1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CLARISSA FLORES, No. 1:19-cv-01477-DAD-BAM 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT CORIZON’S MOTION TO DISMISS 14 COUNTY OF FRESNO, at al., PLAINTIFF’S SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT 15 Defendants. (Doc. No. 47) 16 17 This matter is before the court on the motion to dismiss filed by defendant Corizon Health 18 Inc. (“Corizon”) on October 9, 2020. (Doc. No. 47.) Pursuant to General Order No. 617 19 addressing the public health emergency posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, defendant Corizon’s 20 motion was taken under submission on the papers. (Doc. No. 48.) For the reasons explained 21 below, the court will grant the pending motion to dismiss. 22 BACKGROUND 23 On July 28, 2020, the court granted defendant Corizon’s motion to dismiss plaintiff 24 Clarissa Flores’s first amended complaint (“FAC”) but granted plaintiff one final opportunity to 25 amend her complaint and attempt to cure the previously noted deficiencies. (Doc. No. 31.) On 26 August 27, 2020, plaintiff filed the operative second amended complaint (“SAC”) in this civil 27 rights action naming the following defendants: Corizon Health Inc.; County of Fresno; Sheriff 28 Margaret Mims, in her individual and official capacities; DOES 1–20 (unknown Fresno county 1 law enforcement officers); and DOES 21–100 (unknown medical care providers employed by 2 Corizon). (Doc. No. 33.) Defendants County of Fresno and Sheriff Mims filed their answer to 3 plaintiff’s SAC on September 10, 2020. (Doc. No. 39.) Defendant Corizon filed the pending 4 motion to dismiss on October 9, 2020, contending that plaintiff’s SAC suffers from the same 5 deficiencies as her original complaint and her FAC. (Doc. No. 47.) On November 3, 2020, 6 plaintiff filed an opposition to the pending motion. (Doc. No. 49.) On November 10, 2020, 7 defendant Corizon filed a reply thereto. (Doc. No. 50.) 8 Plaintiff alleges as follows in her SAC.1 Due to the untimely, grossly negligent, and 9 improper medical care that plaintiff received during her incarceration at the Fresno County Jail 10 from April through June 2018, after she was arrested on a parole violation petition, plaintiff 11 suffered loss of eyesight and went “permanently and almost totally blind.” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶¶ 12 14–16.) Plaintiff began complaining to jail officials of suffering from nausea, vomiting, and 13 headaches on April 29 and April 30, 2018, and was at that time misdiagnosed as suffering from 14 the flu. (Id. at ¶ 17.) Plaintiff went to the jail medical clinic on May 3, May 6, and May 8, 2018,2 15 complaining of headaches, dizziness, pain in her head, neck, and back, difficulty walking, and 16 occasional vomiting. (Id. at ¶¶ 18–20.) On May 11, 2018, plaintiff returned to the clinic, 17 complaining of pain and headaches and stating that she could not walk without assistance. (Id. at 18 ¶ 21.) Plaintiff was scheduled to see Dr. Olga Bergovsky, a physician employed by Corizon, on 19 May 12, 2018, and “[d]espite [plaintiff’s] history of complaints and her presentation on that date 20 that she had upper body weakness for over the last week, that she was unable to get herself out of 21 bed, bilateral pupil dilation, and severe headaches, she was treated as a malingerer involved in 22 drug seeking behavior.” (Id.) From that point forward, according to plaintiff, her medical 23 1 The court has compared plaintiff’s FAC with her SAC and notes that the clear majority of her 24 allegations have remained exactly the same. Indeed, typographical errors in certain dates alleged in the FAC have been repeated verbatim in the SAC, despite the court having noted those errors 25 in its order dismissing plaintiff’s FAC with leave to amend. (See Doc. No. 31 at 3 n.2; Doc. No. 33 at ¶¶ 18, 20.) 26
27 2 As in its order dismissing the FAC with leave to amend, the court again assumes that the dates alleged in paragraphs 18 and 20 of the SAC—May 3, 2019 and May 8, 2019—are a typographical 28 error and that plaintiff intended to allege those dates in 2018. 1 complaints were summarily dismissed and went untreated on repeated clinic visits. (Id. at ¶ 22.) 2 “On her May 14, 2018 visit, she could not even walk,” and on the following day, she could not 3 walk without assistance. (Id. at ¶¶ 23, 24.) “On May 16, 2018, she reported that she was too 4 weak even to come to sick call at the clinic,” and in the following days, she continued to 5 complain of severe headaches, impaired mobility, generalized weakness, and upper back and neck 6 pain. (Id. at ¶¶ 25–27.) 7 On May 23, 2018, plaintiff began complaining that she “was losing her ability to see” and 8 “that she thought she may have had a stroke.” (Id. at ¶ 28.) “According to the notes from her 9 examination, she had positive signs of cerebellar involvement, her PERRLA was sluggish, finger 10 to nose slow and difficult, and she reported total inability to see out of her right eye with limited 11 vision in her left eye. Plaintiff was dizzy and unable to walk.” (Id.) The next day, plaintiff stated 12 she was unable to walk, but her “concerns were discounted and it was noted that she was, by 13 report, able to walk earlier.” (Id. at ¶ 29.) On May 27, 2018, plaintiff’s complaints were listed as 14 “methamphetamine withdrawal complaints” although she “had been incarcerated continuously for 15 over a month and []methamphetamine withdrawal acute phase is 24 hours and total withdrawal 16 lasts less than a week.” (Id. at ¶ 30.) Plaintiff’s health worsened, “yet she received no care other 17 than Tylenol and antacids.” (Id.) “On June 4, 2018, plaintiff told medical staff that for the past 18 couple of weeks she had lost her vision,” and she “received no meaningful medical care.” (Id. at 19 ¶ 31.) On June 13, 2018, plaintiff was taken to Community Regional Medical Center, and their 20 records state: “Today, the jail docs took patient to her first MD appointment during all this time 21 and she saw Dr. Salahuddin here at clinic who saw severe optic nerve swelling.” (Id. at ¶ 32.) 22 It is asserted in the SAC that “the lack of timely and proper medical care and attention 23 over time, resulted in plaintiff being rendered permanently and almost totally blind.” (Id. at ¶ 14.) 