Foley v. Stuart

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: March 20, 2023
• Docket: 2:20-cv-01874
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 4 MICHAEL FOLEY, Case No. 2:20-cv-01874-ART-BNW 5 Plaintiff, ORDER 6 v.

7 GEORGINA STUART, et al.,

8 Defendants.

9 Pro se plaintiff Michael Foley (“Plaintiff”) filed this action in forma pauperis 10 on October 7, 2020, alleging that beginning in 2008, Defendants engaged in a 11 concerted effort to fraudulently deprive him of association with his father, Michael 12 Foley, Senior, by manufacturing abuse allegations against his father which would 13 lead to his father losing custody of Plaintiff. Before the Court are: (1) Defendant 14 James Childs’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 14); (2) Plaintiff’s motion for partial 15 summary judgment as to Defendant Childs (ECF No. 45), regarding which 16 Defendant Childs filed a countermotion to continue (ECF No. 55) and Plaintiff 17 filed a motion to supplement (ECF No. 61), which Defendant Childs moves to 18 strike (ECF No. 66); (3) the Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) of United States 19 Magistrate Judge Brenda Weksler (ECF No. 68) recommending that Plaintiff’s 20 motion to amend complaint (ECF No. 50) be denied, to which Plaintiff filed an 21 objection (ECF No. 73), as well as a reply (ECF No. 85) which Defendant Pont 22 moves to strike (ECF No. 87); and (4) Plaintiff’s renewed motion for appointment 23 of counsel (ECF No. 62). 24 For the reasons set forth in this order, the Court: (1) denies Defendant 25 Childs’s motion to dismiss; (2) denies Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary 26 judgment while granting Plaintiff’s motion to supplement, granting in part the 27 motion to strike Plaintiff’s motion to supplement, and denying the countermotion 28 1 to continue as moot; (3) adopts the R&R while granting the motion to strike 2 Plaintiff’s reply in support of his objection to the R&R; and (4) denies Plaintiff’s 3 motion for appointment of counsel. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 According to Plaintiff’s complaint, in 2008 Plaintiff’s aunt and her husband, 6 Michelle and Jeffrey Pont, conspired to take advantage of Plaintiff’s mother, 7 Patricia, who had a gambling problem, in order to ultimately obtain custody of 8 Plaintiff and deny custody to Plaintiff’s father, Michael Foley, Senior. (ECF No. 1- 9 1 (“Complaint”) at 9.) The Ponts allegedly agreed to pay Patricia’s significant 10 gambling debts if Patricia would divorce Michael Foley, Senior and assist in 11 making false accusations of child abuse against Michael Foley, Senior. (Id.) 12 Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Jeffrey Pont bribed Georgina Stuart, an agent of 13 the Clark County Department of Family Services (“DFS”), and then called DFS on 14 or around October 18, 2008 to report that Michael Foley, Senior was abusing his 15 children so that Stuart would remove Plaintiff and his sister from his father’s 16 custody. (Id. at 8-9.) During this incident, Stuart and Pont allegedly made threats 17 against Michael Foley, Senior and searched Plaintiff and his sister in an invasive 18 manner. (Id. at 10.) Stuart then allegedly filed a false report with DFS stating that 19 Michael Foley, Senior was abusive, even though Plaintiff and his sister denied 20 any abuse, and placed Plaintiff and his sister in the custody of the Ponts. (Id. at 21 10-11.) 22 On or about October 22, 2008, Stuart allegedly encouraged Plaintiff’s 23 mother, Patricia, to apply for a protective order in bad faith which would disable 24 Michael Foley, Senior from obtaining custody. (Id. at 14.) Michael Foley, Senior 25 had also obtained his own protective order to obtain custody of his children from 26 Patricia, and on or about October 28, 2008, Officer James Childs of the Las Vegas 27 Metropolitan Police Department (“LVMPD”) stopped Patricia and served her the 28 protective order. (Id.) However, Patricia allegedly then immediately called Jeffrey 1 Pont, who called DFS and spoke to DFS agent Anita Flores-Yanez who was then 2 authorized by her supervisor Alexa Rodriguez and superior Lisa Reese to 3 intervene in the situation. (Id.) These three along with Officer Childs allegedly 4 conspired to take Plaintiff and his sister into DFS custody, notwithstanding 5 Michael Foley, Senior’s claim that he should rightfully