Lewis, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
After stating the facts, he proceeded:
The case turns on the validity and effect of the order of the corporation court of Norfolk, entered on the 21st day of May, 1872. The sole object of the suit in which it was entered was to substitute in the place of the plaintiff, the appellant here, W. H. Burroughs, as trustee in the trust deed of September 26, 1867. But to that suit, Mrs. Barry, a beneficiary in the deed, and one of the appellees, was not a party; and the question is, whether she was bound thereby.
[760]*760It is an undisputed general rule in equity, and applies to suits for the appointment of new trustees, that all persons beneficially interested in the object of the suit must be made parties. Hill on Trustees, § 195. But it has been said to be a rule chiefly of convenience, not founded on any general principle, and subject to qualifications. Judge Story says it is a rule which does not admit of being expounded by the application of any universal theorem as a test; that it is founded partly in artificial reasoning, partly in the solicitude of courts of equity to suppress multifarious litigation, and partly in the dictates of natural justice, that the rights of persons ought not to be affected in any suit without giving them the right to defend them. Story’s Eq. PI. § 76, c. In Calvert on Parties, p. 19 (17 Law Libr. 12), it is said that the rule is founded upon the advantage which all persons interested will derive from the completeness of the decree; or, in other words, it is founded upon convenience; and the same principle guides courts of equity in their mode of putting the rule into operation, as they never allow it to produce any inconvenience which can safely be avoided.” Wiser v. Blachly, 1 Johns. Chy. 437. It has been held in some of the States to be in the discretion of the court, in a proceeding simply for the appointment of a trustee, when security for the faithful performance of the trust is required, as to whom notice shall be given. And in no case, says Prof. Minor, is it necessary to make those persons parties who are entitled “ only to future and very uncertain and contingent interests.” 4 Insts. Pt. II, p. 1246 (2d ed.).
An important enquiry, therefore, is as to the interest of Mrs. Barry under the deed in question. By that deed Chas. W. Wills conveyed to the appellant, as trustee, certain real and personal property, for the uses and purposes therein set out. It was directed that out of the rents and profits the grantor should be provided a suitable maintenance and [761]*761support; and then, by subsequent clauses of tbe deed, it was provided as follows: “ That tbe said uses and trusts in relation to tbe application of tbe said rents and profits, issues and interest, continues until tbe marriage or death of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, whichever event may first happen, and then that same be modified as follows, to-wit: That if tbe said Chas. W. Wills marry, then, upon bis marriage, tbe said Maurice Fitzgibbon (tbe trustee) do bold tbe said property, and any property which may hereafter be acquired by him in tbe execution of tbe trusts of this deed, in trust for tbe proper maintenance and support of tbe said Chas. W. Wills and bis wife and their issue during tbe coverture, due regard being bad to their state and condition. That if the said coverture be determined by tbe death of tbe wife or otherwise, in tbe lifetime of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, then in trust for such maintenance and support of tbe said Chas. W. Wills and bis lawful issue, for and during tbe life of tbe said Chas. W. Wills. That if tbe said coverture be determined by tbe death of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, then in trust for such maintenance and support of tbe wife of tbe said Chas. W. and bis lawful issue during tbe life of the said wife; then, if the said Chas. W. Wilis survive bis said wife, then upon bis death, or if be predecease bis said wife, then upon her death, in trust, to convey tbe said property to such person or persons as be, tbe said Chas. W.oWills, may by bis last will and testament direct and appoint, and in default of such appointment to tbe issue of tbe said marriage, if any, that may be then living; such issue to take according to tbe provisions of tbe law of descents and distributions of tbe State of Virginia. That if tbe said Chas. W. Wills do not marry, then upon bis death, or if having married be die without issue living at bis death, then, upon bis death, or upon thedeatb of bis wife if she survive him, in trust to convey tbe ■ said property to such person or persons as be, tbe said. [762]*762Chas. W. Wills, may hy his last will and testament direct and appoint; and in default of such appointment, to Mary M., the wife of James E. Barry, her heirs, personal representatives and assigns.”
It will thus be seen that Mrs. Barry’s interest was not a vested interest, but was subject to be defeated by the happening of any one of several contingencies, namely, in the ‘event of Wills’ marriage and birth of issue, and also in the •event of his exercising the power of appointment reserved in the deed.