24 In particular, plaintiff alleges that the medical care she received at the Fresno County Jail “was 25 woefully negligent and lead [sic] to plaintiff suffering severe injury, including but not limited to 26 blindness.” (Id. at ¶ 35.) According to plaintiff, Corizon and DOES 21–100 “failed to follow 27 appropriate protocols for assessing, monitoring, and necessary medical treatment of plaintiff and 28 for insuring appropriate follow-up care for plaintiff,” and that their acts and omissions “were at 1 all material times pursuant to the actual customs, policies, practices, and procedures of the County 2 of Fresno and/or Corizon.” (Id. at ¶¶ 8, 10.) 3 In addition to the above summarized allegations—all of which were included in plaintiff’s 4 FAC—plaintiff includes the following new allegations in her SAC. Plaintiff sought and begged 5 for medical treatment from defendants “almost daily” and was seen by “Corizon medical staff” 6 during fifteen separate visits in April through June 2018. (Id. at ¶ 42.) But, “[n]ot once during 7 those fifteen visits did the Corizon staff conduct any kind of meaningful diagnostic testing or seek 8 outside medical intervention on behalf of plaintiff.” (Id.) As a result, plaintiff was misdiagnosed 9 with having the flu, when the “ultimate and proper diagnoses should have been that plaintiff was 10 suffering from a blood clot that was causing severe optic nerve swelling, which left untreated, 11 resulted in permanent vision impairment.” (Id. at ¶ 54.) “Corizon failed to follow medical 12 standard of care protocol . . . even when it should have been obvious that the plaintiff was on a 13 serious physical decline as evidenced by her having trouble with her gait, balance[,] and vision.” 14 (Id. at ¶ 43.) Instead, “Corizon continued its quest of jumping to conclusions about the prisoner’s 15 health issues without any testing to support Corizon’s fraudulent claim that plaintiff was 16 experiencing withdrawal or simply seeking drugs.” (Id.) According to plaintiff, Corizon has a 17 “policy of not referring prisoners for outside medical assistance despite clear indications that such 18 assistance was needed,” i.e., Corizon has a “policy or custom of not utilizing facilities outside of 19 the jail for what they call drug seeking, malingering, and lying prisoners.” (Id. at ¶ 42.) Plaintiff 20 was “told on more than one of her visits to ‘shut up,’ ‘you’re lying,’ ‘you’re a druggie’ and 21 ‘you’re faking,” and “[a]t one point, plaintiff was laughed at and publicly mocked by both the 22 jailers and the Corizon medical staff.” (Id.) “The Corizon staff told the plaintiff that she was 23 simply a low life drug seeking prisoner.” (Id. at ¶ 47.) 24 Based on these allegations, plaintiff asserts the following four causes of action in her 25 SAC: (1) a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against defendants Sheriff Mims, Corizon, DOES 1–20, and 26 DOES 21–100 for deliberate indifference to her serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth 27 Amendment of the U.S. Constitution; (2) a claim under California Civil Code § 52.1, the 28 California Bane Act, against all defendants; (3) a California state law negligence claim against all 1 defendants; and (4) a claim under California Government Code § 845.6 against defendants 2 County of Fresno, Mims, and DOES 1–20. (Doc. No. 33 at 9, 11, 13, 15.) 3 LEGAL STANDARD 4 The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 5 is to test the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 6 2001). A dismissal may be warranted where there is “the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the 7 absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police 8 Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). A claim for relief must contain “a short and plain 9 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 10 Though Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff is required to allege 11 “enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 12 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is plausible on its face “when the plaintiff pleads factual 13 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 14 misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 15 In determining whether a complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted, the 16 court accepts as true the allegations in the complaint and construes the allegations in the light 17 most favorable to the plaintiff. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984); Love v. 18 United States, 915 F.2d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir. 1989). However, the court need not assume the truth 19 of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations. U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 20 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, 21 “it demands more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 22 556 U.S. at 678. A pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a 23 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also 24 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by 25 mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume that the 26 plaintiff “can prove facts which it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 27 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 28 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 1 ANALYSIS 2 In moving to dismiss all of plaintiff’s claims against it, defendant Corizon argues that 3 despite adding some new allegations in her SAC, plaintiff has nevertheless failed to cure the 4 many deficiencies that the court identified in its order dismissing plaintiff’s FAC with leave to 5 amend. (Doc. No. 47.) First, as to plaintiff’s § 1983 claim, Corizon contends both that plaintiff 6 has failed to sufficiently allege an underlying Eighth Amendment violation and that the 7 allegations in plaintiff’s SAC are insufficient to state a cognizable § 1983 deliberate indifference 8 claim against it under a Monell3 theory of liability. (Id. at 6–12.) Second, Corizon argues that 9 plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable Bane Act claim against it because “she offers no factual 10 allegations reflecting any cognizable ‘threat, intimidation, or coercion’ by any Corizon 11 employee.” (Id. at 13.) Third, Corizon contends that plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable 12 negligence claim against it because “she offers no facts showing that any particular Corizon care 13 provider owed a duty, breached it, and/or caused the purported harm alleged.” (Id. at 14.) 