have custody pursuant to 6 his protective order, and Officer Childs allegedly ordered Michael Foley, Senior to 7 keep away from his children until Flores-Yanez arrived and took the children to 8 the Child Haven facility. (Id. at 15-17.) After this, Stuart then allegedly made 9 various false entries in the DFS system noting that Michael Foley Senior was 10 abusive, despite a determination by DFS that the allegations against Michael 11 Foley, Senior were unsubstantiated. (Id. at 18-19.) Stuart allegedly misled the 12 divorce court and represented that there remained credible allegations against 13 Michael Foley, Senior, notwithstanding the determination that the allegations 14 were unsubstantiated, which led to Michael Foley, Senior losing custody in the 15 divorce proceeding. (Id. at 20-21.) 16 On February 28, 2022, Judge Weksler issued a recommended screening 17 order which was adopted in full by the Court on March 21, 2022, after receiving 18 no objection. (ECF Nos. 5, 7.) The screening order allowed Plaintiff’s individual 19 claims against Jeffrey Pont, DFS agents Stuart, Flores-Yanez, Reese, and 20 Rodriguez, and LVMPD Officer Childs to proceed. 21 II. MOTION TO DISMISS 22 On April 13, 2022, Defendant Childs filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 23 14.) Defendant Childs argued that the case should be dismissed in its entirety 24 under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and the doctrine of Election of Remedies. In 25 support of these arguments, Defendant Childs informed the Court that in 26 addition to the instant lawsuit, Plaintiff also filed two other lawsuits in state court 27 on the same day. One was a personal injury lawsuit against Plaintiff’s mother, 28 Patricia Foley, and an insurance company arising from events which allegedly 1 occurred in 2006. Foley v. Century-Nat’l Ins. Co., A-20-822649-C. The second 2 brought allegations identical to the instant case. Foley v. Stuart, A-20-822651-C. 3 In the personal injury case, the court suspected that the case was being litigated 4 by Michael Foley, Senior, not Plaintiff, and the court ordered Plaintiff to appear 5 at a status check on January 10, 2022, and Plaintiff did not make an appearance. 6 The court then issued an Order to Show Cause again directing Plaintiff to appear 7 on March 7, 2022, and Plaintiff did not make an appearance. The court then 8 dismissed the case. The case which brought allegations identical to this case was 9 dismissed for lack of prosecution and failure to serve. 10 Defendant Childs also argues that the claims against him individually 11 should be dismissed because he is entitled to absolute immunity. 12 A. ROOKER-FELDMAN DOCTRINE 13 The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine bars federal courts from hearing de facto 14 appeals from state court judgments. The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine bars a federal 15 case as a de facto appeal of a state court judgment when: (1) the state court case 16 has been fully rendered before the plaintiff filed the second federal case, and (2) 17 the second federal case is a pure challenge to the legal conclusions of the first 18 case. See Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1163 (9th Cir. 2003). In other words, a 19 second federal case alleging that the state proceedings themselves violated 20 constitutional rights, e.g. due process, is not barred by the Rooker-Feldman 21 Doctrine, since that is not a de facto appeal of the underlying first case but rather 22 concerns a separate wrong. Simultaneous federal and state proceedings are not 23 generally barred by the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine. Id. at 1159 (“The rule that 24 permits simultaneous litigation in state and federal court of overlapping and even 25 identical cases is deeply rooted in our system.”). 26 In this case, Plaintiff filed identical lawsuits in this Court and in state court 27 on Oct. 7, 2020. The state case, Foley v. Stuart, A-20-822651-C, was dismissed 28 in December 2021 for failure to prosecute and for service defects. (ECF No. 14- 1 9.) Because the instant case does not challenge the outcome of the simultaneous 2 state court case directly, the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine does not apply. 