Mr. Chief Justice Fuller,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
After this case had been pending in the state courts from November 13, 1883, to August 1, 1887; had been tried three times before a jury in the Circuit Court, there being, one verdict for defendants, one for plaintiff and one disagreement; and been heard in various phases three times in the Supreme Court of the State, the application was made for removal. Was this application in time? This question is to be determined upon a proper construction of section 2 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1887, for it is not, and could not be, contended that the right of removal could then have been invoked on the ground of diverse citizenship. The application was filed July 30,1887, and by its terms purported to be made under the act of 1887, to which act the order of the state court referred. Indeed, if subdivision 3 of section 639 of the Revised Statutes were repealed by the act of 1887, or, since some of the defendants were then and at the commencement of the suit citizens of the same State as the plaintiff, if a removal could be had at all, it could only be under the act of 1887.
The Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. c. 20, § 12, pp. 73, 79, provided that a party entitled to remove a cause should file his petition for such removal “at the time of entering his appearance in such state court.” 1 Stat. 79.
The act of July 27, 1866, relating to separable controversies, provided that “ the defendant who is a citizen of a State other than that in which, the suit is brought, may, at any time before the trial or final hearing of the cause, file a petition for ,the removal of the cause,” etc. 14 Stat. 306, c. 288.
The act of March 2-, 1867, relating to removal on the ground of prejudice or local influence, provided that the plaintiff or defendant “ may, at any time before the final hearing or trial
of the suit, file a petition in such state court for the removal of the suit,” etc. 14 Stat. 558, c. 196.
The first subdivision of section 639 of the Revised Statutes was a reenactment of the 12th section of the Judiciary Act; the second subdivision, of the act of July 27, 1866; and the third subdivision, of the act of March 2, 1867; and this subdivision adopted the phraseology of the act of July 27, 1866, namely: “ At any time before the trial or final hearing ” of the suit.
The act of March 3, 1875, said nothing about prejudice or local influence, but provided in the case of diverse citizenship that the party desiring to remove a cause should make and file his petition in the state court “ before or at the term at which said cause could be first tried and before the trial thereof.” 18 Stat. 470, 471, c. 137.
This act repealed the first and second subdivisions of section 639 Of the Revised Statutes, but .left subdivision 3 unrepealed.
Baltimore
&
Ohio Railroad
v.
Bates,
119 U. S. 464, 467.
In
Insurance Company
v.
Dunn,
19 Wall. 214, it was held that the word “final” as used in the phrase “at any time before the final hearing or • trial of the suit ” applied to the word “ trial ” as well as to the word “ hearing.” And it has been often ruled that if the trial court had set aside a verdict and granted a new trial, or if the appellate court had reversed the judgment and remanded the case for trial
de novo,
it was not too late to apply to remove the cause under the act of 1867 and subdivision 3.
Vannevar
v.
Bryant,
21 Wall. 41;
Jifkins
v.
Sweetzer,
102 U. S. 177;
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
v.
Bates,
119 U. S. 464, 467, and cases cited. But these and like decisions were inapplicable to proceedings under the act of 1875, as the petition was thereby required to be filed “ before or at the term at which said cause could be first tried and before the trial thereof.” ' This has been construed to mean the first term at which the cause is in law triable — the first term in which the cause would stand for trial if the parties had taken the usual steps as to pleadings and other preparations ; and it has also been decided that there cannot be- a removal after the hearing.on a demurrer to a complaint be
cause it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
Gregory
v.
Hartley,
113 U. S. 742, 746;
Alley
v.
Nott,
111 U. S. 472;
Laidly
v. Huntington, 121 U. S. 179.
The act of March 3, 1887, 24 Stat. 552, c. 373, and also as •corrected by the act of August 13, 1888, 25 Stat. 433, 435, c. 866, provided that “ any defendant, being such citizen of another State, may remove such suit into the Circuit Court of the United States for the proper district, at any time before the trial thereof, when it shall be made to appear to said Circuit Court that from prejudice or local influence he will not be able to obtain justice in such state court, or in any .other state court to which the said defendant may, under the laws of the State, have the right, on account of such prejudice or local influence, to remove said cause.”