Then, the question is, was Mrs. Barry a necessary party to the suit in question? Under the circumstances, it would seem strange if she was. For why make her a party when already there was a party before the court with ample power to defeat her interest, and who, non constat, would not have defeated it before she could have been brought into the suit ? Surely, if that party were competent to defeat, he was competent to protect' her interest; and rules “founded upon convenience” do not require the doing of a nugatory act. But it is said that Wills was an imbecile, and incapable of performing any valid legal act. That he was a dissipated young man, and, in consequence, weak-minded, there can be no doubt. His weakness of mind was alleged in the bill, and the allegation must be taken as true. The plaintiff, however, acted in good faith, and it was doubtless out of abundant caution that a guardian ad litem was appointed, who answered the bill, as also did Wills himself. But it does not follow, nor is it shown by the record, that he was an imbecile, or a lunatic. On the contrary,' it is shown by the testimony that his mental condition at the time his answer was filed, and the order of substitution was made, was better than when the deed was executed under which the appellee is claiming. A man may be of weak mind, and yet not a lunatic, or incapable of contracting marriage or making a testamentary disposi[763]*763tion of his property. Such instances are of common and every day occurrence. Courts cannot measure the size of people’s capacities, nor examine into the wisdom and prudence of men in disposing of their property. Jarman on Wills, 52. “A man of mean understanding, yea, though he incline to the foolish, is not prohibited to make a testament.” Swinburne, 127-8, cited in Greer v. Greers, 9 Gratt. 330.
The power, therefore, of Wills to have defeated Mrs. Barry’s interest, at the time the appellant was relieved of the trust, is beyond doubt. And such being the nature of her interest, she herself could not have maintained a bill for the removal of the trustee, and so was not a necessary party to the suit. For? to such a bill on her part, Wills would have been a necessary party defendant, and it is well settled that where the interest of the plaintiff may be barred by the defendant, a bill will not lie. In Lord Dursley v. Berkeley, 6 Ves.
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Lewis, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
After stating the facts, he proceeded:
The case turns on the validity and effect of the order of the corporation court of Norfolk, entered on the 21st day of May, 1872. The sole object of the suit in which it was entered was to substitute in the place of the plaintiff, the appellant here, W. H. Burroughs, as trustee in the trust deed of September 26, 1867. But to that suit, Mrs. Barry, a beneficiary in the deed, and one of the appellees, was not a party; and the question is, whether she was bound thereby.
[760]*760It is an undisputed general rule in equity, and applies to suits for the appointment of new trustees, that all persons beneficially interested in the object of the suit must be made parties. Hill on Trustees, § 195. But it has been said to be a rule chiefly of convenience, not founded on any general principle, and subject to qualifications. Judge Story says it is a rule which does not admit of being expounded by the application of any universal theorem as a test; that it is founded partly in artificial reasoning, partly in the solicitude of courts of equity to suppress multifarious litigation, and partly in the dictates of natural justice, that the rights of persons ought not to be affected in any suit without giving them the right to defend them. Story’s Eq. PI. § 76, c. In Calvert on Parties, p. 19 (17 Law Libr. 12), it is said that the rule is founded upon the advantage which all persons interested will derive from the completeness of the decree; or, in other words, it is founded upon convenience; and the same principle guides courts of equity in their mode of putting the rule into operation, as they never allow it to produce any inconvenience which can safely be avoided.” Wiser v. Blachly, 1 Johns. Chy. 437. It has been held in some of the States to be in the discretion of the court, in a proceeding simply for the appointment of a trustee, when security for the faithful performance of the trust is required, as to whom notice shall be given. And in no case, says Prof. Minor, is it necessary to make those persons parties who are entitled “ only to future and very uncertain and contingent interests.” 4 Insts. Pt. II, p. 1246 (2d ed.).
An important enquiry, therefore, is as to the interest of Mrs. Barry under the deed in question. By that deed Chas. W. Wills conveyed to the appellant, as trustee, certain real and personal property, for the uses and purposes therein set out. It was directed that out of the rents and profits the grantor should be provided a suitable maintenance and [761]*761support; and then, by subsequent clauses of tbe deed, it was provided as follows: “ That tbe said uses and trusts in relation to tbe application of tbe said rents and profits, issues and interest, continues until tbe marriage or death of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, whichever event may first happen, and then that same be modified as follows, to-wit: That if tbe said Chas. W. Wills marry, then, upon bis marriage, tbe said Maurice Fitzgibbon (tbe trustee) do bold tbe said property, and any property which may hereafter be acquired by him in tbe execution of tbe trusts of this deed, in trust for tbe proper maintenance and support of tbe said Chas. W. Wills and bis wife and their issue during tbe coverture, due regard being bad to their state and condition. That if the said coverture be determined by tbe death of tbe wife or otherwise, in tbe lifetime of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, then in trust for such maintenance and support of tbe said Chas. W. Wills and bis lawful issue, for and during tbe life of tbe said Chas. W. Wills. That if tbe said coverture be determined by tbe death of tbe said Chas. W. Wills, then in trust for such maintenance and support of tbe wife of tbe said Chas. W. and bis lawful issue during tbe life of the said wife; then, if the said Chas. W. Wilis survive bis said wife, then upon bis death, or if be predecease bis said wife, then upon her death, in trust, to convey tbe said property to such person or persons as be, tbe said Chas. W.oWills, may by bis last will and testament direct and appoint, and in default of such appointment to tbe issue of tbe said marriage, if any, that may be then living; such issue to take according to tbe provisions of tbe law of descents and distributions of tbe State of Virginia. That if tbe said Chas. W. Wills do not marry, then upon bis death, or if having married be die without issue living at bis death, then, upon bis death, or upon thedeatb of bis wife if she survive him, in trust to convey tbe ■ said property to such person or persons as be, tbe said. [762]*762Chas. W. Wills, may hy his last will and testament direct and appoint; and in default of such appointment, to Mary M., the wife of James E. Barry, her heirs, personal representatives and assigns.”