3 B. ELECTION OF REMEDIES 4 Under the doctrine of Election of Remedies, where there are multiple ways 5 to redress a wrong and the plaintiff chooses one over the other, the plaintiff is 6 prohibited from later seeking the other remedy in court. Specifically, a plaintiff is 7 prohibited from a later choice of remedy when: (1) two or more remedies ... existed 8 at the time of the election, (2) these remedies [are] repugnant and inconsistent 9 with each other, and (3) the party to be bound ... affirmatively chose[ ], or elected, 10 between the available remedies.” Teutscher v. Woodson, 835 F.3d 936, 956 (9th 11 Cir. 2016) (holding that a plaintiff in a wrongful termination case chose between 12 the remedies of reinstatement and front pay). Election of Remedies does not 13 generally bar simultaneous federal and state cases. See Haphey v. Linn Cnty., 14 953 F.2d 549, 552 (9th Cir. 1992) (rejecting the application of Election of 15 Remedies and stating that “state claim and issue preclusion rules should 16 normally be employed when courts are considering whether utilization of state 17 court proceedings prevents later utilization of federal proceedings.”). 18 In this case. Plaintiff has filed simultaneous identical cases in federal and 19 state court. In so doing, Plaintiff did not choose one remedy over another in the 20 way contemplated by the Election of Remedies doctrine. The doctrine does not 21 bar the instant case. 22 C. ABSOLUTE IMMUNITY OF OFFICER CHILDS 23 Defendant Childs argues that he is entitled to absolute immunity and 24 should be dismissed from this case because his role was limited to the service of 25 a valid court order on October 28, 2008. Absolute immunity is a narrow doctrine 26 guided by “the presumption [] that qualified rather than absolute immunity is 27 sufficient to protect government officials in the exercise of their duties.” Brooks v. 28 Clark Cnty., 828 F.3d 910, 916 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 1 478, 486–87 (1991)). Absolute immunity is afforded to those historically accorded 2 immunity at common law, such as judges, for the exercise of discretionary 3 judgment vital to the judiciary that might be impaired by exposure to potential 4 damages liability. Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc., 508 U.S. 429, 435 (1993). 5 “When judicial immunity is extended to officials other than judges, it is because 6 their judgments are functionally comparable to those of judges—that is, because 7 they, too, exercise a discretionary judgment as a part of their function.” Id. The 8 Ninth Circuit “ha[s] never held that courtroom officials—bailiffs, marshals, and 9 the like—receive absolute immunity whenever they act pursuant to a judge’s 10 order[.]” Brooks, 828 F.3d at 915. It is thus clear that as a general matter, 11 Defendant Childs does not enjoy absolute immunity for his actions as a police 12 officer, even when connected to the judiciary. 13 Though Defendant Childs cites to Brooks and Coverdell v. Dep't of Soc. & 14 Health Servs., 834 F.2d 758, 764-765 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that a child 15 protective services worker who apprehended a child pursuant to a court order 16 was entitled to quasi-judicial immunity), for the proposition that absolute 17 immunity protects those who faithfully execute valid court orders, those cases do 18 not apply here because Plaintiff’s alleges that Defendant Childs did more. Plaintiff 19 alleges that Defendant Childs along with Defendant Pont and Defendant DFS 20 agents Flores-Yanez, Reese, and Rodriguez “conspired and coordinated together 21 to seize the plaintiff [sic] and his minor siblings without a warrant, and in the 22 absence of exigency or any immediate threat[,]” and that “Defendant James 23 Childs decided to prevent Michael Sr. from taking custody of his children” by 24 ordering Michael Foley, Senior to “keep away at a distance[,]” in contravention of 25 the valid court order obtained by Michael Foley, Senior, which Defendant Childs 26 initially appeared at the scene to execute. (Complaint at 14-15.) Because the 27 alleged conduct goes beyond the execution of a valid court order, Defendant 28 Childs is not entitled to absolute immunity and his motion to dismiss is denied. 