In view of the repeated decisions of this court in exposition of the'acts of 1866, 1867 and 1875, it is not to be doubted that Congress, recognizing the interpretation placed on the word “ final,” in the connection in which it was used in the prior acts, and the settled construction of the act of 1875, deliberately changed the language, “at any time before the final hearing or trial of the suit,” or “at any time before the trial or final hearing of the cause,” to read: “ at any time before the trial thereof,” as in the act of 1875, which required the petition to be filed before or at the term at which the cause could first be tried, and before the trial thereof.
The attempt was manifestly to restrain the volume of litigation pouring into the Federal courts, and to return to the standard of the judiciary act, and to effect this in part by resorting to the language used in the act of 1875, as its meaning had been determined by judicial interpretation. This is the more obvious in view of the fact that the act of March 3, 1887, was evidently intended to restrict the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts, as we have heretofore held.
Smith
v.
Lyon.,
133 U. S. 315;
In re Pennsylvania Company,
137 U. S. 451.
We deem it proper to add that we are of opinion that the act of 1867, or subdivision third of section 639, was repealed by the act of 1887.
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Mr. Chief Justice Fuller,
after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
After this case had been pending in the state courts from November 13, 1883, to August 1, 1887; had been tried three times before a jury in the Circuit Court, there being, one verdict for defendants, one for plaintiff and one disagreement; and been heard in various phases three times in the Supreme Court of the State, the application was made for removal. Was this application in time? This question is to be determined upon a proper construction of section 2 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1887, for it is not, and could not be, contended that the right of removal could then have been invoked on the ground of diverse citizenship. The application was filed July 30,1887, and by its terms purported to be made under the act of 1887, to which act the order of the state court referred. Indeed, if subdivision 3 of section 639 of the Revised Statutes were repealed by the act of 1887, or, since some of the defendants were then and at the commencement of the suit citizens of the same State as the plaintiff, if a removal could be had at all, it could only be under the act of 1887.
The Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. c. 20, § 12, pp. 73, 79, provided that a party entitled to remove a cause should file his petition for such removal “at the time of entering his appearance in such state court.” 1 Stat. 79.
The act of July 27, 1866, relating to separable controversies, provided that “ the defendant who is a citizen of a State other than that in which, the suit is brought, may, at any time before the trial or final hearing of the cause, file a petition for ,the removal of the cause,” etc. 14 Stat. 306, c. 288.
The act of March 2-, 1867, relating to removal on the ground of prejudice or local influence, provided that the plaintiff or defendant “ may, at any time before the final hearing or trial
of the suit, file a petition in such state court for the removal of the suit,” etc. 14 Stat. 558, c. 196.
The first subdivision of section 639 of the Revised Statutes was a reenactment of the 12th section of the Judiciary Act; the second subdivision, of the act of July 27, 1866; and the third subdivision, of the act of March 2, 1867; and this subdivision adopted the phraseology of the act of July 27, 1866, namely: “ At any time before the trial or final hearing ” of the suit.
The act of March 3, 1875, said nothing about prejudice or local influence, but provided in the case of diverse citizenship that the party desiring to remove a cause should make and file his petition in the state court “ before or at the term at which said cause could be first tried and before the trial thereof.” 18 Stat. 470, 471, c. 137.
This act repealed the first and second subdivisions of section 639 Of the Revised Statutes, but .left subdivision 3 unrepealed.
Baltimore
&
Ohio Railroad
v.
Bates,
119 U. S. 464, 467.
In
Insurance Company
v.
Dunn,
19 Wall. 214, it was held that the word “final” as used in the phrase “at any time before the final hearing or • trial of the suit ” applied to the word “ trial ” as well as to the word “ hearing.” And it has been often ruled that if the trial court had set aside a verdict and granted a new trial, or if the appellate court had reversed the judgment and remanded the case for trial
de novo,
it was not too late to apply to remove the cause under the act of 1867 and subdivision 3.
