[Cite as Floch v. Davis, 2013-Ohio-4968.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
CATHERINE L. FLOCH, INDIVIDUALLY : OPINION AND AS EXECUTRIX AND SOLE HEIR OF THE ESTATE OF CATHERINE W. : TUPPER, DECEASED, : Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2013-T-0021 - vs - : CHARLES E. DAVIS, et al., : Defendant-Appellant.
Civil Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2010 CV 2040.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Douglas J. Neuman, Westenfield, Neuman & Parry, 761 North Cedar Street, #1, Niles, OH 44446 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
John H. Chaney, III, Daniel Daniluk, L.L.C., 1129 Niles-Cortland Road, S.E., Warren, OH 44484 (For Defendant-Appellant).
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.
{¶1} Charles E. Davis appeals from the judgment entry of the Trumbull County
Court of Common Pleas, overruling his objections to, and adopting, the decision of its
magistrate in an action for conversion and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
We affirm. {¶2} Mr. Davis and Catherine Tupper, both widowed, entered a close
relationship in 1996. While maintaining separate residences, they spent most of their
time together. Mr. Davis testified that he kept many tools and other personal effects at
Ms. Tupper’s house, which he was fixing for her. Eventually, the couple purchased a
1997 Yellowstone Motorhome together, the title being in both their names, with a right of
survivorship. The title was in Ms. Tupper’s possession.
{¶3} Ms. Tupper passed away in November 2002. Evidently, her closest
relatives were Catherine Floch and her husband, who work as long haul truckers. They
seem to have been out of state driving at the time of Ms. Tupper’s death. It appears
that Mr. Davis handled the funeral arrangements in Ohio until their return. He had keys
to Ms. Tupper’s house, which he gave sometime thereafter to Mrs. Floch. During this
period, he never removed his personal items, from Ms. Tupper’s house; nor did he take
the motorhome, which was parked there.
{¶4} Mrs. Floch was appointed executrix of her mother’s estate, and,
eventually, took possession of her mother’s house. She testified that she was aware
that the motorhome passed to Mr. Davis by way of survivorship, and that she delivered
the title to the attorney handling the estate for delivery to him. He does not appear to
have given it to Mr. Davis.
{¶5} April 2, 2004, Mr. Davis wrote Mrs. Floch a letter, proposing certain terms
to settle outstanding financial affairs between himself and Ms. Tupper’s estate. The
letter reminded her that he needed title to the motorhome. Attached to the letter was a
list of personal property he alleged was still at Ms. Tupper’s house. Mrs. Floch did not
respond.
2 {¶6} Mr. Davis testified that the motorhome remained parked at Ms. Tupper’s
house for two or two and one-half years after her death, when Mrs. Floch took it to her
own house. Mrs. Floch testified she thought she had left it at her mother’s house for
about five years.
{¶7} Mr. Davis retained keys to the motorhome. A year after Ms. Tupper’s
death, he recovered a television set from it. His keys were stolen in 2005. Sometime
thereafter, Mrs. Floch told him that she had lost her mother’s keys in the snow, and
asked him if he could help. He tried to start the motorhome with keys to a different
vehicle, but was unsuccessful.
{¶8} Mr. Davis testified that he tried to get a new title for the motorhome, but
was refused, since a title already existed. Eventually, he seems to have discovered a
copy or carbon of the original title, on the basis of which, the title bureau issued him a
new one in his own name.
{¶9} In September 2008, Mr. Davis had the motorhome towed from Mrs.
Floch’s residence. She did not object.
{¶10} August 4, 2010, Mrs. Floch filed this action in foreclosure against Mr.
Davis. The action was premised on a judgment she had received against Mr. Davis, in
the sum of approximately $13,400. The pleadings state that the judgment was in her
favor both individually and as her mother’s executrix. There are statements in the briefs
and various court orders that the judgment was rendered by the Trumbull County
Central District Court, and arose from payments Mrs. Floch had made on the note
pertaining to the motorhome, but nothing of record indicates the basis for the judgment.
3 {¶11} October 7, 2010, Mr. Davis answered and counterclaimed in the
foreclosure action. The counterclaim included claims for conversion of both the
motorhome and Mr. Davis’ tools, for damage to his credit, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress.
