Rosenberry, J.
At the outset it is not improper to say . that we have been materially aided in the consideration of this case by the thorough and. careful manner in which it was presented as well as the accurate synopsis or outline of, arguments and the table of cases we find in the briefs of counsel.' Counsel upon both sides have made a conscientious effort to narrow the issues, to the main questions involved by stipulations as to the less important and practically conceded issues. This course cannot be pursued in every case, but where it can be it is very helpful and is to be commended.
The question presented here is, Were the federal income and excess profits taxes properly deductible as an expense incident to the operation of the plant in order to determine the amount of its net earnings? In assigning the reasons for the determination which we have reached, we shall first call attention to some fundamental principles of law. Corporations are the creature of the state and exist with such powers, and such powers only, as the laws of the state of their creation confer upon them. Under the law of this state (sec. 180.13, Stats-.), the management of the corporation is lodged with the directors by virtue of the following statutory declaration:
“The stock, property, affairs and business of every such stock corporation shall be under the care of and be managed by a board of directors, who shall be chosen annually by the stockholders'.- ...”
Except as these very broad powers are limited by other provisions of the statute, by provisions contained in the articles of incorporation, or by action of the stockholders, they are enjoyed to their full extent by the board of directors. Under our law the directors choose the officers, determine the corporate policies, and with the corporate officers determine the scope of corporate activities. The courts will not interfere with the exercise of this managerial power when it is exercised honestly and with discretion. It is not until the power lodged with the corporate officers is abused [456] or .exercised for some unlawful or ulterior purpose, injurious to the corporation or the interests of the stockholders, that the aid of a court of equity may be successfully invoked to control it. Morey v. Fish Bros. W. Co. 108 Wis, 520, 84 N. W. 862; Theis v. Durr, 125 Wis. 651, 659, 104 N. W. 985; Gilchrist v. Highfield, 140 Wis. 476. 123 N. W. 102; Estate of Wells, 156 Wis. 294, 144 N. W. 174.
The question is not to be determined wholly upon a legalistic argument as to the meaning of the words “net earnings.” As was shown conclusively by counsel for plaintiffs, net earnings may mean one thing in one connection and a different thing in another connection. They may receive one interpretation for purposes of taxation, another for dividend purposes, and still another when used in a contract. Here the parties were contracting with reference to the net earnings of a department of a specified corporation. It is certainly within the province of corporate management, in the absence of fraud or abuse of discretion, to fix the basis upon which the net earnings of the corporation are to be determined. Perhaps no function of the management of a corporation requires greater powers of discretion or more wisdom than the doing of that very thing. Many corporations have found themselves insolvent because their management has failed in that particular. It appears quite conclusively that the defendant corporation had been accustomed to set up on its books on an accrual basis an item to cover its taxes, state and federal. This accrual account was covered into surplus, and when the exact amount of the taxes was ascertained the amount was paid out of surplus. There is ho contention that the management acted with any fraudulent purpose or ulterior motive, and, as shown by the statement of facts, before communicating the proposition to the plaintiffs the board of directors set up on the corporate books the basis upon which it was proposed the net earnings should be determined.
It is argued by the plaintiff that having set out some things which were to be deducted from gross earnings and [457] not having included taxes among these items, they are therefore, under the rule “Expressio unins est exchisio alterius,” excluded. This rule of construction we think has no application. A careful perusal of the resolution shows that those items which constituted the fixed charges of the corporation were not set forth. The resolution does not mention wages, insurance, interest, rent, or taxes. The only items specifically mentioned are those as-to which there might be a difference of opinion. These are principally the rates of depreciation to be charged on fixtures, equipment, tools, and buildings, and the rate of return to be set aside on capital employed. These items were not fixed but were matters of opinion and judgment. At the beginning of the year, before any rights had accrued, these items, which might be matters of dispute, were settled.
In the instant case the taxes were set up on an accrual basis on the books of the company, with which the plaintiffs, one assistant manager and the other bookkeeper, must have been familiar., and if they were not familiar it was their duty to familiarize themselves with the basis upon which the net earnings of the company were computed, because it was With reference to those net earnings that they contracted. There is no showing that there was any withholding from either of the plaintiffs of any information which they sought in regard to the basis upon which net earnings were computed. No doubt the plaintiffs, as well as the company, considered the percentage which they were awarded upon the net earnings to be in the nature of a gratuity whatever its legal status might be; hence plaintiffs may not have scrutinized the matter so closely as they would have scrutinized an ordinary salary contract; but it was their duty to do so. Neither the plaintiffs nor the defendant knew or had any means of knowing at the time the contract was entered into what the amount of taxes would be or at what rate they were to be computed. Both parties, however, knew that, under the resolutions and the previous practice of the company, the company was accustomed to set up its [458] taxes on an accrual basis. The fact that the rate of taxation as finally fixed by statute was very much higher than either party contemplated cannot affect the situation.