It will thus be seen that Mrs. Barry’s interest was not a vested interest, but was subject to be defeated by the happening of any one of several contingencies, namely, in the ‘event of Wills’ marriage and birth of issue, and also in the •event of his exercising the power of appointment reserved in the deed.
Then, the question is, was Mrs. Barry a necessary party to the suit in question? Under the circumstances, it would seem strange if she was. For why make her a party when already there was a party before the court with ample power to defeat her interest, and who, non constat, would not have defeated it before she could have been brought into the suit ? Surely, if that party were competent to defeat, he was competent to protect' her interest; and rules “founded upon convenience” do not require the doing of a nugatory act. But it is said that Wills was an imbecile, and incapable of performing any valid legal act. That he was a dissipated young man, and, in consequence, weak-minded, there can be no doubt. His weakness of mind was alleged in the bill, and the allegation must be taken as true. The plaintiff, however, acted in good faith, and it was doubtless out of abundant caution that a guardian ad litem was appointed, who answered the bill, as also did Wills himself. But it does not follow, nor is it shown by the record, that he was an imbecile, or a lunatic. On the contrary,' it is shown by the testimony that his mental condition at the time his answer was filed, and the order of substitution was made, was better than when the deed was executed under which the appellee is claiming. A man may be of weak mind, and yet not a lunatic, or incapable of contracting marriage or making a testamentary disposi[763]*763tion of his property. Such instances are of common and every day occurrence. Courts cannot measure the size of people’s capacities, nor examine into the wisdom and prudence of men in disposing of their property. Jarman on Wills, 52. “A man of mean understanding, yea, though he incline to the foolish, is not prohibited to make a testament.” Swinburne, 127-8, cited in Greer v. Greers, 9 Gratt. 330.
The power, therefore, of Wills to have defeated Mrs. Barry’s interest, at the time the appellant was relieved of the trust, is beyond doubt. And such being the nature of her interest, she herself could not have maintained a bill for the removal of the trustee, and so was not a necessary party to the suit. For? to such a bill on her part, Wills would have been a necessary party defendant, and it is well settled that where the interest of the plaintiff may be barred by the defendant, a bill will not lie. In Lord Dursley v. Berkeley, 6 Ves. 251, Lord Eldon refused to entertain a bill on the part of the remainderman to perpetuate testimony against a tenant in tail, on the ground that the plaintiff’s right might be barred by the defendant. And so it is laid down in 1 Dan’l Chy. Prac. p. 317, that ■although a plaintiff may have a present estate or interest, yet if his interest is such that it may be barred or defeated by the act of the defendant, he cannot support a bill. Likewise, Judge Story says, in treating of bills, that it is not every interest which the court will protect, for if it be such an interest as may be immediately barred by the defendant, the court will withhold its assistance; for it would be a fruitless exercise of power. Story’s Eq. PI. § 301.
We have carefully examined the authorities referred to by counsel for appellees, special reference being made to Collins v. Loftus & Co., 10 Leigh, 5, and to Richardson v. Davis, 21 Gratt. 706. They do lay down the general doctrine that in proceedings to affect the interests of cestuis [764]*764que trust, all, to be bound, must be made parties. But none of them apply to the present case. In Collins v. Loftus & Co. there was a decree against the trustees to subject the trust estate to the payment of debts, and it was held that the cestui que trust who was not a party to the suit, was not bound by the decree. In Richardson v. Davis, suit was brought in equity to recover the amount of a policy of life insurance by persons claiming under an assignment by the assured .for their benefit, and it appearing that other-persons were contingently interested in the fund by virtue of a deed of trust by which the assured had conveyed the policy to a trustee, it was held that all the cestuis que trust were necessary parties to the suit. In the present case it was not sought to subject the trust estate or in any way to-» divest the rights of the parties in interest; and, moreover, in none of the cases referred to were the cestuis que trust before the court competent to bar the interest of those who were not.
In the matter of Shepherd’s Trusts, 4 De G. F. and J. 422, it was held that a person contingently interested in a trust fund had a locus standi to file a petition for the appointment of new trustees. But the interest of the petitioner was not liable to be barred by any one or more of the defendants, and, besides, the proceeding was under the trustee act of parliament of 1850. And the same may be said in respect to Hartman's Appeal, 90 Penn. St. 203, also relied on, which was under a statute of Pennsylvania entitled “ An act for the protection of contingent interest,” and can have no bearing on the present case.
It is needless to consider other questions discussed by counsel, as,, for the reasons already stated, the decree muét be reversed and the bill dismissed.
Hinton and Fatjntleroy, J’s, dissented.
Decree reversed.