Bruce, J.
(after stating the facts as above). Many errors are assigned by the plaintiff and appellant. The principal error, however, is that alleged to have been committed by the trial court in holding that the note in controversy was not negotiable. If this question is determined adversely to the plaintiff and appellant, it practically disposes of the remainder of the assignments, and the judgment of the lower court should be sustained.
We are of the opinion that the note was not negotiable. The question before us is an exceedingly difficult one to determine, as are usually all questions which involve a construction of the statutes. In considering the same we must bear in mind that we are construing the provisions of the so-called uniform negotiable instruments act, and not of the former statutes of this state, nor of the law merchant. We must, however, consider, to a greater or less degree, these former statutes and the law merchant, as their provisions and interpretation are all that we have to go by in construing many of the doubtful provisions of the codified, uniform law. We, in fact, have been able to find no cases since the adoption of the uniform act in this state which have directly passed upon the question before us. Counsel for the respondent, it is true, cites the case of Gazlay v. Riegel, 16 Pa. Super. Ct. 501, but that case, though handed down after the adoption of the uni[147]*147form act in Pennsylvania, considered and construed a note wbicb was executed prior to tbe passage of tbe statute.
Tbe specific question wbicb we are called upon to decide is wbetber tbe special clause in tbe instrument before us, to tbe effect that “payee’s ownership of goods account of wbicb this note is given, tbe account thereof, and contract condition of original sale, are not affected by accepting this note until tbe receipt of tbe full amount due thereon,” has tbe effect of neutralizing tbe otherwise positive agreement to pay, and of destroying tbe negotiability of the instrument. Tbe uniform negotiable instruments act (Rev. Codes 1905, §§ 6B03 et seq.) provides, among other things, that “an instrument, to be negotiable, . . . (2) must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a certain sum in money;” and “(3) must be payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time.” This former provision, however, is qualified by § 6305, wbicb provides, among other things, that “an unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional within the meaning of this chapter, though coupled with ... a statement of tbe transaction wbicb gives rise to tbe instrument.” Tbe question, then, before us, resolves itself into the question wbetber tbe promise to pay is unconditional.
There is a conflict in tbe authorities under tbe law merchant and under-the statutes wbicb were based upon it, as to tbe effect of a reservation of title in tbe vendor of goods wbicb is noted on tbe face of tbe instrument. Some of tbe cases make tbe distinction turn upon tbe fact of possession. Some bold that where tbe right of possession is in the vendee, and tbe seller has merely a naked title subject to the interest of tbe buyer, while tbe buyer has tbe right of possession and tbe contingent right to a title wbicb would vest absolutely on tbe payment of tbe agreed price without further act on tbe part of tbe seller, tbe transaction is a security transaction, and not a conditional sale, and that tbe note is none tbe less negotiable. They bold, however, that where tbe possession is retained by tbe seller until tbe full payment of the purchase price, as well as tbe title, tbe note is not negotiable, since tbe agreement to pay is conditioned upon tbe fact of delivery, which is within tbe control of tbe vendor, and who, on tbe failure to pay at maturity, might cancel tbe agreement and retain tbe property. They in short bold that in such cases there is no positive agreement to pay, [148]*148but rather that the transfer of title and possession and payment shall be simultaneous acts. Some reach this conclusion even where the possession is in the vendee, holding that the transfer of title is contingent upon the payment, and the promise to pay is therefore conditional. Others hold that the reservation of title in an instrument incorporates into the same a dual contract, and for this reason renders it non-negotiable. Others still hold that the reservation of title, even though coupled with possession, or the right to retake possession even after delivery if the vendor feels himself insecure, and this whether before or after the time when the payment has become due, does not have the effect of rendering the instrument non-negotiable, provided that the promise to pay is in itself unconditional. There can be no doubt, however, that the weight of authority under the law merchant and the former statutes is against the negotiability of a note which upon its face retains title in the vendor, and this whether the possession is retained by the vendor or not. 7 Cyc. 581; Sloan v. McCarty, 134 Mass. 245; First Nat. Bank v. Alton, 60 Conn. 402, 1010; South Bend Iron