NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 13 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SALVADOR FLORES LARIOS; BORYS No. 25-1936 ARROLIGA, D.C. No. 3:24-cv-05838-TLT Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v. MEMORANDUM*
TOWNSHIP BUILDING SERVICES, INC.; TOWNSHIP RETAIL SERVICES, INC.,
Defendants - Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Trina L. Thompson, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 23, 2025 San Francisco, California
Before: PAEZ, BEA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
Township Building Services, Inc. and its subsidiary Township Retail
Services, Inc. (together, “Township”) appeal the district court’s order denying its
motion to compel arbitration in a wage and hour class and collective action brought
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. by former employees. Township challenges only the district court’s determination
that the arbitration agreement in the plaintiffs’ employment contract was
substantively unconscionable.
We have jurisdiction to review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration
under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 16(a). We review de novo
a district court’s decision to deny a motion to compel. Holley-Gallegly v. TA
Operating, LLC, 74 F.4th 997, 1000 (9th Cir. 2023). We review any factual
findings underlying the district court’s order for clear error. Id. We conclude that
the FAA governs this arbitration agreement and that, applying the FAA, the
agreement was not substantively unconscionable. We reverse and remand.
1. The district court properly determined that the FAA applies to the
arbitration agreement at issue. The FAA generally applies to any “contract
evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; see Brennan v. Opus
Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th Cir. 2015). Although contracting parties may
agree to apply nonfederal arbitrability law, we require “clear and unmistakable
evidence” that the parties agreed that nonfederal law should govern instead of the
FAA. Cape Flattery Ltd. v. Titan Mar., LLC, 647 F.3d 914, 919, 921 (9th Cir.
2011); see Brennan, 796 F.3d at 1129. We address these issues below.
Plaintiffs contend that Township failed to present competent evidence that
the contract involved commerce under 9 U.S.C. § 2 and therefore falls within the
2 25-1936 coverage of the FAA. The plaintiffs forfeited this argument by failing to raise it
before the district court. See Orr v. Plumb, 884 F.3d 923, 932 (9th Cir. 2018)
(“[A]rguments raised for the first time on appeal or omitted from the opening brief
are” usually “deemed forfeited.”).
Setting forfeiture issues aside, the evidence before the district court
nonetheless adequately established the arbitration agreement’s involvement with
interstate commerce. The FAA applies to any “contract evidencing a transaction
involving commerce” that contains an arbitration provision. 9 U.S.C. § 2.
Township presented uncontroverted evidence that it provides commercial janitorial
services to “commercial, industrial[,] and retail businesses” in multiple states.
Township regularly hires janitors from multiple states, including the named
plaintiffs, who are from different states and provided services in different states.
See Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 282 (1995) (noting the
“multistate nature” of the business at issue as evidence that the transaction
involved interstate commerce). This is sufficient to establish that the plaintiffs’
employment at Township “affected commerce.” As a result, their arbitration
agreements “involv[e] commerce” within the broad meaning of 9 U.S.C. § 2 and
are covered by the FAA.
To establish that the FAA does not apply here, the parties must have “clear
and unmistakable evidence that [they] agreed to apply nonfederal arbitrability
3 25-1936 law.” Cape Flattery, 647 F.3d at 921. Plaintiffs argue that the arbitration
agreement’s choice of law provision is evidence of the parties’ intent not to be
governed by the FAA. The relevant provision states that the arbitration agreement
“shall be governed by and shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the
State of California.” But this Court has made clear that “general choice-of-law
clauses do not incorporate state rules that govern the allocation of authority
between courts and arbitrators.” Wolsey, Ltd v. Foodmaker, Inc., 144 F.3d 1205,
1213 (9th Cir. 1998). In Cape Flattery, even where the arbitration agreement at
issue stated that “[a]ny dispute arising under this Agreement shall be settled by
arbitration in London, England, in accordance with the English Arbitration Act,”
we still found that it still did not constitute “clear and unmistakable” evidence that
the parties intended to apply non-federal arbitrability law. 647 F.3d at 916, 921.
Arbitrability is similarly at issue here—the plaintiffs argue that their claims are not
arbitrable because the arbitration agreement is unconscionable under California
law—and the choice of law clause is far less specific than that at issue in Cape
Flattery. The FAA therefore governs all arbitration issues arising from the parties’
arbitration agreement, including arbitrability.
2. Applying the FAA, the district court erred in holding that the arbitration
agreement was substantively unconscionable under California law.
4 25-1936 First, the district court erred in concluding that the arbitration agreement was
substantively unconscionable because it contained a class action waiver. The FAA
preempts state court decisions prohibiting class action waivers as unconscionable.
See Iskanian v. CLS Transp. L.A., LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348, 364 (2014).
In AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, the Supreme Court held that
California’s Discover Bank rule,1 which held certain class action waivers in
consumer contracts unconscionable and unenforceable under California law, was
preempted by the FAA because “[r]equiring the availability of classwide
arbitration interferes with fundamental attributes of arbitration and thus creates a
scheme inconsistent with the FAA.” 563 U.S. 333, 344 (2011); see Gentry v.
Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 443 (2007). In light of Concepcion and Iskanian, the
district court clearly erred in holding the class action waiver in this arbitration
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 13 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SALVADOR FLORES LARIOS; BORYS No. 25-1936 ARROLIGA, D.C. No. 3:24-cv-05838-TLT Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v. MEMORANDUM*
TOWNSHIP BUILDING SERVICES, INC.; TOWNSHIP RETAIL SERVICES, INC.,
Defendants - Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Trina L. Thompson, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 23, 2025 San Francisco, California
Before: PAEZ, BEA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
Township Building Services, Inc. and its subsidiary Township Retail
Services, Inc. (together, “Township”) appeal the district court’s order denying its
motion to compel arbitration in a wage and hour class and collective action brought
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. by former employees. Township challenges only the district court’s determination
that the arbitration agreement in the plaintiffs’ employment contract was
substantively unconscionable.
We have jurisdiction to review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration
under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 16(a). We review de novo
a district court’s decision to deny a motion to compel. Holley-Gallegly v. TA
Operating, LLC, 74 F.4th 997, 1000 (9th Cir. 2023). We review any factual
findings underlying the district court’s order for clear error. Id. We conclude that
the FAA governs this arbitration agreement and that, applying the FAA, the
agreement was not substantively unconscionable. We reverse and remand.
1. The district court properly determined that the FAA applies to the
arbitration agreement at issue. The FAA generally applies to any “contract
evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; see Brennan v. Opus
Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th Cir. 2015). Although contracting parties may
agree to apply nonfederal arbitrability law, we require “clear and unmistakable
evidence” that the parties agreed that nonfederal law should govern instead of the
FAA. Cape Flattery Ltd. v. Titan Mar., LLC, 647 F.3d 914, 919, 921 (9th Cir.
2011); see Brennan, 796 F.3d at 1129. We address these issues below.
Plaintiffs contend that Township failed to present competent evidence that
the contract involved commerce under 9 U.S.C. § 2 and therefore falls within the
2 25-1936 coverage of the FAA. The plaintiffs forfeited this argument by failing to raise it
before the district court. See Orr v. Plumb, 884 F.3d 923, 932 (9th Cir. 2018)
(“[A]rguments raised for the first time on appeal or omitted from the opening brief
are” usually “deemed forfeited.”).
Setting forfeiture issues aside, the evidence before the district court
nonetheless adequately established the arbitration agreement’s involvement with
interstate commerce. The FAA applies to any “contract evidencing a transaction
involving commerce” that contains an arbitration provision. 9 U.S.C. § 2.
Township presented uncontroverted evidence that it provides commercial janitorial
services to “commercial, industrial[,] and retail businesses” in multiple states.
Township regularly hires janitors from multiple states, including the named
plaintiffs, who are from different states and provided services in different states.
See Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 282 (1995) (noting the
“multistate nature” of the business at issue as evidence that the transaction
involved interstate commerce). This is sufficient to establish that the plaintiffs’
employment at Township “affected commerce.” As a result, their arbitration
agreements “involv[e] commerce” within the broad meaning of 9 U.S.C. § 2 and
are covered by the FAA.
To establish that the FAA does not apply here, the parties must have “clear
and unmistakable evidence that [they] agreed to apply nonfederal arbitrability
3 25-1936 law.” Cape Flattery, 647 F.3d at 921. Plaintiffs argue that the arbitration
agreement’s choice of law provision is evidence of the parties’ intent not to be
governed by the FAA. The relevant provision states that the arbitration agreement
“shall be governed by and shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the
State of California.” But this Court has made clear that “general choice-of-law
clauses do not incorporate state rules that govern the allocation of authority
between courts and arbitrators.” Wolsey, Ltd v. Foodmaker, Inc., 144 F.3d 1205,
1213 (9th Cir. 1998). In Cape Flattery, even where the arbitration agreement at
issue stated that “[a]ny dispute arising under this Agreement shall be settled by
arbitration in London, England, in accordance with the English Arbitration Act,”
we still found that it still did not constitute “clear and unmistakable” evidence that
the parties intended to apply non-federal arbitrability law. 647 F.3d at 916, 921.