{¶12} Mrs. Floch answered the counterclaim. July 12, 2011, the parties entered
an agreed judgment entry, whereby Mr. Davis deposited the amount prayed for in the
foreclosure action in an escrow account with Mrs. Floch’s attorney. Further proceedings
on the foreclosure were stayed pending trial of Mr. Davis’ counterclaim.
{¶13} Commencing May 4, 2012, a two-day trial was held before the magistrate.
Mr. Davis voluntarily dismissed his claim for damage to his credit. June 26, 2012, the
magistrate filed his decision. Mr. Davis had argued that Mrs. Floch was liable for
“continuing” conversions regarding the motorhome and his tools. The magistrate
rejected this as a matter of law. The magistrate found the conversion claims barred by
the statute of limitations. The magistrate further remarked that Mr. Davis could have
filed claims with Ms. Tupper’s estate, or in the alleged Trumbull County Central District
Court action brought by Mrs. Floch, but did not do so, indicating the alleged conversions
were not particularly significant to him. The magistrate also found that Mr. Davis failed
to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress as a matter of law, and that
such claim was also time-barred.
{¶14} July 10, 2012, Mr. Davis filed his objections to the magistrate’s report. By
a judgment entry filed February 6, 2013, the trial court overruled the objections, and
adopted the decision of the magistrate. This appeal timely ensued, Mr. Davis assigning
six errors:
4 {¶15} “[1.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that the magistrate incorrectly
determined that appellant’s assets were estate assets and appellant’s claims should
have been made in the probate court.
{¶16} “[2.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that the magistrate incorrectly
determined that appellant’s claims should have been made in a previous, unrelated
action in the Trumbull County Central District Court.
{¶17} “[3.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that the magistrate incorrectly
determined that the burden was on appellant to commit a criminal act or subject himself
to civil liability to retrieve his assets.
{¶18} “[4.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that the magistrate incorrectly
determined that appellant’s counterclaim for conversion was barred by the statute of
limitations.
{¶19} “[5.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that the magistrate incorrectly
determined the date of commencement for the statute of limitations.
{¶20} “[6.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by denying his
objections to the magistrate’s decision, when it was clear that appellant had established
a prima facie case of intentional infliction of emotional distress.”
5 {¶21} “Initially, we note that the trial court’s decision to adopt, reject, or modify a
magistrate’s decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Gochneaur, 11th Dist.
No. 2007-A-0089, 2008-Ohio-3987, at ¶16. Regarding this standard, we recall the term
‘abuse of discretion’ is one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which
neither comports with reason, nor the record. State v. Ferranto (1925), 112 Ohio St.
667, 676-678, * * *. An abuse of discretion may be found when the trial court ‘applies
the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly
erroneous findings of fact.’ Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-
1720, at ¶15, * * *.” (Parallel citations omitted.) Cefaratti v. Cefaratti, 11th Dist. Lake
Nos. 2008-L-151 and 2009-L-055, 2010-Ohio-5661, ¶15.
{¶22} We consolidate the first and second assignments of error for review. By
the first, Mr. Davis objects that the trial court’s magistrate incorrectly found he was
required to bring claims regarding the motorhome and his personal effects left at Ms.
Tupper’s residence against her estate. He notes that the motorhome passed
automatically to him on her death; that the tools, etc., were his property in any case; and
that the claims were not in the jurisdiction of the probate court. By the second
assignment of error, he similarly argues that any claims regarding conversion of the
motorhome and tools were not compulsory counterclaims in the action allegedly filed by
Mrs. Floch in the Trumbull County Central District Court.
{¶23} We respectfully suggest that Mr. Davis mistakes the import of the
magistrate’s decision on these issues. At no point in his decision did the magistrate
conclude that Mr. Davis was required to file a claim against Ms. Tupper’s estate, or to
counterclaim in any county court action. The magistrate simply noted that these might
6 have been viable ways to deal with the claims, which existed from the time of Ms.
Tupper’s death in November 2002, and that Mr. Davis chose to sleep on his rights.
These observations by the magistrate did not form the basis of his legal decisions, and,
even if erroneous, do not constitute reversible error.