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Rosenberry, J.
At the outset it is not improper to say . that we have been materially aided in the consideration of this case by the thorough and. careful manner in which it was presented as well as the accurate synopsis or outline of, arguments and the table of cases we find in the briefs of counsel.' Counsel upon both sides have made a conscientious effort to narrow the issues, to the main questions involved by stipulations as to the less important and practically conceded issues. This course cannot be pursued in every case, but where it can be it is very helpful and is to be commended.
The question presented here is, Were the federal income and excess profits taxes properly deductible as an expense incident to the operation of the plant in order to determine the amount of its net earnings? In assigning the reasons for the determination which we have reached, we shall first call attention to some fundamental principles of law. Corporations are the creature of the state and exist with such powers, and such powers only, as the laws of the state of their creation confer upon them. Under the law of this state (sec. 180.13, Stats-.), the management of the corporation is lodged with the directors by virtue of the following statutory declaration:
“The stock, property, affairs and business of every such stock corporation shall be under the care of and be managed by a board of directors, who shall be chosen annually by the stockholders'.- ...”
Except as these very broad powers are limited by other provisions of the statute, by provisions contained in the articles of incorporation, or by action of the stockholders, they are enjoyed to their full extent by the board of directors. Under our law the directors choose the officers, determine the corporate policies, and with the corporate officers determine the scope of corporate activities. The courts will not interfere with the exercise of this managerial power when it is exercised honestly and with discretion. It is not until the power lodged with the corporate officers is abused [456] or .exercised for some unlawful or ulterior purpose, injurious to the corporation or the interests of the stockholders, that the aid of a court of equity may be successfully invoked to control it. Morey v. Fish Bros. W. Co. 108 Wis, 520, 84 N. W. 862; Theis v. Durr, 125 Wis. 651, 659, 104 N. W. 985; Gilchrist v. Highfield, 140 Wis. 476. 123 N. W. 102; Estate of Wells, 156 Wis. 294, 144 N. W. 174.
The question is not to be determined wholly upon a legalistic argument as to the meaning of the words “net earnings.” As was shown conclusively by counsel for plaintiffs, net earnings may mean one thing in one connection and a different thing in another connection. They may receive one interpretation for purposes of taxation, another for dividend purposes, and still another when used in a contract. Here the parties were contracting with reference to the net earnings of a department of a specified corporation. It is certainly within the province of corporate management, in the absence of fraud or abuse of discretion, to fix the basis upon which the net earnings of the corporation are to be determined. Perhaps no function of the management of a corporation requires greater powers of discretion or more wisdom than the doing of that very thing. Many corporations have found themselves insolvent because their management has failed in that particular. It appears quite conclusively that the defendant corporation had been accustomed to set up on its books on an accrual basis an item to cover its taxes, state and federal. This accrual account was covered into surplus, and when the exact amount of the taxes was ascertained the amount was paid out of surplus. There is ho contention that the management acted with any fraudulent purpose or ulterior motive, and, as shown by the statement of facts, before communicating the proposition to the plaintiffs the board of directors set up on the corporate books the basis upon which it was proposed the net earnings should be determined.
It is argued by the plaintiff that having set out some things which were to be deducted from gross earnings and [457] not having included taxes among these items, they are therefore, under the rule “Expressio unins est exchisio alterius,” excluded. This rule of construction we think has no application. A careful perusal of the resolution shows that those items which constituted the fixed charges of the corporation were not set forth. The resolution does not mention wages, insurance, interest, rent, or taxes. The only items specifically mentioned are those as-to which there might be a difference of opinion. These are principally the rates of depreciation to be charged on fixtures, equipment, tools, and buildings, and the rate of return to be set aside on capital employed. These items were not fixed but were matters of opinion and judgment. At the beginning of the year, before any rights had accrued, these items, which might be matters of dispute, were settled.
