Benedict, J.,
([after stating the findings as above.) This is the case of a petition instituted under the provisions of March 3, 1887, (24 St. at Large, c. 359, p. 505,) to recover of the United States the sum of $909.20, for services rendered by the petitioner to the United States in taking stenographic notes of the testimony in criminal trials in the circuit and district courts of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. The facts are not in dispute. The evidence shows that the petitioner, since 1882, has been employed continuously in the courts of the United States for the Eastern district of New York to take stenographic notes of the testimony given in criminal cases in those courts. This duty has been performed under the employment and direction of the attorney of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. Up to June, 1885, the petitioner from time to time rendered bills against the United States for his services, which bills were certified by the district attorney, and paid by the treasury department by treasury drafts to the order of the petitioner. On the 24th of June, 1885, a change was made in the office of the attorney for the United States for the Eastern district of New York, and Mark D. Wilber was appointed attorney in place of the former attorney, Mr. A. W. Tenney. Thereafter Mr. Wilber requested the petitioner to continue in the service of the United States aS theretofore, and accordingly upon the request of the attorney the petitioner continued to render his services to the United States at various terms of the court down to the 9th day of December, 1887. For these services down to the 9th day of December, 1887, the petitioner from time to time presented bills to the United States as heretofore. These various bills, which included the items in suit, were from time to time approved and allowed by Mr. Wilber, then United States attorney. No notice was ever given to the petitioner that his services were not required, nor was he informed that his employment was unauthorized; and it was assumed by the United States attorney that the petitioner’s bills, approved and rendered from time to time, were paid as rendered. The evidence shows that the services charged for in these bills were necessary to the proper conduct and economical disposition of criminal cases in the Eastern district of New York. It appears also that the charges made therefor are reasonable and proper, and no objection has been raised to the bills on the ground of amount. On the 31st day of December, 1887, the following communication respecting these bills was addressed to the petitioner by the attorney general:
“ James H. Fish, Esq., New York City, N. Y. — Sir: Yo'ur letter of the 20th inst., with accompanying account, has been shown to me. The account is for services by yourself as stenographer in the United States court at Brooklyn, New York. I liave examined the account thoroughly, and reply as fol[679]*679lows: As there is no previous authority from the department to contract this expense, so far as I can see, I am entirely without authority to allow the claim. Very respectfully, A. H. GarlaND, Attorney General.”
No allowance of the claim has since been made by the attorney general, and the petitioner has for that reason never been paid. Upon these facts I am asked to determine whether or no the United States is liable to the petitioner for the services in question.
In regard to the communication of the attorney general, above set forth, it is to be observed that no opinion is expressed as to the liability of the United States to pay the petitioner. The attorney general simply declined to allow the claim for want of power, and the question presented is whether any allowance of the claim by the attorney general is necessary to create a liability on the part of the United States to the petitioner. The petitioner was employed to render these services by the attorney of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. If the district attorney, in the absence of a direction, to that effect from the attorney general, had authority to employ him, the United States is liable; otherwise not. The powers and duties of an attorney of the United States are described in section 771 of the Revised Statutes as follows:
“It.shall be the duty of every district attorney to prosecute, in his district, all delinquents, for crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States.”
This language seems to me sufficient to authorize the employment by the district attorney of a stenographer to take down the testimony given in court in the course of prosecutions for crimes cognizable under the authority of the United States. Such services, as shown by the evidence, are necessary for the proper conduct of these cases by the district attorney. Without the services of the petitioner the district attorney could not properly conduct the prosecution in question. The authority to prosecute by implication includes authority to secure a record of the testimony given in the prosecution as a necessary incident to the discharge of the duty imposed by law. The attorney of the United States is not a member of the department of justice. He is a separate judicial officer. His powers and duties are defined by the statute above quoted. He is, of course, limited in the exercise of his powers by the law, but. as was held by the supreme court in U. S. v. Macdaniel, 7 Pet. 1, it does not follow that it is necessary to show a statutory provision for everything he does. And as was further said in the same case:
“Whilst the great outlines of the movement of the government may be marked out, and limitations imposed on the exercise of its powers, there are numberless things which must be done that can neither be anticipated nor defined, which are essential to the proper action of the government. Hence, of necessity, usages have been established in every department of the government, which have become a kind of common law, and regulate the rights and cjuties of those who act within their respective limits. And no change of such usage can have a retrospective effect, but must be limited to the future.”
