Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11082 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:14-cv-01454-TJC-MCR
FLUID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, a Florida municipality, JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC AUTHORITY, a body politic and corporate created by the Charter of the City of Jacksonville, Florida,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(November 5, 2018)
Before MARCUS, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Fluid Dynamics Holdings, LLC, appeals the entry of summary judgment in
favor of the Jacksonville Electric Authority (“the JEA”), an agency of the City of
Jacksonville, Florida. The district court ruled on the basis of sovereign immunity.
After review, we affirm.
I.
Fluid Dynamics sued the City of Jacksonville (“the City”) and the JEA
under Florida law for tortious interference and defamation. The complaint alleged
the City and the JEA interfered with an agreement Fluid Dynamics had to install
“Precision Flow Systems” on water pipes at private apartment complexes in
Jacksonville. Concerned these devices might cause fire safety issues, the City and
the JEA required Fluid Dynamics to remove some of them. The City and the JEA
also voiced concerns about the devices in a news article published in First Coast
News.
In response to the suit brought by Fluid Dynamics, the City and the JEA
both raised sovereign immunity as an affirmative defense. Fluid Dynamics later
dismissed the City with prejudice.
The JEA moved for partial summary judgment, asserting it is entitled to
sovereign immunity except to the extent waived by the Florida legislature in
Florida Statute § 768.28. Fluid Dynamics countered that whether the JEA is
entitled to sovereign immunity turns on the level of control the City exerts over the
2 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 3 of 7
JEA, which it contended is a question of fact. As support, Fluid Dynamics cited
Plancher v. UCF Athletics Association, Inc., 175 So. 3d 724 (Fla. 2015), in which
the Florida Supreme Court held a private, nonprofit corporation was entitled to
sovereign immunity because of the control a state university exerted over it.
The district court held the JEA is a governmental unit entitled to sovereign
immunity as a matter of law and thus granted the JEA’s motion. The district court
considered itself bound by the Florida First District Court of Appeal’s decision in
Jetton v. Jacksonville Electric Authority, 399 So. 2d 396 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981),
which held that the JEA has sovereign immunity. Id. at 396.
The JEA then moved for summary judgment, asserting Fluid Dynamics did
not provide pre-suit notice required by § 768.28, such that the JEA retained its
sovereign immunity. Fluid Dynamics admitted it did not provide the required
notice. The district court entered final judgment in the JEA’s favor. This appeal
followed.
II.
Florida municipalities and municipal agencies enjoy sovereign immunity. 1
See Cauley v. City of Jacksonville, 403 So. 2d 379, 384 (Fla. 1981); Jetton, 399
So. 2d at 398. However, the Florida legislature has waived sovereign immunity
1 We apply Florida substantive law, including Florida sovereign immunity law, in this diversity case. Carlson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 787 F.3d 1313, 1318 (11th Cir. 2015). 3 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 4 of 7
from tort suits to the extent set out in § 768.28. The waiver extends to any state
“agencies or subdivisions,” defined to include “counties and municipalities” and
“corporations primarily acting as instrumentalities or agencies of . . .
municipalities.” Id. § 768.28(1), (2). We agree with the district court’s ruling that
the JEA has sovereign immunity subject to the § 768.28 waiver.
As the district court explained, the Jacksonville Charter defines the JEA as
an “independent agenc[y]” of the City. Jacksonville, Fla., Charter § 18.07. The
Florida legislature “created and established” the JEA by statute as a “body politic
and corporate” to exercise “all powers with respect to electric, water, sewer,
natural gas and such other utilities which are now, in future could be, or could have
been but for this article, exercised by the City of Jacksonville.” Id. § 21.01 (citing
statutes creating the JEA). As the Charter makes plain, the JEA is a governmental
entity created by the Florida legislature, and it primarily acts as the City’s agent in
providing utility services.
What’s more, Florida courts have already determined the JEA is entitled to
sovereign immunity and subject to the provisions of § 768.28. See Jetton, 399 So.
2d at 398. 2 In Jetton, a man sued the JEA over injuries he sustained when building
2 We are “bound to adhere to decisions of the state’s intermediate appellate courts absent some persuasive indication that the state’s highest court would decide the issue otherwise.” Winn- Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 746 F.3d 1008, 1021 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). 4 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 5 of 7
materials he was carrying touched a JEA electrical transmission line. Id. at 396.