Vannevar
v.
Bryant,
21 Wall. 41;
Jifkins
v.
Sweetzer,
102 U. S. 177;
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
v.
Bates,
119 U. S. 464, 467, and cases cited. But these and like decisions were inapplicable to proceedings under the act of 1875, as the petition was thereby required to be filed “ before or at the term at which said cause could be first tried and before the trial thereof.” ' This has been construed to mean the first term at which the cause is in law triable — the first term in which the cause would stand for trial if the parties had taken the usual steps as to pleadings and other preparations ; and it has also been decided that there cannot be- a removal after the hearing.on a demurrer to a complaint be
cause it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
Gregory
v.
Hartley,
113 U. S. 742, 746;
Alley
v.
Nott,
111 U. S. 472;
Laidly
v. Huntington, 121 U. S. 179.
The act of March 3, 1887, 24 Stat. 552, c. 373, and also as •corrected by the act of August 13, 1888, 25 Stat. 433, 435, c. 866, provided that “ any defendant, being such citizen of another State, may remove such suit into the Circuit Court of the United States for the proper district, at any time before the trial thereof, when it shall be made to appear to said Circuit Court that from prejudice or local influence he will not be able to obtain justice in such state court, or in any .other state court to which the said defendant may, under the laws of the State, have the right, on account of such prejudice or local influence, to remove said cause.”
In view of the repeated decisions of this court in exposition of the'acts of 1866, 1867 and 1875, it is not to be doubted that Congress, recognizing the interpretation placed on the word “ final,” in the connection in which it was used in the prior acts, and the settled construction of the act of 1875, deliberately changed the language, “at any time before the final hearing or trial of the suit,” or “at any time before the trial or final hearing of the cause,” to read: “ at any time before the trial thereof,” as in the act of 1875, which required the petition to be filed before or at the term at which the cause could first be tried, and before the trial thereof.
The attempt was manifestly to restrain the volume of litigation pouring into the Federal courts, and to return to the standard of the judiciary act, and to effect this in part by resorting to the language used in the act of 1875, as its meaning had been determined by judicial interpretation. This is the more obvious in view of the fact that the act of March 3, 1887, was evidently intended to restrict the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts, as we have heretofore held.
Smith
v.
Lyon.,
133 U. S. 315;
In re Pennsylvania Company,
137 U. S. 451.
We deem it proper to add that we are of opinion that the act of 1867, or subdivision third of section 639, was repealed by the act of 1887.
The subject matter of the former acts is substantially cov*
ered by the.latter, and the differences are such as to render the intention of Congress in this regard entirely clear.
Under the previous acts-the right of removal might be exercised by plaintiff as well as defendant; the application was addressed to the state court; there was no provision for the separation of the suit; the ground of removal was based upon what the affiant asserted he had reason to believe and ber lieved; and action on the motion to remand could be reviewed on appeal or writ of error or by mandamuswhile under- the latter act, the right is confined-to the defendant; the application is made to the Circuit Court; the suit may be divided and remanded in part; the prejudice or local influence must be made to appear to the Circuit Court, that is, the Circuit Court must be legally satisfied, by proof suitable to the nature of the case, of the truth of the allegation that, by reason of those causes, the defendant will not be able to obtain justice in the state courts ; and review on writ of error or appeal, or by mandamus is taken away.
In re Pennsylvania Company,
137 U. S. 451;
Maloney. Richmond & Danville Railroad Co.,
35 Fed. Rep. 625.
The reppaling clause in the act of 1887 does not specifically refer to these prior acts, but declares that
“
all laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act, be, and the . same are hereby repealed.” The provisions relating to the subject matter under consideration are, however, so comprehen-' sive, as. well as so variant from those of the former acts, that we think the intention to substitute the one for the other is necessarily to be inferred and. must prevail.
In
King
v.