1 III. MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 2 Plaintiff moves for partial summary judgment against Defendant Childs on 3 the issue of liability, with the issue of damages to be determined later. (ECF No. 4 45.) The purpose of summary judgment is to avoid unnecessary trials when there 5 is no dispute as to the facts before the court. Nw. Motorcycle Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of 6 Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). Summary judgment is appropriate 7 when the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any 8 affidavits “show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that 9 the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. 10 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). An issue is “genuine” if there is a sufficient 11 evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact-finder could find for the nonmoving 12 party and a dispute is “material” if it could affect the outcome of the suit under 13 the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The 14 moving party bears the burden of showing that there are no genuine issues of 15 material fact. Zoslaw v. MCA Distrib. Corp., 693 F.2d 870, 883 (9th Cir. 1982). If 16 the moving party satisfies Rule 56's requirements, the burden shifts to the party 17 resisting the motion to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine 18 issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256. 19 Here, Plaintiff did not support his motion for partial summary judgment 20 with any evidence beyond a recitation of the allegations set forth in his complaint. 21 To his reply brief Plaintiff attached a copy of the DFS case notes from the UNITY 22 case management system as well as a signed eight-page affidavit from Michael 23 Foley, Senior, which generally restates the allegations in this case. (ECF No. 59.) 24 Even assuming the Court can properly consider materials introduced for the first 25 time with a reply brief when considering a motion for summary judgment, these 26 materials do not establish that Plaintiff is entitled to partial summary judgment 27 against Defendant Childs. Plaintiff also submitted a motion to supplement his 28 motion for partial summary judgment and attached six exhibits: (1) an 1 application for a temporary protection order by Michael Foley, Senior against 2 Patricia Foley; (2) a temporary protection order for Michael Foley, Senior against 3 Patricia Foley; (3) a certificate of service of the temporary protection order upon 4 Patricia Foley; (4) a certificate of service of a temporary protective order for 5 Patricia Foley against Michael Foley, Senior; (5) the same UNITY record submitted 6 with the reply brief; and (6) an affidavit from Michael Foley, Senior. (ECF No. 61.) 7 None of these exhibits establish that Defendant Childs is liable as a matter 8 of law because they do not show the conduct of Defendant Childs or any other 9 party. Defendant Childs both claims immunity and disputes liability. (ECF No. 10 54.) With the possible exception of the affidavit of Michael Foley, Senior, nothing 11 submitted in this case thus far illuminates the conduct of Defendant Childs, and 12 a single affidavit repeating the allegations in the complaint is not sufficient to 13 establish Defendant Childs’s liability as a matter of law. 14 Plaintiff’s motion to supplement (ECF No. 61) is granted and his motion for 15 partial summary judgment (ECF No. 45) is denied. Defendant Childs’s 16 countermotion to continue under Rule 56(d) (ECF No. 55) is denied as moot. 17 Defendant Childs also moves to strike Plaintiff’s motion to supplement on the 18 grounds that the UNITY record provided as an exhibit is confidential under NRS 19 432B.280. (ECF No. 66.) The Court grants in part Defendant Childs’s motion to 20 strike with respect to the UNITY record. 21 IV. MOTION TO AMEND COMPLAINT 22 Plaintiff seeks to amend his complaint to add as a defendant attorney John 23 T. Kelleher for allegedly conspiring with DFS and others relating to the acts in 24 this case.1 (ECF No. 50.) Rule 15 of the FRCP allows for amendment of a pleading 25 1 Defendant Childs’s response in opposition (ECF No. 56) characterizes Plaintiff’s motion as 26 seeking to add three new parties: (1) LVMPD; (2) Mr. Kelleher; and (3) Clark County. However, LVMPD and Clark County were present in Plaintiff’s original complaint, but the claims against 27 them were dismissed in the screening order. (ECF Nos. 1-1, 5, 7.) It appears that the only substantive difference between Plaintiff’s original complaint and proposed amended complaint is 28 1 with the leave of court and directs the court