14 A. Section 1983 Claim for Deliberate Indifference to Serious Medical Needs 15 To succeed on a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege and ultimately show that: (1) the 16 conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) the 17 conduct deprived the plaintiff of a federal constitutional or statutory right. Patel v. Kent Sch. 18 Dist., 648 F.3d 965, 971–72 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Tatum v. City & County of San Francisco, 441 19 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2006)). Here, plaintiff alleges that Corizon acted under color of state 20 law to deprive plaintiff of her Eighth Amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual 21 punishment, in violation of § 1983, by providing inadequate medical care. (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 44.) 22 To state an Eighth Amendment claim based on alleged inadequate medical treatment in 23 prison, an inmate must allege facts showing “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” 24 Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). “In the Ninth Circuit, the test for deliberate 25 indifference consists of two parts.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006). “First, 26 the plaintiff must show a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that ‘failure to treat a 27
28 3 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). 1 prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton 2 infliction of pain.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Second, the plaintiff must show the defendant’s 3 response to the need was deliberately indifferent.” Id. This second prong “may appear when 4 prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or it may be shown 5 by the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.” Hutchinson v. United States, 838 6 F.2d 390, 394 (9th Cir. 1988). However, “[m]ere negligence in diagnosing or treating a medical 7 condition, without more, does not violate a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment rights.” Id. 8 As to entity liability for alleged constitutional violations, it is well-established that an 9 entity “cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, [an entity] 10 cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 691. 11 To establish entity liability under Monell, a plaintiff must ultimately prove: “(1) that the plaintiff 12 possessed a constitutional right of which she was deprived; (2) that the [entity] had a policy; (3) 13 that this policy amounts to deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s constitutional right; and, (4) 14 that the policy is the moving force behind the constitutional violation.” Dougherty v. City of 15 Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). A plaintiff can show the existence 16 of an entity’s policy in one of three ways. See Thomas v. County of Riverside, 763 F.3d 1167, 17 1170 (9th Cir. 2014). First, an entity may be held liable when it acts “pursuant to an expressly 18 adopted policy.” Id. (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). Second, an entity may be held liable for a 19 “longstanding practice or custom.” Id. Such circumstances may arise when, for instance, the 20 entity “fail[s] to implement procedural safeguards to prevent constitutional violations” or when it 21 fails to adequately train its employees. Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1143 (9th Cir. 22 2012) (citing Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1992)). Third, an entity may be 23 held liable when “an official with final policy-making authority ratified a subordinate’s 24 unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it.” Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 25 1346–47 (9th Cir. 1992). 26 To state a cognizable Monell claim against Corizon, plaintiff then “must demonstrate that 27 an ‘official policy, custom, or pattern’ on the part of [Corizon] was ‘the actionable cause of the 28 claimed injury.’” Tsao, 698 F.3d at 1143 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 1 533 F.3d 1010, 1022 (9th Cir. 2008)); see also Ellis v. Corizon Inc., 787 F. App’x 453, 453–454 2 (9th Cir. 2019) (finding that the district court “properly granted summary judgment on Ellis’s 3 deliberate indifference claim against defendant Corizon Inc. because Ellis failed to establish a 4 genuine dispute of material fact as to whether any policy or custom of Corizon Inc. caused him to 5 suffer a constitutional injury”)4; Larry v. Corizon Health, No. 17-cv-00156-SVW-PJW, 2018 WL 6 6136790, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 6137168 7 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 6, 2018) (dismissing a § 1983 claim against Corizon where the plaintiff failed to 8 set forth “the policies, practices, customs, or patterns [that] were the moving force behind the 9 alleged deprivations”). 10 As the district court in McFarland v. City of Clovis, 163 F. Supp. 3d 798, 802 (E.D. Cal. 11 2016) explained: 12 Allegations of Monell liability will be sufficient for purposes of Rule 12(b)(6) where they: (1) identify the challenged 13 policy/custom; (2) explain how the policy/custom is deficient; (3) explain how the policy/custom caused the plaintiff harm; and (4) 14 reflect how the policy/custom amounted to deliberate indifference, i.e. show how the deficiency involved was obvious and the 15 constitutional injury was likely to occur. 16 Here, plaintiff asserts a § 1983 claim for deliberate indifference to her serious medical 17 needs against defendant Corizon based on her allegations that Corizon acted “with deliberate 18 indifference to [her] complaints of headaches, confusion, and increasing vision problems” and 19 “failed to attend to her obvious medical needs despite a substantial risk that her condition could 20 deteriorate to the point of plaintiff becoming blind and, indeed she became blind because of the 21 deliberate indifference to her serious medical needs.” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 41.) Plaintiff further 22 asserts that “in their dealings with plaintiff, Corizon employees engaged in their policy or custom 23 of not utilizing facilities outside of the jail for what they call drug seeking, malingering and lying 24 prisoners.” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 42.) 25 In the pending motion to dismiss, defendant Corizon argues that plaintiff’s conclusory 26 allegations are insufficient to state a cognizable § 1983 deliberate indifference claim against it 27 4 Citation to this unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion is appropriate pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 28 36-3(b). 1 because plaintiff has failed to adequately plead entity liability under Monell. (Doc. No. 47 at 10.) 