized that “the absence of certainty” Court No. 19-00154 Page 12

surrounding the “final assessment of . . . duties is a characteristic of the retrospective

system of administrative reviews designed by Congress.” SKF USA Inc. v. United

States, 31 CIT 951, 960, 491 F. Supp. 2d 1354, 1363 (2007) (quoting Abitibi–Consol.

Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT 714, 724, 437 F. Supp. 2d 1352, 1361 (2006)). Likewise,

the amount of time that will be necessary to conclude all administrative and judicial

proceedings affecting the subject entries is uncertain. See Def.-Int.’s Resp. at 8 (noting

that “the standard practice for returning deposits [on any particular group of entries] is

for CBP to wait until all administrative and judicial proceedings from both the CVD and

AD proceedings are finalized”). Thus, any delay experienced by Fontaine in obtaining

refunds via the normal course of liquidation because of its participation in parallel

proceedings, while perhaps unfortunate, is not an extraordinary circumstance sufficient

to merit pre-liquidation refunds. As the court previously discussed, both above and in

Coalition IX, the interest that will continue to accrue on Fontaine’s cash deposits offsets

any harm from the delay in receiving the funds, such that the delay does not constitute

an extraordinary circumstance. See Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1310. Accordingly,

Fontaine is not entitled to relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6). 7

7 Fontaine separately urges the court to “order Commerce to issue new instructions to

CBP authorizing CBP to provide pre-liquidation refunds pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(a)(4), if necessary, and find that CBP abuses its discretion by refusing to provide pre-liquidation refunds to Fontaine.” Pl.’s Mot. at 14. Fontaine makes no colorable argument that Commerce’s authorization is necessary for CBP to act; it merely proposes that it might be. See id. at 14–15. Regardless of any such instruction, the court previously observed that although “CBP may have granted previous requests for pre-liquidation refunds, neither now, nor then, was CBP required to make such pre- liquidation refunds.” Coalition IX, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1309 (internal citation omitted). Court No. 19-00154 Page 13

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the reasons discussed herein, it is hereby ORDERED that Fontaine’s motion

for relief from final judgment (ECF No. 53) is DENIED.

/s/ Mark A. Barnett Mark A. Barnett, Chief Judge

Dated: March 6, 2026 New York, New York

Fontaine further argues that “CBP abuses its discretion in denying Fontaine’s request for pre-liquidation refunds.” Pl.’s Mot. at 16. While Fontaine attempts to tie its argument for refunds pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(a)(4) to the company’s request for relief under Rule 60(b)(5) and (6), see id. at 18, Fontaine fails to articulate the basis for judicial review of any such decision by CBP generally, or in this case specifically. Accordingly, and because the court otherwise finds that Fontaine is not entitled to relief, the court declines to further address this argument.