to “freely give leave when justice so 2 requires.” The Court may deny leave to amend when there is an “apparent or 3 declared reason—such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part 4 of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies …, undue prejudice to the 5 opposing party…, futility of amendment, etc.” Hall v. United States, 233 F.R.D. 6 591, 594 (D. Nev. 2005) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 7 The Court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings 8 or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Where 9 a party fails to object to a magistrate judge’s recommendation, the Court is not 10 required to conduct “any review at all . . . of any issue that is not the subject of 11 an objection.” Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149 (1985); see also United States v. 12 Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1116 (9th Cir. 2003) (“De novo review of the 13 magistrate judges’ findings and recommendations is required if, but only if, one 14 or both parties file objections to the findings and recommendations.”) (emphasis 15 in original); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72, Advisory Committee Notes (1983) (providing that 16 the Court “need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the 17 record in order to accept the recommendation.”). However, when a party does 18 serve and file written objections to the R&R, the Court “shall make a de novo 19 determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or 20 recommendations to which objection is made.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). 21 Here, Plaintiff’s original complaint discussed Mr. Kelleher and his actions 22 in relation to the allegations in this case. Plaintiff does not provide a reason why 23 Mr. Kelleher was not named as a defendant in the original complaint. Judge 24 Weksler recommends denial of Plaintiff’s motion to amend because amendment 25 would be futile due to the statute of limitations. (ECF No. 68 at 3-4.) As Judge 26 Weksler explains, because § 1983 does not provide its own statute of limitations,

27 the insertion of a page adding Mr. Kelleher. (ECF No. 6 at 9.) As such, and as explained by Judge Weksler in the R&R, the Court will construe Plaintiff’s motion to amend as seeking only to add 28 Mr. Kelleher. 1 federal courts apply the forum state’s statute of limitations and tolling rules for 2 personal injury actions, which, under Nevada law, provide a limitations period of 3 two years which, for Plaintiff, was tolled until he reached the age of majority. NRS 4 11.190, 11.250; see Butler v. Nat'l Cmty. Renaissance of California, 766 F.3d 5 1191, 1198 (9th Cir. 2014). Since Plaintiff reached the age of majority in October 6 of 2018, Plaintiff had until October of 2020 to bring these claims, however 7 Plaintiff filed his proposed amended complaint on October 11, 2022, therefore the 8 additional claim against Mr. Kelleher would be barred, making amendment futile. 9 The Court agrees with Judge Weksler. The Court further notes that 10 Plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint likely does not relate back. Under Fed. R. 11 Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C), an amendment that adds a new defendant relates back if: (1) 12 the claim arises out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth in the 13 original complaint; (2) the new defendant received such notice of the action that 14 it will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits; and (3) the new defendant 15 knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against it 16 but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity. Here, although it appears 17 that the first and second requirements are satisfied, the addition of Mr. Kelleher 18 is not due to a mistake of identity on the part of Plaintiff. Rather, Plaintiff knew 19 of Mr. Kelleher from the beginning, as Mr. Kelleher was mentioned in the original 20 complaint. 21 Plaintiff argues in his objection that he seeks damages from Mr. Kelleher 22 for conspiracy, not personal injury, and the statute of limitations for conspiracy 23 is four years, not two. (ECF No. 73 at 1-2.) However, Plaintiff alleges a conspiracy 24 to deprive him of his constitutional rights under § 1983, and all § 1983 actions 25 as well as civil rights conspiracy actions under § 1985 borrow the limitations 26 period for personal injury actions even if they may sound in conspiracy. RK 27 Ventures, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 307 F.3d 1045, 1058 (9th Cir. 2002). The Court 28 adopts the R&R and denies Plaintiff’s motion to amend. 