{¶24} The first and second assignments of error lack merit.
{¶25} By his third assignment of error, Mr. Davis contends that the decision of
the magistrate illegally exposed him to civil and criminal liability for trespass. In his
decision, the magistrate observed that Mr. Davis had access to the motorhome, and Ms.
Tupper’s house where his tools were allegedly stored, but did not take the items.
{¶26} We respectfully disagree that the magistrate suggested Mr. Davis commit
a trespass. His own testimony indicates that he took care of Ms. Tupper’s house, and
dog, immediately after her death, because Mrs. Floch and her husband were on a
trucking trip. At that time, he retained keys to the house. Presumably, he had
permission at that time to be there, and to take his personal effects, including the
motorhome. Further, he admitted to trespassing about a year after Ms. Tupper’s death,
in order to recover his television from the motorhome. When he finally recovered the
motorhome in September 2008, he called Mrs. Floch, and told her he was sending a
towing service to get it – and she did not object. We find, again, that the magistrate’s
observations on this issue simply illustrate the undeniable fact that Mr. Davis made little
effort over a period of years to obtain his possessions.
{¶27} The third assignment of error lacks merit.
7 {¶28} By his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Davis advances a novel concept at
Ohio law: the doctrine of a “continuing” conversion. Citing to various federal cases not
related to conversion, and Ohio cases dealing with nuisance or trespass, he argues that
he suffered new harm each time Mrs. Floch exercised dominion over his property – i.e.,
by moving the motorhome – thus tolling the statute of limitations, which is four years for
conversion. R.C. 2305.09(B).
{¶29} We respectfully disagree. A trespass or nuisance may be continuous
because it results in discreet, repeated violations of another’s property rights: for
instance, by causing periodic flooding of another’s property. See, e.g., Valley Ry. Co. v.
Franz, 43 Ohio St. 623, 626 (1885). However, the elements of conversion are: (1) the
plaintiff’s ownership and right to possess property at the time of the conversion; (2)
defendant’s conversion by wrongful act or dispossession; and (3) damages. Peirce v.
Szymanski, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1298, 2013-Ohio-205, ¶19. Thus, pursuant to
R.C. 2305.09(B), a cause of action for conversion accrues when a party discovers, or
with reasonable care should have discovered, the injury. Koe-Krompecher v.
Columbus, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-697, 2005-Ohio-6504, ¶14, quoting Investors
REIT One v. Jacobs, 46 Ohio St.3d 176, 179 (1989). The injury described in conversion
commences whenever one person improperly exercises dominion over another’s
property. Mr. Davis knew that Mrs. Floch was exercising dominion over the motorhome
when she did not turn over the title to him. He knew she was exercising dominion over
his tools and other personal effects, at latest, when she did not respond to his April 2,
2004 letter listing the items sought.
8 {¶30} Under his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Davis also argues that Mrs.
Floch is equitably estopped from relying on the statute of limitations regarding his
conversion claims.
{¶31} “To invoke the doctrine of equitable estoppel, a party must demonstrate
the four essential elements: ‘1) there must be a representation by words, acts, or
silence; 2) the representation must communicate some fact or state of affairs in a
misleading way; 3) the representation must induce actual reliance by the other party,
and such reliance must be reasonable and in good faith; and 4) the other party would
suffer prejudice if the representing party were not estopped or precluded from
contradicting the earlier representation.’ Grange Mut. Cas. Co. v. Smock, 11th Dist. No.
2000-G-2293, * * *, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4127 at *9.” (Parallel citation omitted.)
Sloan v. Shafer Commercial and Indus. Services, Inc., 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2008-T-
0013, 2008-Ohio-4765, ¶20.
{¶32} Mr. Davis argues that the record reveals numerous communications
between himself and Mrs. Floch regarding the motorhome and his tools and personal
effects over the years; that she assured him they would be turned over; and, that he
relied in good faith on these representations, to his detriment.
{¶33} We respectfully disagree that equitable estoppel applies in this case. As
the magistrate repeatedly noted in his decision, the record is remarkable for the
infrequency of contact between the parties regarding the motorhome and Mr. Davis’
other effects, as well as his evident disinterest in recovering these items for many years.