The JEA asserted that its liability was limited by § 768.28(5), which at the time
limited recovery from a municipal agency to $50,000. Id. at 397. The First
District Court of Appeal concluded the JEA “is a governmental unit, an electric
utility operated by the City of Jacksonville.” Id. at 398. It held the damages cap
“clearly extends to units that, like JEA, are ‘primarily acting as instrumentalities or
agencies of . . . municipalities.’” Id. (quoting Fla. Stat. § 768.28(2)) Florida courts
continue to follow Jetton’s sovereign immunity holding. See Fluid Dynamics
Holdings LLC v. City of Jacksonville, Case No. 3:14-cv-1454-J-32MCR, 2017
WL 3723367, at *3 n.5 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 29, 2017) (collecting cases). And the
Second District Court of Appeal cited Jetton in Sebring Utilities Commission v.
Sicher, 509 So. 2d 968, 970 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987), in concluding another Florida
municipal agency has sovereign immunity.
Fluid Dynamics says the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Plancher
called Jetton into question. 175 So. 3d at 724. Not so. In Plancher, the Florida
Supreme Court held the University of Central Florida Athletics Association, a
private non-profit corporation, is entitled to sovereign immunity because of the
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Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11082 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:14-cv-01454-TJC-MCR
FLUID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, a Florida municipality, JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC AUTHORITY, a body politic and corporate created by the Charter of the City of Jacksonville, Florida,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(November 5, 2018)
Before MARCUS, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Fluid Dynamics Holdings, LLC, appeals the entry of summary judgment in
favor of the Jacksonville Electric Authority (“the JEA”), an agency of the City of
Jacksonville, Florida. The district court ruled on the basis of sovereign immunity.
After review, we affirm.
I.
Fluid Dynamics sued the City of Jacksonville (“the City”) and the JEA
under Florida law for tortious interference and defamation. The complaint alleged
the City and the JEA interfered with an agreement Fluid Dynamics had to install
“Precision Flow Systems” on water pipes at private apartment complexes in
Jacksonville. Concerned these devices might cause fire safety issues, the City and
the JEA required Fluid Dynamics to remove some of them. The City and the JEA
also voiced concerns about the devices in a news article published in First Coast
News.
In response to the suit brought by Fluid Dynamics, the City and the JEA
both raised sovereign immunity as an affirmative defense. Fluid Dynamics later
dismissed the City with prejudice.
The JEA moved for partial summary judgment, asserting it is entitled to
sovereign immunity except to the extent waived by the Florida legislature in
Florida Statute § 768.28. Fluid Dynamics countered that whether the JEA is
entitled to sovereign immunity turns on the level of control the City exerts over the
2 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 3 of 7
JEA, which it contended is a question of fact. As support, Fluid Dynamics cited
Plancher v. UCF Athletics Association, Inc., 175 So. 3d 724 (Fla. 2015), in which
the Florida Supreme Court held a private, nonprofit corporation was entitled to
sovereign immunity because of the control a state university exerted over it.
The district court held the JEA is a governmental unit entitled to sovereign
immunity as a matter of law and thus granted the JEA’s motion. The district court
considered itself bound by the Florida First District Court of Appeal’s decision in
Jetton v. Jacksonville Electric Authority, 399 So. 2d 396 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981),
which held that the JEA has sovereign immunity. Id. at 396.
The JEA then moved for summary judgment, asserting Fluid Dynamics did
not provide pre-suit notice required by § 768.28, such that the JEA retained its
sovereign immunity. Fluid Dynamics admitted it did not provide the required
notice. The district court entered final judgment in the JEA’s favor. This appeal
followed.
II.
Florida municipalities and municipal agencies enjoy sovereign immunity. 1
See Cauley v. City of Jacksonville, 403 So. 2d 379, 384 (Fla. 1981); Jetton, 399
So. 2d at 398. However, the Florida legislature has waived sovereign immunity
1 We apply Florida substantive law, including Florida sovereign immunity law, in this diversity case. Carlson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 787 F.3d 1313, 1318 (11th Cir. 2015). 3 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 4 of 7
from tort suits to the extent set out in § 768.28. The waiver extends to any state
“agencies or subdivisions,” defined to include “counties and municipalities” and
“corporations primarily acting as instrumentalities or agencies of . . .
municipalities.” Id. § 768.28(1), (2). We agree with the district court’s ruling that
the JEA has sovereign immunity subject to the § 768.28 waiver.