2 In particular, defendant Corizon emphasizes that plaintiff still has not specified the content or 3 nature of the purportedly deficient policy or custom, or alleged facts to show how such policy 4 reflects indifference by Corizon or caused any underlying violation of plaintiff’s constitutional 5 rights. (Id. at 10–11.) Defendant Corizon argues that the policy or custom described by plaintiff 6 in the SAC is simply too vague and conclusory. (Id. at 11.) That is, plaintiff alleges that 7 defendant Corizon has a policy of not referring patients for outside medical assistance if the 8 patients are “drug seeking, malingering, or lying,” or if the patients exhibited a “clear indication” 9 (in some unspecified way) that outside medical assistance was somehow needed. (Id.) As to 10 patients who are perceived as malingering, defendant Corizon argues that such a policy does not 11 reflect deliberate indifference because “it would clash with judicial experience and common sense 12 to conclude that a supposed policy of not sending to outside care patients who lack a legitimate 13 medical need for any extra care somehow reflected policymaker indifference.” (Id. at 12.) As to 14 patients who exhibit “clear indications” that referral to outside medical providers is needed, 15 defendant Corizon contends that plaintiff has failed to allege the specific nature and content of 16 such a policy because she does not specify what circumstances constitute “clear indications” that 17 a patient needs “outside medical assistance.” (Id. at 11.) 18 In her opposition to the pending motion, rather than addressing defendant Corizon’s 19 arguments, plaintiff instead focuses on the deficiencies identified by the court in its order 20 dismissing her FAC and asserts that her SAC has cured those deficiencies. (Doc. No. 49 at 2.) In 21 particular, plaintiff emphasizes that she now alleges: (i) the existence of a policy or custom by 22 defendant Corizon of not referring malingering or drug seeking patients for outside medical 23 assistance; (ii) the conduct by Corizon (e.g., that Corizon “continued its quest of jumping to 24 conclusions” about prisoners’ health issues and “relied on [its] policy and/or custom of blaming 25 the prisoner and the prisoner’s past rather than call for a medical transport to a nearby hospital”); 26 and (iii) the failures of Corizon to “conduct[] proper diagnostic testing, or mak[e] a referral for 27 plaintiff to be seen by outside medical practitioners.” (Id. at 2–4.) As to conduct by individual 28 Corizon employees in their dealings with plaintiff, plaintiff argues that she does not need to 1 specify any conduct by individual Corizon employees in order to avoid dismissal of her Monell 2 claim against Corizon because “Corizon is on notice of who was involved in plaintiffs’ care since 3 the care providers would be identified in records created and maintained by Corizon.” (Id. at 4.) 4 In its reply, defendant Corizon reiterates that plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege facts 5 satisfying the elements of a deliberate indifference claim as to any individual Corizon employee 6 and thus fails to state a claim against Corizon as an entity. (Doc. No. 50 at 3.) In addition, 7 defendant Corizon argues that plaintiff’s failure to allege specific conduct by individual Corizon 8 employees is not “cured” by plaintiff’s assertion that Corizon can look at its own records to 9 identify the names of its employees who were involved in providing plaintiff’s care. (Doc. No. 10 50 at 2.) 11 The court agrees that plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged a deliberate indifference claim 12 against defendant Corizon in her SAC. Although plaintiff attempts to allege the existence of a 13 policy or custom on the part of Corizon, her vague descriptions of that policy lack the requisite 14 specificity as to the nature and content of the policy. See Deloney v. County of Fresno, No. 1:17- 15 cv-01336-LJO-EPG, 2018 WL 3388921, at *8 (E.D. Cal. July 11, 2018) (finding that the 16 plaintiff’s “generalized and conclusory allegations do not provide sufficient factual content to 17 plausibly infer that a Corizon policy or custom existed or that it was the ‘moving force behind the 18 constitutional violation,’ as required to state a Monell claim against an entity such as Corizon”); 19 Klahn v. Alameda Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 16-cv-00833-JCS, 2017 WL 565050, at *17 (N.D. 20 Cal. Feb. 13, 2017) (dismissing a deliberate indifference claim under Monell where the plaintiff 21 did “not identify expressly any Alameda County policy or custom related to medical care, and his 22 ‘failure to train’ allegations constitute the kind of improper conclusory statements and legal 23 conclusions that are insufficient to state a plausible claim”) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). In 24 addition, the court notes that plaintiff merely alleges in conclusory fashion that Corizon’s conduct 25 “of not referring prisoners for outside assistance when needed was undertaken so consistently and 26 frequently such that it should be deemed Corizon’s custom” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 42), but she points 27 only to Corizon’s “dealings with plaintiff,” which are fairly characterized as the kind of isolated 28 and sporadic events that do not support entity liability based on an improper custom or policy. 1 See Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Liability for improper custom may not 2 be predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents; it must be founded upon practices of sufficient 3 duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of carrying 4 out policy.”). At most, plaintiff’s allegations that jail staff and Corizon staff mocked her at one 5 point and that on more than one visit to the clinic she was told that she was “lying” and “a 6 druggie” might be deemed sufficient to allege a frequent and consistent practice of mocking and 7 accusing prisoners who are seen in the clinic of lying and being “druggies.” But those allegations 8 are insufficient to allege that Corizon employees frequently and consistently engaged in a practice 9 of not referring patients to outside providers when they perceived that the patients were lying, 10 malingering, or drug seeking—the purported custom or policy that plaintiff describes in the SAC. 11 Moreover, the court is persuaded by defendant Corizon’s argument that the purported 12 policy that plaintiff describes in the SAC is not in itself suggestive or indicative of deliberate 13 indifference by Corizon. (Doc. No. 47 at 12) (arguing that because plaintiff’s “Monell theory 14 appears to concern only patients who are perceived as malingering, [] it would clash with judicial 15 experience and common sense to conclude that a supposed policy of not sending to outside care 16 patients who lack a legitimate medical need for any extra care somehow reflected policymaker 17 indifference.”) At bottom, plaintiff describes a policy in which Corizon employees allegedly do 18 not refer patients to medical facilities outside of the jail if they perceive the patients to be “drug 19 seeking, malingering, or lying,” and that their perceptions in this regard are reached by jumping 20 to conclusions, blaming prisoners, and not conducting “proper diagnostic testing.” (Doc. No. 33 21 at ¶¶ 42–43.) But these allegations are insufficient to state a cognizable claim against Corizon for 22 deliberate indifference, particularly given that “[m]ere negligence in diagnosing or treating a 23 medical condition, without more, does not violate a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment rights.” 