1 Defendant Pont moves to strike a reply filed by Plaintiff in support of his 2 objection to the R&R, as replies in connection with an objection to an order of a 3 Magistrate Judge are allowed only with leave of court. (ECF No. 87.) The Court 4 agrees and grants Defendant Pont’s motion to strike. 5 V. MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL 6 On June 6, 2022, Plaintiff filed a motion for pro bono counsel. (ECF No. 7 25.) This motion was denied without prejudice and with direction that re-filing 8 shall not take place until after the Court has ruled on the motion to show cause, 9 ECF No. 13. (ECF No. 32.) The Court issued an order to show cause on October 10 3, 2022, which directed Plaintiff to appear on November 7, 2022. (ECF No. 43.) 11 On October 5, 2022, Plaintiff filed a second motion for appointment of counsel, 12 and on October 17, 2022, the Court again denied the motion without prejudice 13 pending a decision on the motion to show cause. (ECF Nos. 47, 53.) Plaintiff 14 appeared at the show cause hearing on November 7, 2022, and Plaintiff orally 15 renewed his motion for appointment of counsel. (ECF No. 62.) 16 A court may under “exceptional circumstances” appoint counsel for 17 indigent civil litigants pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Palmer v. Valdez, 560 18 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009). When determining whether exceptional 19 circumstances exist, a court must consider the likelihood of success on the merits 20 as well as the ability of the petitioner to articulate his claims pro se in light of the 21 complexity of the legal issues involved. Id. In this case, the Court finds that 22 neither factor weighs strongly enough to constitute exceptional circumstances. 23 On the likelihood of success on the merits, the allegations against Defendants 24 Pont, Stuart, Florez-Yanez, Reese, and Rodriguez are that Defendant Pont bribed 25 Defendant Stuart and conspired with the other DFS Defendants to deprive 26 Plaintiff’s father of custody of Plaintiff. Defendant Pont has filed an answer 27 denying all allegations. (ECF No. 23.) While it is possible that Plaintiff may prove 28 these allegations, there is presently no evidence or other circumstances which 1 suggest that Plaintiff is especially likely to succeed in this case. The same is also 2 true for Defendant Childs, since, as discussed above, there is presently no 3 evidence that illuminates the conduct of Defendant Childs, Michael Foley, Senior, 4 or any other person on or about October 28, 2008, the date of the alleged 5 incidents involving Defendant Childs. 6 On Plaintiff’s ability to articulate his claims pro se, Plaintiff has 7 successfully made numerous filings and responded to numerous motions in this 8 case. Plaintiff therefore does not display an extraordinary inability to represent 9 himself. Plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel is denied. 10 VI. CONCLUSION 11 It is therefore ordered that Defendant Childs’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 12 14) is denied. 13 It is further ordered that Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment 14 (ECF No. 45) is denied. Plaintiff’s motion to supplement his motion for partial 15 summary judgment (ECF No. 61) is granted. Defendant Childs’s motion to strike 16 Plaintiff’s motion to supplement (ECF No. 66) is granted with respect to the UNITY 17 record and denied in all other aspects. Defendant Childs’s countermotion to 18 continue (ECF No. 55) is denied as moot. 19 It is further ordered that the Report and Recommendation of U.S. 20 Magistrate Judge Brenda Weksler (ECF No. 68) is adopted in full. Plaintiff’s 21 motion to amend complaint (ECF No. 50) is denied. Defendant Pont’s motion to 22 strike Plaintiff’s reply in support of his objection to the R&R (ECF No. 87) is 23 granted. 24 It is further ordered that Plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel (ECF 25 No. 62) is denied. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 DATED THIS 20th day of March 2023. jlosed Jd 3 Aras ] 4 ANNER.TRAUM 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28