Arbitrability is similarly at issue here—the plaintiffs argue that their claims are not
arbitrable because the arbitration agreement is unconscionable under California
law—and the choice of law clause is far less specific than that at issue in Cape
Flattery. The FAA therefore governs all arbitration issues arising from the parties’
arbitration agreement, including arbitrability.
2. Applying the FAA, the district court erred in holding that the arbitration
agreement was substantively unconscionable under California law.
4 25-1936 First, the district court erred in concluding that the arbitration agreement was
substantively unconscionable because it contained a class action waiver. The FAA
preempts state court decisions prohibiting class action waivers as unconscionable.
See Iskanian v. CLS Transp. L.A., LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348, 364 (2014).
In AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, the Supreme Court held that
California’s Discover Bank rule,1 which held certain class action waivers in
consumer contracts unconscionable and unenforceable under California law, was
preempted by the FAA because “[r]equiring the availability of classwide
arbitration interferes with fundamental attributes of arbitration and thus creates a
scheme inconsistent with the FAA.” 563 U.S. 333, 344 (2011); see Gentry v.
Superior Court, 42 Cal. 4th 443 (2007). In light of Concepcion and Iskanian, the
district court clearly erred in holding the class action waiver in this arbitration
agreement is unconscionable, given that rules to that effect are preempted by the
FAA.
The district court also erred in concluding that the arbitration agreement is
substantively unconscionable because it is overbroad. On the contrary, the
arbitration agreement is expressly limited to claims arising out of the employment
relationship.
1 See Discover Bank v. Superior Court, 113 P.3d 1100 (Cal. 2005).
5 25-1936 In support of this argument, plaintiffs rely on decisions from other circuits
and district courts within our circuit finding arbitration agreements overbroad if
they purport to encompass claims unrelated to subject matter of the contract
containing the arbitration agreement. See Thomas v. Cricket Wireless, LLC, 506
F. Supp. 3d 891, 904 (N.D. Cal. 2020); In re Jiffy Lube Int’l, Inc., 847 F. Supp. 2d
1253, 1263 (S.D. Cal. 2012); Smith v. Steinkamp, 318 F.3d 775, 777 (7th Cir.
2003); see also Davitashvili v. Grubhub Inc., 131 F.4th 109, 124, 124 n.6 (2d Cir.
2025) (Perez, J., concurring).
In analogizing to these cases, however, the plaintiffs and the district court
mischaracterized the parties’ arbitration agreement. The arbitration clause on the
Signature Page is expressly limited to “claims, disputes, and or grievances which
[plaintiffs] may have in regard to, or related to [their] employment with Township
Building Services.” The full arbitration agreement does provide that “[t]his
agreement to submit and settle any potential claims or legal issues to binding
arbitration extends to all claims which the employee or employer may have.” That
sentence, however, follows a lengthy passage which begins by requiring any
dispute that cannot be settled directly by the parties “that involves the employee-
employer relationship or the termination of the employee-employer relationship” to
be submitted to binding arbitration. The remainder of the passage enumerates
claims subject to mandatory arbitration, all of which are expressly related to the
6 25-1936 employment relationship. In light of this context, the concluding reference to “all
claims” is best read, as Township argues, to clarify that binding arbitration is
bilateral—it applies equally to claims by the employer. The plaintiffs’ argument
that “the agreement applies to all possible claims”—and the district court’s
conclusion to that effect—is not supported by the text of the agreement.
The plaintiffs also argue that the arbitration agreement was substantively
unconscionable because it waived their right to seek public injunctive relief,
meaning “injunctive relief that has the primary purpose and effect of prohibiting
unlawful acts that threaten future injury to the general public.” McGill v. Citibank,
N.A., 2 Cal. 5th 945, 951 (2017). The plaintiffs did not raise this argument before
the district court and therefore forfeited it. See Orr, 884 F.3d at 932.
Finally, the plaintiffs argue that the arbitration agreement is unconscionable
because it “improperly restricts” their right to recover damages through
administrative proceedings, including those available under the Fair Labor
Standards Act and California labor laws. We disagree. The agreement does not,
by its plain language, waive the plaintiffs’ right to seek administrative relief.
Rather, it provides that “[t]he employee, in consideration of employment with
Township Building Services, waives all other rights or remedies which may be
available to said employee had the employee not agreed to Binding Arbitration
except for those rights afforded either party by State or Federal rulings, processes
7 25-1936 or laws, which allow and/or require governmental administrative hearings.” The
arbitration agreement also provides that “Township and its employees hereby agree
that they do not waive all other rights, remedies[,] and advantages that may be
available to them had they not agreed to binding arbitration.” Because the
arbitration agreement does not in fact waive administrative relief, this argument
fails.
Because the plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that the contract was substantively
unconscionable, the district court erred in denying Township’s motion to compel
arbitration.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
8 25-1936