In the instant case the taxes were set up on an accrual basis on the books of the company, with which the plaintiffs, one assistant manager and the other bookkeeper, must have been familiar., and if they were not familiar it was their duty to familiarize themselves with the basis upon which the net earnings of the company were computed, because it was With reference to those net earnings that they contracted. There is no showing that there was any withholding from either of the plaintiffs of any information which they sought in regard to the basis upon which net earnings were computed. No doubt the plaintiffs, as well as the company, considered the percentage which they were awarded upon the net earnings to be in the nature of a gratuity whatever its legal status might be; hence plaintiffs may not have scrutinized the matter so closely as they would have scrutinized an ordinary salary contract; but it was their duty to do so. Neither the plaintiffs nor the defendant knew or had any means of knowing at the time the contract was entered into what the amount of taxes would be or at what rate they were to be computed. Both parties, however, knew that, under the resolutions and the previous practice of the company, the company was accustomed to set up its [458] taxes on an accrual basis. The fact that the rate of taxation as finally fixed by statute was very much higher than either party contemplated cannot affect the situation.
Our attention is called to- a decision of the federal court for the Eastern district of Wisconsin in the case of Batenburg v. Four Wheel Drive Auto Co. (not yet reported) and to the case of Stanley v. Leary, 120 Misc. 808, 199 N. Y. Supp. 617. The Batenburg Case and the Stanley Case go upon the theory that because under governmental regulations, so called, contingent salaries or bonus payments may be deducted from the earnings before the federal income tax is computed, that fact is determinative of the question. It was conceded in the Batenburg Case that real-estate taxes might be deducted. We perceive no basis upon which it may properly be said that real-estate taxes may be deducted and income and excess profits taxes may not be deducted. The nature of the liability is the-‘same in each case. In the Stanley Case the contract was made long prior to the enactment of the Internal revenue law under which the income and excess profits taxes are levied, and the case goes wholly upon the theory that, because- under the regulation of the internal revenue department the partnership was authorized to deduct contingent salaries, the term “net profits” of the business meant the amount of the earnings before the deduction of federal taxes. The reasoning in this case is to our minds not at all persuasive. The mere fact that the amount of the contingent salary item must be estimated or approximated in order to determine the base upon which the income and excess profits taxes are to be computed, does not affect one way or the other the character of the tax levied as a proper operating charge. If salaries and taxes are proper charges against operation, they remain so without regard to accounting methods. Both items were set up on the books of the company on an accrual basis.
While a tax is not in the ordinary sense a debt (State v. Railway Cos. 128 Wis. 449, 108 N. W. 594) because it lacks the element of contractual obligation, it is nevertheless a [459] liability properly chargeable as an operating expense. Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co. 212 U. S. 19, 29 Sup. Ct 192; People ex rel. Jamaica W. S. Co. v. State Board of Tax Comm'rs, 196 N. Y. 39, 89 N. E. 581.
The tax being a liability, it must be discharged by the company against which it is assessed. The company has no means of discharging it except out of its earnings or capital. We think it would not be claimed for a moment that a corporation was entitled to declare a dividend without regard to its taxes. A set of accounts which in no way reflects the company’s liability with respect to taxes certainly does not exhibit a correct statement as to its financial situation. The tax levied measured the amount properly chargeable to the company for the protection it enjoyed under the government and its contribution necessary to maintain and perpetuate that government. By the very act of operating it became liable for a sum which was- measured by the amount of its earnings after deducting expenses. The corporation had no net earnings until this liability, necessarily incident to its operation, was discharged. The corporate management having determined the basis upon which the net earnings were to be computed and it being the usual and ordinary practice of the company to accrue and deduct its taxes in determining its net earnings, it is considered that the federal income and excess profits taxes were properly deducted as an expense incident to operation in determining the amount of the net earnings under the contract. It has been so held. Patent Castings Syndicate, Ltd. v. Etherington, L. R. [1919] 1 Ch. 306; Galveston E. Co. v. Galveston, 258 U. S. 388, 42 Sup. Ct. 351; Ransom C. M. Co. v. Moody, 282 Fed. 29. See, also, State ex rel. Stern M. Co. v. Tax Comm. 170 Wis. 506, 175 N. W. 931.
In the view which we take of the case it is not necessary for us to consider the effect of the letter dated March 26, 1919.
By the Court. — Judgment in each case is affirmed. Clerk’s fees and one bill of costs to be taxed.