Mrs. Floch testified she gave the title to the motorhome to the attorney handling her
mother’s estate, and that she expected Mr. Davis to receive it at a meeting he had with
9 that attorney. Nothing indicates Mr. Davis followed up on this. Mrs. Floch admittedly
did not respond to Mr. Davis’ April 2, 2004 letter requesting title to the motorhome and
listing the personal items he believed remained in Ms. Tupper’s house – but nothing
indicates that Mr. Davis made further inquiry. There is no evidence of a
misrepresentation by Mrs. Floch, or any reliance by Mr. Davis.
{¶34} Mr. Davis also directs our attention to R.C. 2305.15, which provides, in
pertinent part:
{¶35} “(A) When a cause of action accrues against a person, if the person is out
of the state, has absconded, or conceals self, the period of limitation for the
commencement of the action * * * does not begin to run until the person comes into the
state or while the person is so absconded or concealed. After the cause of action
accrues if the person departs from the state, absconds, or conceals self, the time of the
person’s absence or concealment shall not be computed as any part of a period within
which the action must be brought.
{¶36} At trial, Mrs. Floch testified that, from the time of her mother’s death, until
2008, when her husband underwent a series of operations, the two of them spent more
than one-half of their time out of state, trucking. She testified that after 2008, they
recommenced further long haul trucking, but at a reduced schedule. On this basis, Mr.
Davis asserts that his conversion claims were tolled while the Flochs were on the road.
{¶37} We respectfully disagree. First, the party opposing a statute of limitations
defense on the basis of R.C. 2305.15 bears the burden of proving that the opposing
party was absent from the state in a manner sufficient to invoke the statute. Stafford v.
Columbus Bonding Ctr., 177 Ohio App.3d 799, 2008-Ohio-3948, ¶11 (10th Dist. 2008).
10 Ms. Tupper died in November 2002; Mr. Davis did not bring his conversion claims until
October 2010. The limitations period for conversion is four years. Mrs. Floch’s
testimony is simply insufficient to establish that she was out-of-state a full four years in
this period.
{¶38} Second, R.C. 2305.15 cannot be applied in a fashion which impedes
people from searching for, or pursuing, out-of-state employment, as that constitutes an
impermissible burden on interstate commerce in violation of the Commerce Clause,
U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, para. 3. Tesar v. Hallas, 738 F.Supp. 240, 241-
243, citing Bendix Autolite Corp. v. Midwesco Enterprises, 486 U.S. 888 (1988).
Clearly, as an interstate trucker, Mrs. Floch’s employment directly involved interstate
commerce.
{¶39} Finally, under his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Davis asserts that the
common law doctrine of recoupment allows him to maintain his conversion claims as a
defense to the foreclosure action, even if those claims are barred by the statute of
limitations. Common law recoupment was first recognized by the Supreme Court of
Ohio in Riley v. Montgomery, 11 Ohio St.3d 75 (1984), at paragraph one of the syllabus,
which states:
{¶40} “A claim of a defendant which would be barred by the statute of limitations
if brought in an action for affirmative relief is available as a defense or under the
common-law theory of recoupment, when the claim arises out of the same transaction
as the plaintiff’s claim for relief, and when it is offered only to reduce the plaintiff’s right
to relief.”
11 {¶41} In the trial court, Mr. Davis argued vehemently in his trial brief, proposed
findings of fact and conclusions of law, and objections to the magistrate’s decision, that
his conversion claims retained vitality as a defense under the theory of recoupment,
even if they were otherwise time-barred. On appeal, he notes that neither the
magistrate, nor the trial court dealt with this issue.
{¶42} We respectfully disagree that the doctrine applies in this case. A time-
barred claim is only available as a defense under recoupment if it arises from the same
transaction as the plaintiff’s claim for relief. In this case, Mrs. Floch’s claim is in
foreclosure. Following the filing of Mr. Davis’ counterclaim, Mrs. Floch moved the trial
court to bifurcate, on the basis that her claim and the counterclaim did not arise from the
same transaction. In opposing the motion to bifurcate on the basis of judicial economy,
Mr. Davis stated: “Admittedly, the Counterclaim does not arise out of the same
transaction or occurrence, and does not involve the same operative facts, as the
[claim].” (Emphasis added.) We believe the trial court was entitled to rely on this
admission by Mr. Davis in rendering judgment.