24 Hutchinson, 838 F.2d at 394. Plaintiff simply does not explain how the policy she has described 25 in the SAC is constitutionally deficient, or how such a deficiency was obvious and the 26 constitutional injury likely to occur. See McFarland, 163 F. Supp. 3d at 802. 27 In addition, the court observes that despite quoting the portions of the court’s prior order 28 that identified various deficiencies in her FAC, plaintiff has inexplicably repeated—verbatim— 1 the same deficient allegations in her SAC. For example, the court previously noted that despite 2 providing “some specificity regarding the dates of her visits to the jail medical clinic and the 3 symptoms she complained of on those days,” plaintiff’s allegations in her FAC did not describe 4 “what conduct Corizon employees actually engaged in during her visits to the jail medical clinic,” 5 “what she was told by clinic staff during those visits, or what actions were—or were not—taken 6 by clinic staff on those visits.” (Doc. No. 31 at 9.) In her SAC, plaintiff repeats those same 7 allegations without any modification or elaboration to address the deficiencies previously 8 identified by the court. (Doc. No. 33 ¶¶ 13–38.) As another example, the court previously noted 9 that plaintiff’s only allegation regarding any individual Corizon employee—by description or by 10 name—was her allegation that “[p]laintiff was scheduled to see a physician employed by 11 Corizon, Dr. Olga Bergovsky, on May 12, 2018.” (Doc. No. 31 at 10 n. 6) (citing Doc. No. 14 at 12 ¶ 21.) In its prior order, the court explained why that allegation was plainly insufficient: 13 Plaintiff does not allege that she was actually seen by Dr. Bergovsky on May 12, 2018, or any other date for that matter. 14 Plaintiff also does not allege that she had any interaction with Dr. Bergovsky. Moreover, plaintiff does not allege any conduct by Dr. 15 Bergovsky at all, let alone conduct that both purportedly violated plaintiff’s rights and was ratified by Corizon. 16 17 (Doc. No. 31 at 10 n. 6.) Yet, despite the court order having pointed out the flaws in this 18 allegation, plaintiff nevertheless included the exact same allegation in her SAC. (See Doc. No. 33 19 at 21.) Indeed, in opposing the pending motion to dismiss, plaintiff points to that single 20 allegation to counter defendant Corizon’s argument that she had failed to allege any conduct by 21 any individual Corizon employees in her SAC. 22 Accordingly, the court concludes that plaintiff has again failed to allege the existence of a 23 policy or custom by Corizon, and thus the allegations of her Monell claim under brought pursuant 24 to § 1983 against Corizon in the SAC fail to state a cognizable claim. Therefore, the court will 25 dismiss plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against defendant Corizon. 26 B. Bane Act Claim 27 Defendant Corizon next moves to dismiss plaintiff’s claim brought under California’s 28 Bane Act, arguing that in her SAC, as with her FAC, plaintiff has again failed to allege an 1 underlying violation of her Eighth Amendment right as described above and failed to allege any 2 cognizable “threat, intimidation, or coercion” as required by California Civil Code § 52.1. (Doc. 3 No. 47 at 13.) Defendant Corizon also argues that plaintiff has failed to allege Corizon had a 4 “specific intent” to violate plaintiff’s rights. (Id.) 5 The California Bane Act protects against interference “by threat, intimidation, or 6 coercion” or an attempt to do the same “with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual or 7 individuals of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the rights 8 secured by the Constitution or laws of this state.” Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(a). The Bane Act “does 9 not extend to all ordinary tort actions because its provisions are limited to threats, intimidation, or 10 coercion that interferes with a constitutional or statutory right.” Venegas v. County of Los 11 Angeles, 32 Cal. 4th 820, 843 (2004). Thus, where the interference with a constitutional right is 12 the result of a defendant’s mere negligence, as opposed to “deliberate or spiteful” conduct, a 13 plaintiff cannot claim violation of § 52.1. Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles, 203 Cal. App. 4th 14 947, 957–59 (2012). 15 “[T]he relevant distinction for purposes of the Bane Act is between intentional and 16 unintentional conduct.” Dillman v. Tuolumne County, 1:13-cv-00404-LJO-SKO, 2013 WL 17 1907379, at *20 (E.D. Cal. May 7, 2013); see also Morse v. County of Merced, No. 1:16-cv- 18 00142-DAD-SKO, 2016 WL 4000406, at *1–2 (E.D. Cal. July 25, 2016). A cognizable Bane Act 19 claim requires alleged conduct that is “more egregious” than “mere negligence.” Shoyoye, 203 20 Cal. App. 4th at 958. As this court has noted, district courts in California have yet to reach a 21 consensus as to whether a plaintiff bringing a Bane Act claim for deliberate indifference to 22 serious medical needs must plead threats and coercion independent of the constitutional violation 23 itself. See Atayde v. Napa State Hosp., No. 1:16-cv-00398-DAD-SAB, 2016 WL 4943959, at *7– 24 8 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2016) (comparing M.H. v. County of Alameda, 90 F. Supp. 3d 889, 898–99 25 (N.D. Cal. 2013) with Moreno v. L.A. Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 2:13-cv-07570-CAS-MAN, 2015 26 WL 4652637, at *18 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 3, 2015)). The undersigned has, however, concluded that 27 threats, coercion and intimidation are inherent in deliberate indifference claims, which “extend[] . 