Works v. Paddock, 37 Kan. 510, 15 Pac. 574; Killam v. Schoeps, 26 Kan. 310, 40 Am. Rep. 313; Wright v. Traver, 73 Mich. 493, 3 L.R.A. 50, 41 N. W. 517; Bannister v. Rouse, 44 Mich. 428, 6 N. W. 870; Edwards v. Ramsey, 30 Minn. 91, 14 N. W. 272; Deering v. Thom, 29 Minn. 120, 12 N. W. 350; Stevens v. Johnson, 28 Minn. 172, 9 N. W. 677; Third Nat. Bank v. Spring, 28 Misc. 9, 59 N. Y. Supp. 794; W. W. Kimball & Co. v. Mellon, 80 Wis. 133, 48 N. W. 1100; Post v. Kinzua Hemlock R. Co. 171 Pa. 615, 33 Atl. 362. And in our research we have only been able to find one case, that of Siegel, C. & Co. v. Chicago Trust & Sav. Bank, 131 Ill. 569, 7 L.R.A. 537, 19 Am. St. Rep. 51, 23 N. E. 417, in which a note was held negotiable where the temporary possession, at any rate, was not in the vendee. Such at any rate is true of the following cases: First Nat. Bank v. Slaughter, 98 Ala. 602, 39 Am. St. Rep. 88, 14 So. 545; Howard v. Simpkins, 69 Ga. 773, and same case in 70 Ga. 322; Burnley v. Tufts, 66 Miss. 48, 14 Am. St. Rep. 540, 5 So. 627; Heard v. Dubuque County Bank, 8 Feb. 10, 30 Am. Rep. 811; Third Nat. Bank v. Bowman-Springs, 50 App. Div. 66, 63 N. Y. Supp. 410; Chicago R. Equipment Co. v. Merchants’ Nat Bank, 136 U. S. 268, 34 L. ed. [149]*149349, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 999, affirming 25 Red. 809; Choate v. Stevens, 116 Mich. 28, 43 L.R.A. 277, 74 N. W. 289.
“The contract declared on,” says Mr. Justice Field in the case of Sloan v. McCarty, 134 Mass. 245, “contains a promise to pay to the plaintiff or order a certain sum of money in one month from date for a horse received of the plaintiff. If this were all, it would he a promissory note, as the recital of the consideration does not affect the character of the contract; hut the contract also contains an agreement that the horse should remain the property of the plaintiff until paid for in full by the defendant. This is not an agreement relating to the manner in which the promise to pay money may he enforced, but is a substantive agreement. The whole contract describes a conditional sale of a horse. If the money were not paid by the defendant at the time specified, the plaintiff could, if he chose, rescind the conditional sale, and the defendant then would have no right to the horse and would be no longer liable to pay the note.
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Bruce, J.
(after stating the facts as above). Many errors are assigned by the plaintiff and appellant. The principal error, however, is that alleged to have been committed by the trial court in holding that the note in controversy was not negotiable. If this question is determined adversely to the plaintiff and appellant, it practically disposes of the remainder of the assignments, and the judgment of the lower court should be sustained.
We are of the opinion that the note was not negotiable. The question before us is an exceedingly difficult one to determine, as are usually all questions which involve a construction of the statutes. In considering the same we must bear in mind that we are construing the provisions of the so-called uniform negotiable instruments act, and not of the former statutes of this state, nor of the law merchant. We must, however, consider, to a greater or less degree, these former statutes and the law merchant, as their provisions and interpretation are all that we have to go by in construing many of the doubtful provisions of the codified, uniform law. We, in fact, have been able to find no cases since the adoption of the uniform act in this state which have directly passed upon the question before us. Counsel for the respondent, it is true, cites the case of Gazlay v. Riegel, 16 Pa. Super. Ct. 501, but that case, though handed down after the adoption of the uni[147]*147form act in Pennsylvania, considered and construed a note wbicb was executed prior to tbe passage of tbe statute.
Tbe specific question wbicb we are called upon to decide is wbetber tbe special clause in tbe instrument before us, to tbe effect that “payee’s ownership of goods account of wbicb this note is given, tbe account thereof, and contract condition of original sale, are not affected by accepting this note until tbe receipt of tbe full amount due thereon,” has tbe effect of neutralizing tbe otherwise positive agreement to pay, and of destroying tbe negotiability of the instrument. Tbe uniform negotiable instruments act (Rev. Codes 1905, §§ 6B03 et seq.) provides, among other things, that “an instrument, to be negotiable, . . . (2) must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a certain sum in money;” and “(3) must be payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time.” This former provision, however, is qualified by § 6305, wbicb provides, among other things, that “an unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional within the meaning of this chapter, though coupled with ... a statement of tbe transaction wbicb gives rise to tbe instrument.” Tbe question, then, before us, resolves itself into the question wbetber tbe promise to pay is unconditional.