{¶43} Further, we reiterate that nothing in the record before this court indicates
the basis for the judgment lien underlying Mrs. Floch’s foreclosure action. While the
parties and the trial court indicate at various junctures that the judgment lien is premised
on a county court action, and arose from Mrs. Floch making payments on the
motorhome’s note, nothing of evidentiary value before us shows this. Thus, we cannot
say that the claim for foreclosure and counterclaims for conversion arise from the same
transaction.
{¶44} The fourth assignment of error lacks merit.
12 {¶45} By his fifth assignment of error, Mr. Davis asserts the trial court
miscalculated the dates on which the statute of limitations for his conversion claims
began running. The magistrate concluded that the claims began running on Ms.
Tupper’s death in November 2002. Mr. Davis cites to case law holding that a claim for
conversion does not accrue until the plaintiff makes a demand for return of his or her
property, and the alleged tortfeasor refuses. Mr. Davis argues that this did not occur
until he sent his letter of April 2, 2004 to Mrs. Floch, requesting title to the motorhome
and listing the personal items he believed were at the Tupper house.
{¶46} Demand and refusal are only necessary to sustain a cause of action for
conversion when the alleged tortfeasor obtains possession of the property lawfully.
Peirce, 2013-Ohio-205, at ¶19. Assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in
determining that the alleged conversions commenced in November 2002, rather than
April 2004, we fail to see how this helps Mr. Davis avoid the bar of limitations, since he
did not bring his counterclaims for conversion until October 2010. This is still more than
two years beyond the applicable four year statute of limitations set forth at R.C.
2305.09(B).
{¶47} The fifth assignment of error lacks merit.
{¶48} By his sixth assignment of error, Mr. Davis contends the trial court erred in
concluding that he failed to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
There was testimony at trial that Mr. Davis has required additional time with his
psychologist due to his failure to obtain the motorhome earlier, or to get his other
personal effects back.
13 {¶49} As this court held in Weir v. Krystie’s Dance Academy, 11th Dist. Trumbull
No. 2007-T-0050, 2007-Ohio-5910, ¶26:
{¶50} “A claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress lies where ‘(o)ne who
by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes serious emotional
distress to another.’ Yeager v. Local Union 20 (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 369, * * *, at
syllabus. ‘In a case for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove
(1) that the defendant intended to cause the plaintiff serious emotional distress, (2) that
the defendant’s conduct was extreme and outrageous, and (3) that the defendant's
conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s serious emotional distress.’ Phung v.
Waste Mgt., Inc., 71 Ohio St.3d 408, 410, * * * (citation omitted). Additionally, the
mental anguish suffered by the plaintiff must be so severe and debilitating that ‘a
reasonable person, normally constituted, would be unable to cope adequately with the
mental distress engendered by the circumstances of the case.’ Paugh v. Hanks (1983),
6 Ohio St.3d 72, 78, * * *. ‘A non-exhaustive litany of some examples of serious
emotional distress should include traumatically induced neurosis, psychosis, chronic
depression, or phobia.’ Id. (citation omitted); Kovacic v. Eastlake, 11th Dist. No. 2005-
L-215, 2006-Ohio-7016, at ¶94 (citations omitted).” (Parallel citations omitted.)
{¶51} In this case, there is no evidence that Mrs. Floch intended to cause Mr.
Davis serious emotional distress. There is no evidence that her actions were extreme
and outrageous. The facts do not state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional
distress.
{¶52} We further note that the magistrate held, alternatively, that any claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress was barred by the applicable statute of
14 limitations, which is four years pursuant to R.C. 2305.09(D). Karlen v. Carfangia, 11th
Dist. Trumbull No. 2000-T-0081, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 2481, *24 (June 1, 2001). On
appeal, Mr. Davis does not challenge this decision.
{¶53} The sixth assignment of error lacks merit.
{¶54} The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
It is the further order of this court that appellant is assessed costs herein taxed. The
court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs,
DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs in judgment only.