28 . . ‘far beyond [an] ordinary tort claim[].” Atayde, 2016 WL 4943959, at *8 (quoting Venegas, 32 1 Cal. 4th at 843). The court premised this conclusion on the fact that “[m]ere ‘indifference,’ 2 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support” a claim for deliberate indifference. 3 Lemire v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1082 (9th Cir. 2013). Rather, a 4 plaintiff must allege and show “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or 5 possible medical need . . ..” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. Accordingly, plaintiffs bringing Bane Act 6 claims for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs may sufficiently state those claims by 7 alleging that the defendant “knowingly deprived [them] of a constitutional right or protection 8 through acts that are inherently coercive and threatening.” Atayde, 2016 WL 4943959, at *8, n.1; 9 see, e.g., M. H. v. County of Orange, No. 19-cv-00549-JVS-ADS, 2019 WL 4282907, at *7 (C.D. 10 Cal. May 31, 2019) (“Intentional conduct that amounts to a threat, intimidation, or coercion, for 11 example, may include deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs by ‘acts that 12 are inherently coercive and threatening’ such as ‘failing to provide treatment plans.’”) (quoting 13 Lapachet v. Cal. Forensic Med. Grp., Inc., 313 F. Supp. 3d 1183, 1195 (E.D. Cal. 2018)). 14 Here, plaintiff contends that she has adequately pled her Bane Act claim against Corizon 15 because she alleges that Corizon’s “conduct and acts were intentionally coercive and threatening” 16 and Corizon “knowingly deprived plaintiff of a constitutional right or protection through acts that 17 are inherently coercive and threatening.” (Doc. Nos. 49 at 5; 33 at ¶ 47.) However, these 18 allegations are conclusory and merely parrot the elements of a Bane Act claim, which is 19 insufficient to state a cognizable claim for relief. 20 As to the specific allegedly coercive and threatening act, plaintiff alleges that unspecified 21 “defendants could have and should have provided a treatment plan to plaintiff that should have 22 included having her transported to another medical facility, such as a hospital, for proper testing, 23 through evaluation and treatment.” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 47.) Unlike in the cases cited above in 24 which courts have pointed to a failure to provide treatment plans as an example of an inherently 25 coercive and threatening act in the context of deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, 26 here plaintiff does not allege that she was never provided with a treatment plan. See Atayde, 2016 27 WL 4943959, at *8 (noting that plaintiff’s allegations that defendants “never provided a treatment 28 plan for decedent; failed to refer decedent to any state hospital or psychiatric facility and failed to 1 provide decedent with constant observation but rather left him alone and unsupervised” were 2 “allegations that go far beyond mere reliance on the inherently coercive nature of detention in 3 order to state a Bane Act claim”). Instead, plaintiff essentially calls into question the adequacy of 4 the treatment she received in light of her alleged misdiagnosis of having the flu (for which she 5 was given Tylenol and antacids) and asserts her belief that she should have been transported to an 6 outside medical facility for testing, evaluation, and treatment. (Doc. No. 33 at ¶¶ 17, 30, 47.) 7 Plaintiff’s allegations in this regard are insufficient to allege any intentional conduct or acts that 8 are inherently coercive and threatening on the part of Corizon as required to state a cognizable 9 Bane Act claim. 10 In addition, although plaintiff alleges in her SAC, as she did in her FAC, “that the actions 11 and omissions of each Defendant were [sic] intentional, wanton, and/or willful, conscience- 12 shocking, reckless, malicious, deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s rights, done with actual 13 malice, grossly negligent, negligent, and objectively unreasonable,” the court again notes that 14 plaintiff does not allege any facts to support that conclusory laundry list of mental states. (Doc. 15 No. 33 at ¶ 37.) Plaintiff does allege in her SAC that “Corizon staff mocked, laughed at, yelled at 16 and publicly humiliated [her] with their ridicule,” and that “Corizon staff verbally abused and 17 bullied [her] by screaming at her and calling her a ‘liar,’ a ‘faker,’ [and] a ‘druggie.’” (Doc. No. 18 33 at ¶ 47.) At most, those allegations may suggest that Corizon staff’s conduct was “deliberate 19 or spiteful.” See Shoyoye, 203 Cal. App. 4th at 957–59. But those allegations also suggest that 20 Corizon staff perceived plaintiff as malingering and engaging in drug-seeking behavior—as 21 opposed to Corizon staff perceiving legitimate medical needs and deliberately disregarding those 22 needs. As explained above, plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged that Corizon’s purported policy 23 (of not referring malingering patients to an outside medical facility) would reflect deliberate 24 indifference to the serious medical needs of patients. 25 Because plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable § 1983 claim against Corizon, she has 26 failed to allege that Corizon has violated her constitutional rights, which is a required element for 27 a Bane Act claim. See Scalia v. County of Kern, 308 F. Supp. 3d 1064, 1084 (E.D. Cal. 2018) 28 (“A plaintiff bringing a claim pursuant to the Bane Act ‘must show (1) intentional interference or 1 attempted interference with a state or federal constitutional or legal right, and (2) the interference 2 or attempted interference was by threats, intimidation or coercion.’”) (quoting Allen v. City of 3 Sacramento, 234 Cal. App. 4th 41, 67 (2015), as modified on denial of reh’g (Mar. 6, 2015)); see 4 also Jones v. Kmart Corp., 17 Cal. 4th 329, 338 (1998) (interpreting the Bane Act’s use of 5 “interferes” to mean “violates”); Brown v. County of Mariposa, No. 1:18-cv-01541-LJO-SAB, 6 2019 WL 1993990, at *12 (E.D. Cal. May 6, 2019) (denying a motion to dismiss a Bane Act 7 claim against certain defendants as to whom the plaintiff had adequately stated a deliberate 8 indifference claim, but dismissing the Bane Act claim against other defendants as to whom 9 plaintiff’s allegations were deemed insufficient); Est. of Miller v. Cty. of Sutter, No. 2:20-cv- 10 00577-KJM-DMC, 2020 WL 6392565, at *18 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 30, 2020) (dismissing Bane Act 11 claims against certain defendants for whom plaintiffs had not sufficiently stated a cognizable § 12 1983 claim for deliberate indifference to their serious medical needs). 