There is a conflict in tbe authorities under tbe law merchant and under-the statutes wbicb were based upon it, as to tbe effect of a reservation of title in tbe vendor of goods wbicb is noted on tbe face of tbe instrument. Some of tbe cases make tbe distinction turn upon tbe fact of possession. Some bold that where tbe right of possession is in the vendee, and tbe seller has merely a naked title subject to the interest of tbe buyer, while tbe buyer has tbe right of possession and tbe contingent right to a title wbicb would vest absolutely on tbe payment of tbe agreed price without further act on tbe part of tbe seller, tbe transaction is a security transaction, and not a conditional sale, and that tbe note is none tbe less negotiable. They bold, however, that where tbe possession is retained by tbe seller until tbe full payment of the purchase price, as well as tbe title, tbe note is not negotiable, since tbe agreement to pay is conditioned upon tbe fact of delivery, which is within tbe control of tbe vendor, and who, on tbe failure to pay at maturity, might cancel tbe agreement and retain tbe property. They in short bold that in such cases there is no positive agreement to pay, [148]*148but rather that the transfer of title and possession and payment shall be simultaneous acts. Some reach this conclusion even where the possession is in the vendee, holding that the transfer of title is contingent upon the payment, and the promise to pay is therefore conditional. Others hold that the reservation of title in an instrument incorporates into the same a dual contract, and for this reason renders it non-negotiable. Others still hold that the reservation of title, even though coupled with possession, or the right to retake possession even after delivery if the vendor feels himself insecure, and this whether before or after the time when the payment has become due, does not have the effect of rendering the instrument non-negotiable, provided that the promise to pay is in itself unconditional. There can be no doubt, however, that the weight of authority under the law merchant and the former statutes is against the negotiability of a note which upon its face retains title in the vendor, and this whether the possession is retained by the vendor or not. 7 Cyc. 581; Sloan v. McCarty, 134 Mass. 245; First Nat. Bank v. Alton, 60 Conn. 402, 1010; South Bend Iron Works v. Paddock, 37 Kan. 510, 15 Pac. 574; Killam v. Schoeps, 26 Kan. 310, 40 Am. Rep. 313; Wright v. Traver, 73 Mich. 493, 3 L.R.A. 50, 41 N. W. 517; Bannister v. Rouse, 44 Mich. 428, 6 N. W. 870; Edwards v. Ramsey, 30 Minn. 91, 14 N. W. 272; Deering v. Thom, 29 Minn. 120, 12 N. W. 350; Stevens v. Johnson, 28 Minn. 172, 9 N. W. 677; Third Nat. Bank v. Spring, 28 Misc. 9, 59 N. Y. Supp. 794; W. W. Kimball & Co. v. Mellon, 80 Wis. 133, 48 N. W. 1100; Post v. Kinzua Hemlock R. Co. 171 Pa. 615, 33 Atl. 362. And in our research we have only been able to find one case, that of Siegel, C. & Co. v. Chicago Trust & Sav. Bank, 131 Ill. 569, 7 L.R.A. 537, 19 Am. St. Rep. 51, 23 N. E. 417, in which a note was held negotiable where the temporary possession, at any rate, was not in the vendee. Such at any rate is true of the following cases: First Nat. Bank v. Slaughter, 98 Ala. 602, 39 Am. St. Rep. 88, 14 So. 545; Howard v. Simpkins, 69 Ga. 773, and same case in 70 Ga. 322; Burnley v. Tufts, 66 Miss. 48, 14 Am. St. Rep. 540, 5 So. 627; Heard v. Dubuque County Bank, 8 Feb. 10, 30 Am. Rep. 811; Third Nat. Bank v. Bowman-Springs, 50 App. Div. 66, 63 N. Y. Supp. 410; Chicago R. Equipment Co. v. Merchants’ Nat Bank, 136 U. S. 268, 34 L. ed. [149]*149349, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 999, affirming 25 Red. 809; Choate v. Stevens, 116 Mich. 28, 43 L.R.A. 277, 74 N. W. 289.
“The contract declared on,” says Mr. Justice Field in the case of Sloan v. McCarty, 134 Mass. 245, “contains a promise to pay to the plaintiff or order a certain sum of money in one month from date for a horse received of the plaintiff. If this were all, it would he a promissory note, as the recital of the consideration does not affect the character of the contract; hut the contract also contains an agreement that the horse should remain the property of the plaintiff until paid for in full by the defendant. This is not an agreement relating to the manner in which the promise to pay money may he enforced, but is a substantive agreement. The whole contract describes a conditional sale of a horse. If the money were not paid by the defendant at the time specified, the plaintiff could, if he chose, rescind the conditional sale, and the defendant then would have no right to the horse and would be no longer liable to pay the note. If the plaintiff should insist upon the performance of his promise by the defendant, the obligation of the defendant to pay the money is in legal effect conditional upon the title to the horse vesting in him when the money is paid in full, and this condition appears on the face of the contract. The contract contemplates that the payment of the money by the defendant, and the transfer of the title to the horse from the plaintiff, should be simultaneous acts, and if the horse should die, for example, within a month, without fault on the part of the defendant, the plaintiff would be disabled from transferring the title, and could not maintain an action on the contract. . . « The contract is something more than a promise to pay money, and the promise to pay money is not a promise to pay it absolutely and at all events, and therefore the contract is not a promissory note within the meaning of the General Statutes.” This was a case in which the title,alone was reserved by the vendor.