These remarks are pertinent here, because it appears in evidence that for a series of years the authority exercised by the present district at[680]*680torney to employ the stenographer in the prosecution of' criminal suits had been approved by the government, and the petitioner’s bills for compensation therefor rendered from time to time have been paid by the treasury department.
I have been referred to no statute requiring a previous authorization from the attorney general to enable the district attorney to discharge the duties imposed upon him by section 771. No such limitation of the power of the district attorney with reference to the employment of the petitioner is to be derived from the provisions of section 362. By that section the attorney general is authorized to exercise general superintendence and direction over the attorneys and marshals of all districts and territories, as to the manner of discharge of their respective duties, and the section no doubt confers upon the attorney general power to superintend any criminal prosecution instituted by the district attorney, and to direct the district attorney in regard to the method of discharging his duties in any particular prosecution instituted.by him. But it does not, in my opinion, authorize the attorney general to control the action of the district attorney in criminal cases by general regulations.
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Benedict, J.,
([after stating the findings as above.) This is the case of a petition instituted under the provisions of March 3, 1887, (24 St. at Large, c. 359, p. 505,) to recover of the United States the sum of $909.20, for services rendered by the petitioner to the United States in taking stenographic notes of the testimony in criminal trials in the circuit and district courts of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. The facts are not in dispute. The evidence shows that the petitioner, since 1882, has been employed continuously in the courts of the United States for the Eastern district of New York to take stenographic notes of the testimony given in criminal cases in those courts. This duty has been performed under the employment and direction of the attorney of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. Up to June, 1885, the petitioner from time to time rendered bills against the United States for his services, which bills were certified by the district attorney, and paid by the treasury department by treasury drafts to the order of the petitioner. On the 24th of June, 1885, a change was made in the office of the attorney for the United States for the Eastern district of New York, and Mark D. Wilber was appointed attorney in place of the former attorney, Mr. A. W. Tenney. Thereafter Mr. Wilber requested the petitioner to continue in the service of the United States aS theretofore, and accordingly upon the request of the attorney the petitioner continued to render his services to the United States at various terms of the court down to the 9th day of December, 1887. For these services down to the 9th day of December, 1887, the petitioner from time to time presented bills to the United States as heretofore. These various bills, which included the items in suit, were from time to time approved and allowed by Mr. Wilber, then United States attorney. No notice was ever given to the petitioner that his services were not required, nor was he informed that his employment was unauthorized; and it was assumed by the United States attorney that the petitioner’s bills, approved and rendered from time to time, were paid as rendered. The evidence shows that the services charged for in these bills were necessary to the proper conduct and economical disposition of criminal cases in the Eastern district of New York. It appears also that the charges made therefor are reasonable and proper, and no objection has been raised to the bills on the ground of amount. On the 31st day of December, 1887, the following communication respecting these bills was addressed to the petitioner by the attorney general:
“ James H. Fish, Esq., New York City, N. Y. — Sir: Yo'ur letter of the 20th inst., with accompanying account, has been shown to me. The account is for services by yourself as stenographer in the United States court at Brooklyn, New York. I liave examined the account thoroughly, and reply as fol[679]*679lows: As there is no previous authority from the department to contract this expense, so far as I can see, I am entirely without authority to allow the claim. Very respectfully, A. H. GarlaND, Attorney General.”
No allowance of the claim has since been made by the attorney general, and the petitioner has for that reason never been paid. Upon these facts I am asked to determine whether or no the United States is liable to the petitioner for the services in question.
In regard to the communication of the attorney general, above set forth, it is to be observed that no opinion is expressed as to the liability of the United States to pay the petitioner. The attorney general simply declined to allow the claim for want of power, and the question presented is whether any allowance of the claim by the attorney general is necessary to create a liability on the part of the United States to the petitioner. The petitioner was employed to render these services by the attorney of the United States for the Eastern district of New York. If the district attorney, in the absence of a direction, to that effect from the attorney general, had authority to employ him, the United States is liable; otherwise not. The powers and duties of an attorney of the United States are described in section 771 of the Revised Statutes as follows:
“It.shall be the duty of every district attorney to prosecute, in his district, all delinquents, for crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States.”