13 Accordingly, the court will dismiss plaintiff’s Bane Act claim against defendant Corizon 14 due to plaintiff’s failure to state a cognizable claim. 15 C. Negligence Claim 16 In California, the elements of a cause of action for negligence are: (1) a legal duty to use 17 reasonable care; (2) breach of that duty; and (3) proximate cause between the breach and (4) the 18 plaintiff’s injury. Mendoza v. City of Los Angeles, 66 Cal. App. 4th 1333, 1339 (1998) (citation 19 omitted). 20 Corizon moves to dismiss plaintiff’s negligence claim against it and argues that, as with 21 her FAC, plaintiff again fails in her SAC to allege facts that satisfy the requisite elements of a 22 negligence claim against it. (Doc. No. 47 at 14.) In her opposition to Corizon’s pending motion, 23 plaintiff again focuses on the deficiencies identified by the court in its prior order dismissing her 24 FAC’s negligence claim against defendant Corizon. (Doc. No. 49 at 6.) In response to the 25 court’s statement that it was “unable to discern from the FAC what actions Corizon allegedly took 26 or failed to take that constituted a breach of any duty owed to plaintiff” (Doc. No. 31 at 14), 27 plaintiff asserts that in her SAC, she has now alleged several “actions [that] Corizon took or failed 28 to take,” including failure to provide “prompt and appropriate medical care,” to conduct testing, 1 to summon emergency medical care, and “to arrange for plaintiff to be seen by medical 2 professionals outside of the jail (such as a hospital).” (Doc. Nos. 49 at 6; 33 at ¶ 51.) However, 3 these allegations are merely conclusory and are not tethered to any of plaintiff’s visits to the clinic 4 as alleged in the SAC or to any individual Corizon care provider. See Est. of Miller, 2020 WL 5 6392565, at *17 (concluding that a plaintiff’s vague and conclusory assertions of the defendants’ 6 liability for negligence, without supporting factual allegations, were insufficient to survive the 7 defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s negligence claim). 8 Moreover, despite the court noting in its prior order that plaintiff “provide[d] some 9 specificity regarding the dates of her visits to the clinic and the symptoms she complained of on 10 those days, [] none of those allegations describe what she was told by clinic staff during those 11 visits or what actions were—or were not—taken by clinic staff on those visits” (Doc. No. 31 at 12 14), plaintiff did not elaborate or modify any of those allegations in her SAC—instead, she 13 repeated them verbatim. (Doc. No. 33 at ¶¶ 17–32.) Contending that she has sufficiently 14 addressed the deficiencies previously identified by the court in this regard, plaintiff points to the 15 following additional allegation appearing in her SAC: 16 When Plaintiff was misdiagnosed in late April 2018 as having the flu, and then subsequent failures by Defendants as addressed above, 17 the Corizon employee’s name is currently unknown to Plaintiff, is known to Corizon, and will likely be determined in the course of 18 discovery in this litigation. The ultimate and proper diagnosis should have been that Plaintiff was suffering from a blood clot that 19 was causing severe optic nerve swelling, which left untreated, resulted in permanent vision impairment. 20 21 (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 54.) Plaintiff also points to the allegation in her SAC that in late May 2018, she 22 was not experiencing methamphetamine withdrawals, so “providing plaintiff with Tylenol and 23 antacids constituted a breach of a duty to use reasonable care because reasonable care dictated 24 that she be referred out for proper medical evaluation.” (Doc. No. 33 at ¶ 55.) 25 In its reply, defendant Corizon argues that “plaintiff offers no factual allegations 26 indicating that it was unreasonable for the unidentified person to conclude from plaintiff’s flu-like 27 symptoms in late-April that plaintiff had the flu,” and that despite her contention that she 28 ultimately should have been diagnosed as suffering with a blood clot, “she offers no facts 1 suggesting that the alleged blood clot or any detectable signs thereof even existed as of ‘late- 2 April.’” (Doc. No. 50 at 8.) Similarly, Corizon argues that plaintiff’s allegation regarding an 3 unspecified person supposedly incorrectly documenting her symptoms in late-May as 4 “methamphetamine withdrawal complaints” is insufficient to state a negligence claim against 5 Corizon because plaintiff does not allege that the unspecified person was a Corizon care provider, 6 or that this person ever saw or interacted with plaintiff, or what information this person had 7 regarding plaintiff’s methamphetamine abuse, or what plaintiff may have told this unspecified 8 person, or what responsive measures that person took as a result. (Doc. No. 50 at 9.) Thus, 9 according to Corizon, plaintiff’s allegations fall short of suggesting that it or any particular 10 Corizon care providers breached a duty to use reasonable care. (Id.) (citing Hartmann v. Cal. 11 Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1122 (9th Cir. 2013) (“Where a complaint pleads facts 12 that are merely consistent with a defendant's liability, it stops short of the line between possibility 13 and plausibility of entitlement to relief.”) (citation omitted)). 14 The court agrees that plaintiff has not alleged facts in her SAC sufficient to state a 15 cognizable negligence claim against Corizon. Plaintiff fails to specify any conduct by any 16 individual Corizon care provider, let alone identify facts that, if proven would show that such 17 conduct constitutes negligence. Even if plaintiff had alleged that individual Corizon care 18 providers had misdiagnosed her with the flu and incorrectly listed her complaints as 19 methamphetamine withdrawals, her allegations would nevertheless fall short of stating a 20 negligence claim against Corizon. Allegations that Corizon had a legal duty to use reasonable 21 care (in the provision of medical care, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment) and that Corizon 22 breached that duty (by failing to provide prompt and appropriate medical care and refer plaintiff 23 to medical care providers outside of the jail) and that such a breach caused plaintiff’s injury of 24 vision impairment are conclusory allegations that are not sufficient to state a negligence claim 25 against Corizon. See Alexander v. Diaz, No. 20-cv-100-CAB-KSC, 2020 WL 2794546, at *6 26 (S.D. Cal. May 29, 2020) (dismissing a negligence claim brought by a plaintiff whose request for 27 a second opinion regarding a dental surgery was delayed by the defendants and the delay rendered 28 surgery impossible, because the plaintiff had failed “to provide specific allegations as to breach 1 and causation,” and “[t]he fact that a harm occurred and that duties exist does not show how the 2 duties were breached and whether those breaches caused the harm”); see also Howard v. County 3 of Tulare, No. 1:16-cv-00076-SAB, 2016 WL 1756877, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 3, 2016) 4 (dismissing plaintiff’s negligence claim against Corizon because the plaintiff failed “to 5 adequately allege facts which demonstrate how Corizon or Tulare County breached a duty to 6 Plaintiff”). 