A much stronger case, of course, for non-negotiability, is presented, where both the title and the right of possession are reserved in the; vendor, and this seems to be the case with the note before us. It is to be noted that the reservation in the instrument is a reservation to the vendor of the ownership of the goods, and not merely the title. Section 4702, Rev. Codes 1905, in defining the term, provides that “the oiunership of a thing is the right of one or more persons to possess and use. [150]*150it to the exclusión of others. In this Code the thing of which there may be ownership is called property.” We thus find a note before us which reserves in the vendor the right to use and possess. The term, in fact, is broader than either the term title or possession, and includes both. “The owner of property is said to he one ‘who has dominion of a thing, real or personal, corporeal or incorporeal, which he has a right to enjoy and to do with as he pleases, either to spoil or destroy it as far as the law permits, unless he he prevented hy some agreement or covenant which restrains his right.’ ” Garver v. Hawkeye Ins. Co. 69 Iowa, 202, 28 N. W. 455. “Ownership is the right by which a thing belongs to' an individual to the exclusion of all other persons. Converse v. Kellogg, 7 Barb. 590. The term title, indeed, has been defined to be “that which constitutes a just cause of exclusive possession, or which is the foundation of ownership of property.” Webster’s Diet.; Houston v. Farris, 71 Ala. 570, 571; Pratt v. Fountain, 73 Ga. 261, 262. We thus have in the case at bar a promissory note which reserves to the vendor the right to the possession of the goods, as well as the title, and which also is open to the charge of uncertainty in that it refers to the terms and conditions of a contract, the exact nature of which is undisclosed. Even under the most liberal rule, such a contract or note does not evidence an unconditional promise to pay, and though the evidence discloses that there was a parol agreement that delivery of the goods should he made, the written note negatives this agreement, and the facts disclose that no such delivery was ever made,
We realize that § 6305 of the negotiable instruments act provides that an unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional within the meaning of the chapter though coupled with “a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the instrument.” We have in this ease, however, something more than the statement of the transaction. In fact there is no statement of the transaction at all. We have a reference to a transaction and to a contract which may be entirely inconsistent with an unconditional promise to pay, and an express agreement of reservation of ownership, which in itself makes the agreement to pay conditional. The contract disclosed is that of a conditional sale, and not of a security transaction. Whether even a security transaction was intended to be permitted by the statute is a matter whieh is of no little doubt. Those interested in the preparation of the original uni[151]*151form act certainly were in doubt on the question. See Brannon, iSTeg. Inst. Law, p. 6. We may certainly rest assured that a reservation of ownership was never intended by the legislature. Hot only are we led to this conclusion from an examination of the authorities, but from a perusal of the act itself. If such reservation was intended to be permitted, why did the act (§ 6307) specially provide that an authorized sale of collaterals should not affect the negotiability of the instrument, and say nothing of the reservation of title or ownership, or the right of possession of the principal article sold. Those who adopted the instrument could not have been blind to the state of the law upon the question, — to the fact that even upon the question of the reservation of title there was a conflict in the authorities, and that there were no authorities in favor of the assumption of negotiability where both the title and the entire right of possession were reserved. A few words might have settled the controversy in favor of the negotiability, but they were not spoken. Numerous other mooted questions were settled by the act, among them the effect of a provision for payment out of a specified fund, the authorization of a confession of judgment, etc., all of which were mooted under the law merchant and the former statutes. The silence of the legislature on the question involved in this case is to us almost, if not entirely, conclusive.
The other assignments of error are equally without merit. Objection is made to the allowance in evidence of a telephone message alleged to have been received from H. Q. Turner without proof of his agency, and without laying the foundation as to knowledge of his voice, etc. Also to a statement of the said Turner that he was an agent of Fetzer & Company. There would be some merit in these objections were it not for the fact that the defendant mailed the note to Turner in response to such telephone message; that the note was made payable to Fetzer & Company, and that Fetzer & Company afterwards sold the same to the plaintiff. There was, in fact, a complete ratification of the acts of Turner by Fetzer & Company, and there was no need of proving agency at all. One cannot accept the benefits of a transaction and repudiate its obligations, and though it is true a ratification may be avoided by showing that it was made without knowledge of the material facts, the burden of showing such knowledge or lack of knowledge [152]*152was upon Eetzer & Company, or its indorsee, and not upon the defendant.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.