This language seems to me sufficient to authorize the employment by the district attorney of a stenographer to take down the testimony given in court in the course of prosecutions for crimes cognizable under the authority of the United States. Such services, as shown by the evidence, are necessary for the proper conduct of these cases by the district attorney. Without the services of the petitioner the district attorney could not properly conduct the prosecution in question. The authority to prosecute by implication includes authority to secure a record of the testimony given in the prosecution as a necessary incident to the discharge of the duty imposed by law. The attorney of the United States is not a member of the department of justice. He is a separate judicial officer. His powers and duties are defined by the statute above quoted. He is, of course, limited in the exercise of his powers by the law, but. as was held by the supreme court in U. S. v. Macdaniel, 7 Pet. 1, it does not follow that it is necessary to show a statutory provision for everything he does. And as was further said in the same case:
“Whilst the great outlines of the movement of the government may be marked out, and limitations imposed on the exercise of its powers, there are numberless things which must be done that can neither be anticipated nor defined, which are essential to the proper action of the government. Hence, of necessity, usages have been established in every department of the government, which have become a kind of common law, and regulate the rights and cjuties of those who act within their respective limits. And no change of such usage can have a retrospective effect, but must be limited to the future.”
These remarks are pertinent here, because it appears in evidence that for a series of years the authority exercised by the present district at[680]*680torney to employ the stenographer in the prosecution of' criminal suits had been approved by the government, and the petitioner’s bills for compensation therefor rendered from time to time have been paid by the treasury department.
I have been referred to no statute requiring a previous authorization from the attorney general to enable the district attorney to discharge the duties imposed upon him by section 771. No such limitation of the power of the district attorney with reference to the employment of the petitioner is to be derived from the provisions of section 362. By that section the attorney general is authorized to exercise general superintendence and direction over the attorneys and marshals of all districts and territories, as to the manner of discharge of their respective duties, and the section no doubt confers upon the attorney general power to superintend any criminal prosecution instituted by the district attorney, and to direct the district attorney in regard to the method of discharging his duties in any particular prosecution instituted.by him. But it does not, in my opinion, authorize the attorney general to control the action of the district attorney in criminal cases by general regulations. The supervision and direction contemplated by section 362 must, as I think, be a particular instruction, given in a particular case, and based on the facts of the particular case. To hold -otherwise would in many instances deprive the court of the aid of counsel, learned in the law, which is contemplated by the statute, and Substitute in place of counsel a set of general regulations issued by the attorney general; and in some cases the ends of justice would be defeated by such a practice. A general regulation of the department of justice that all district attorneys should in all cases refuse to consent to any postponement of a trial, should never admit a fact, should always move for the infliction of the extreme penalty of the law, would hardly be upheld. The statute must have some limit; and one proper limitation, as it seems to me, is to require, for the validity of any direction by the attorney general in criminal cases, that it be made in a particular case, and with reference to the duties of the district attorney in that particular case. These remarks are perhaps not required by the facts here before the court, for there is no evidence in this case either of any direction from the attorney general to the district attorney in regard to any of the cases where the testimony was taken down by the petitioner, nor of any general direction instructing district attorneys in the matter of incurring expense in criminal trials. No instruction or direction of the attorney general, of any kind, has been put in evidence. So far as this case stands, therefore, the petitioner’s right to recover rests upon the statutory authority of the district attorney to employ a stenographer, in the absence of any direction or instruction from the attorney general. As before stated, I consider the statutory authority of the district attorney, conferred upon him by section 771, sufficient to authorize the employment of the petitioner in the manner stated. The authority of the district attorney to employ a stenographer in criminal cases seems to me as clearly to be derived from section 771 as his right to subpoena a witness, and thereby render the United'States liable for witness fees.
[681]*681The equity of the petitioner’s case is strong. He rendered the services in question in the same manner in which he had rendered similar services for a long period of time, for which he had always been paid by the, government. No intimation was conveyed to him that his employment was considered irregular. His services were accepted in behalf of the government, and his bills allowed by the district attorney; and then, after receiving the benefit of the services, the government refuse^ to pay him anything because the district attorney had not, before employing him, obtained from the attorney general authority so to do. If it were necessary, such authority in the district attorney, in this instance, could easily be implied from the course of dealing with the petitioner in paying his bills incurred by the former district attorney. But it is not necessary. In my opinion the district attorney was not bound to apply to the attorney general for authority to employ the petitioner; and when, in the absence of any direction from the attorney general, he did employ the petitioner, and accept his services in behalf of the United States, he thereby rendered the United' States liable to pay the reasonable compensation for those services, which the petitioner now claims. As says the supreme court in the case already referred to:
“There may be eases in which, the services having been rendered, a compensation may be made within the discretion of the head of the department; and in that, case the court and jury will do, not what an auditor was authorized to do, but what the head of the department should have done in sanctioning an equitable allowance.”
My opinion is, therefore, that the petitioner is entitled to the relief he asks. A statement of facts as found by me, and of my conclusions of law, required by the statute to be made, is filed with this opinion.