7 Accordingly, the court will dismiss plaintiff’s negligence claim against Corizon due to 8 plaintiff’s failure to state a claim. 9 D. Leave to Amend 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 instructs courts to “freely give leave when justice so 11 requires” and that rule is “to be applied with extreme liberality.” Eminence Capital, LLC v. 12 Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2003). Nevertheless, leave to amend need not be 13 granted where the amendment: (1) prejudices the opposing party; (2) is sought in bad faith; (3) 14 produces an undue delay in litigation; or (4) is futile. See Amerisource Bergen Corp. v. Dialysist 15 W., Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir. 2006). 16 In opposing the pending motion, plaintiff maintains that her SAC sufficiently alleges 17 claims against Corizon and asserts that providing any further specificity would require discovery. 18 (Doc. No. 49 at 7.) Plaintiff requests leave to file a third amended complaint if the court finds her 19 SAC to be lacking, though she requests that “the deadline for further amendment be several 20 months down the road to allow plaintiff the opportunity to obtain, through discovery, the 21 information this court deems necessary to support the allegations in the operative complaint.” 22 (Id.) 23 Corizon contends that plaintiff’s claims against it should be dismissed without leave to 24 amend because the court has already given plaintiff two opportunities to amend her complaint and 25 further amendment would be futile. (Doc. No. 50 at 10.) Defendant Corizon emphasizes that 26 plaintiff ignored many of the deficiencies the court previously identified in its order dismissing 27 plaintiff’s FAC and repeated the same deficient allegations verbatim in her SAC. (Id.) In 28 addition, defendant Corizon notes that as of the date it filed its reply brief, November 10, 2020, 1 discovery had been open for nine months, and “plaintiff has personal knowledge of her care 2 provider interactions, and her attorney has had the medical records fully detailing her care for 3 over a year.” (Id.) Accordingly, Corizon argues that “if plaintiff actually were able to offer the 4 requisite factual allegations in a manner that comported with Rule 11, there is no reason why she 5 would not have revealed them long ago.” (Id.) 6 The court notes that plaintiff’s attorney had obtained plaintiff’s medical records months 7 before filing the FAC, and in the order dismissing plaintiff’s FAC, the court had granted plaintiff 8 “a final opportunity to amend her complaint.” (Doc. No. 31 at 15–16) (emphasis added). 9 Plaintiff has now had that final opportunity, and yet she continued to allege verbatim the same 10 deficient allegations in her SAC that she had alleged in her FAC. Notably, plaintiff’s counsel has 11 provided no meaningful explanation for the failure to allege facts with more specificity and detail 12 in her SAC, despite plaintiff’s access to the relevant medical records and the court’s warning that 13 this would be plaintiff’s final opportunity to state cognizable claims against defendant Corizon. 14 Accordingly, the court agrees with defendant Corizon that allowing further amendment under 15 these circumstances would be futile. The court is also not persuaded that it should grant 16 plaintiff’s wholly unsupported request for additional time to first conduct discovery before 17 amending her complaint further, particularly given that plaintiff and her attorney already have her 18 medical records and plaintiff has personal knowledge of her experiences with the care providers 19 at the Fresno County Jail. 20 Thus, defendant Corizon’s motion to dismiss will be granted without further leave to 21 amend. 22 CONCLUSION 23 For all of the reasons set forth above: 24 1. Defendant Corizon’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 47) is granted; 25 2. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for deliberate indifference to her serious medical needs, 26 Bane Act claim, and negligence claim against Corizon are dismissed without leave 27 to amend; and 28 ///// 1 3. Defendant Corizon and DOES 21-100 are dismissed from this action.° 2 | ITIS SO ORDERED. _ “ Dated: _ August 2, 2021 en 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | > Plaintiff has not alleged any specific facts with respect to DOES 21-100, whom plaintiff alleges are “employees and/or agents of Defendant CORIZON, working as medical directors or medical 21 providers of Defendant COUNTY OF FRESNO’s jails, responsible for overseeing and providing medical care to prisoners and detainees, and were acting within the course and scope of that employment and/or agency relationship.” (Doc. No. 33 at § 8.) Accordingly, the court will also 23 || dismiss DOES 21-100 from this action due to plaintiff's failure to state a cognizable claim against them for the same reasons that plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable claim against Corizon. 24 | See Silverton v. Dep’t of Treasury of U. S. of Am., 644 F.2d 1341, 1345 (9th Cir. 1981) (“A 95 District Court may properly on its own motion dismiss an action as to defendants who have not moved to dismiss where such defendants are in a position similar to that of moving defendants or 26 || where claims against such defendants are integrally related.”); see also Villarreal v. Cty. of Monterey, 254 F. Supp. 3d 1168, 1194-95 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (dismissing Doe defendants where 27 | the plaintiff's complaint provided “no information about Does 1—25 other than the general allegations that they committed wrongdoing and their actions can be attributed to the City,” given 28 | that the court granted the city’s motion to dismiss plaintiff's claims against it). g y Pp 21