As the district court explained, the Jacksonville Charter defines the JEA as
an “independent agenc[y]” of the City. Jacksonville, Fla., Charter § 18.07. The
Florida legislature “created and established” the JEA by statute as a “body politic
and corporate” to exercise “all powers with respect to electric, water, sewer,
natural gas and such other utilities which are now, in future could be, or could have
been but for this article, exercised by the City of Jacksonville.” Id. § 21.01 (citing
statutes creating the JEA). As the Charter makes plain, the JEA is a governmental
entity created by the Florida legislature, and it primarily acts as the City’s agent in
providing utility services.
What’s more, Florida courts have already determined the JEA is entitled to
sovereign immunity and subject to the provisions of § 768.28. See Jetton, 399 So.
2d at 398. 2 In Jetton, a man sued the JEA over injuries he sustained when building
2 We are “bound to adhere to decisions of the state’s intermediate appellate courts absent some persuasive indication that the state’s highest court would decide the issue otherwise.” Winn- Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 746 F.3d 1008, 1021 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). 4 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 5 of 7
materials he was carrying touched a JEA electrical transmission line. Id. at 396.
The JEA asserted that its liability was limited by § 768.28(5), which at the time
limited recovery from a municipal agency to $50,000. Id. at 397. The First
District Court of Appeal concluded the JEA “is a governmental unit, an electric
utility operated by the City of Jacksonville.” Id. at 398. It held the damages cap
“clearly extends to units that, like JEA, are ‘primarily acting as instrumentalities or
agencies of . . . municipalities.’” Id. (quoting Fla. Stat. § 768.28(2)) Florida courts
continue to follow Jetton’s sovereign immunity holding. See Fluid Dynamics
Holdings LLC v. City of Jacksonville, Case No. 3:14-cv-1454-J-32MCR, 2017
WL 3723367, at *3 n.5 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 29, 2017) (collecting cases). And the
Second District Court of Appeal cited Jetton in Sebring Utilities Commission v.
Sicher, 509 So. 2d 968, 970 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987), in concluding another Florida
municipal agency has sovereign immunity.
Fluid Dynamics says the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Plancher
called Jetton into question. 175 So. 3d at 724. Not so. In Plancher, the Florida
Supreme Court held the University of Central Florida Athletics Association, a
private non-profit corporation, is entitled to sovereign immunity because of the
degree of control the University of Central Florida exercises over it. Id. at 729.
Plancher looked to the athletic association’s bylaws and to Florida statutes to
determine the university exercised sufficient control over the athletic association to
5 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 6 of 7
entitle the athletic association to sovereign immunity. If we accept that Plancher’s
control test applies to governmental entities as well as private corporations
controlled by state agencies, the test is met here. The City exercises control over
the JEA. The mayor appoints, and the municipal council confirms, members of the
JEA’s board. Jacksonville, Fla., Charter § 21.03; cf. Plancher, 175 So. 3d at 728
(discussing UCF’s control over the athletic association board). The mayor and the
municipal council approve the JEA’s budget and have unique powers over the
JEA’s revenues. Jacksonville, Fla., Charter § 21.07; cf. Plancher, 175 So. 3d at
728-29 (discussing UCF’s power over the athletic association budget). And the
municipal council has the power to amend the article of the charter that delineates
the JEA’s powers. Jacksonville, Fla., Charter § 21.11. The Florida Supreme Court
found a similar level of control sufficient to make the University of Central Florida
Athletic Association an instrumentality of the University of Central Florida. See
Plancher, 175 So. 3d at 728–729. So too the City’s control over the JEA makes it
an instrumentality or agency of the municipality.
The bottom line is the JEA is entitled to sovereign immunity. The Florida
legislature waived the JEA’s immunity from tort liability in § 768.28. However,
Fluid Dynamics has conceded that it did not satisfy the pre-suit notice
requirements set out in § 768.28(6). Failure to provide the required notice is
“fatal” to a tort suit against an entity with sovereign immunity. Menendez v. N.
6 Case: 18-11082 Date Filed: 11/05/2018 Page: 7 of 7
Broward Hosp. Dist., 537 So. 2d 89, 91 (Fla. 1988). Judgment in the JEA’s favor
was proper for that reason.
We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. We DENY AS MOOT
Fluid Dynamics’ motion to certify a question to the Florida Supreme Court.