Cornell,
106 U. S. 395, 396, it was held that subdivision second of section 639 was repealed by the act of 1875, the repealing clause in which was the same as here, and Mr. Chief Justice Waite, delivering the opinion of the court,.said: “ While repeals by implication are not favored, it is well settled that where two acts are not in all respects repugnant, if the. latter act covers the whole subject of the earlier, and embraces new provisions which plainly show that it was intended as a substitute for the first, it will operate as a repeal.” The. rule thus expressed'is applicable,.and is decisive.
Many other questions of interest and importance arise upon this record arid have been, argued by counsel, brit the conclusion at which we have arrived renders their determination unnecessary.
¥e are of opinion that the application for removal came too late. . The judgment must therefore be
Reversed, and the cause remanded to the Circuit
Court,
with a di/rection to remam.d it to the state court.
Me. Justice Hablan, with whom concurred Me. Justice Field, dissenting.
Mr. Justice Field and myself do not concur in the construction which the court places upon the act of 1887.
Section three of that act, requiring the petition for removal to be filed in the state court, “at the time, or at any time before the defendant is required by the laws of the State or the rule of the state court in which such suit is brought to answer or plead to the declaration'or complaint of the plaintiff,” excepts from its operation the cases mentioned in the last clause of section two, namely, those in which a removal is asked
upon the ground of prejudice or local influence.
As to the latter cases, the statute provides that the removal may be had, upon a proper showing, “at any time before the trial.” This means, at any time before a trial in which, by a final judgment, the rights of the parties are determined. Under the act of 1887, there can be no removal, upon the ground of prejudice or local influence, unless it be made to appear to the Circuit Court of the United States that, on account of such prejudice dr local influence, the defendant citizen of another State cannot obtain justice in the state courts. The existence of such prejudice or local influence is often disclosed by a trial in the state court in which the verdict or judgment is set aside. The fact of prejudice or local influence may be established by overwhelming evidence; still, under the decision of the court, there can be no removal if the application for removal be not made before the first trial. "We do not mean to say that when
a trial is in progress the cause- may be removed before its termination, even upon the ground of prejudice or local influence. But, if at the time the application is made the cause is not on trial and is undetermined, that is, has not been effectively-tried, the act of 1887, in our .judgment, authorizes a removal, on proper showing, upon the ground of prejudice or local, influence, although there may. have been a trial, resulting in a verdict which.has been set aside.
The error, we think, in the opinion of the court, is in applying' to the act of 1887 the decisions under the act of 1875. The words in the latter act limiting the time within which the application for a- removal must be made —■
u
before or at the term at which said cause could be
first
tried, and before the trial thereof ” — necessarily meant, as this court has held, the first trial, whether it resulted in a verdict or not, and although the verdict and judgment may have been set aside; because the express requirement was that the application for removal must, in any event, be made before or-
at' the term
at' which said cause
could
be
first
tried. No such requirement is found in.the act of 1887* in respect to cases sought to be removed upon the ground of prejudice or local-influence. While, in respect to all cases of removal except those upon the ground of prejudice or local influence, the latter statute provides that the application shall be made at the time, or at any time before the defendant is required by the laws of the State, or the rule of the state court in which the suit is brought, to answer or plead to the declaration or complaint of- the plaintiff, the removal,
because of prejudice or local infiuence,
maybe applied for “
at any time
before the trial thereof.” This difference in-the language of the two acts mean's,- we think, something more than the court attributes to it. Congress could hardly have intended to give the defendant citizen of another State simply the time between his answering or' pleading, and the calling of his case for. the first trial thereof, to determine whether he should-apply for a removal upon the ground -of prejudice or local influence. In our judgment, it 'meant to give the right of removal, upon such ground, at any time, when the case is not actually on trial, and when there is in force no judgment
fixing the rights of the parties in the suit. If a case is open
for
trial, on the merits, an application for its removal before that trial commences is made “ before the trial thereof.” In our opinion, the interpretation adopted by the court defeats th,e purpose which Congress had in view for the protection of persons sued elsewhere than in the State of which they are citizens.