IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0309 Filed June 10, 2015
FIRST AMERICAN BANK and C.J. LAND, L.L.C., Plaintiffs-Appellees,
vs.
FOBIAN FARMS, INC., HOOVER HIGHWAY BUSINESS PARK, INC., and GATEWAY, LTD., Defendants-Appellants. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Ian K. Thornhill,
Judge.
The defendants appeal from the district court’s ruling in action to quiet title.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Gregg Geerdes, Iowa City, for appellants.
Mark A. Roberts, Lynn W. Hartman, and Dawn M. Gibson of Simmons
Perrine Moyer Bergman PLC, Cedar Rapids, for appellees.
Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Doyle, JJ. 2
DANILSON, C.J.
To be or not 2B, that is the question.1 This appeal involves the issues of
whether a deed to unit 2B should be reformed to legally describe unit 2A, and if a
sheriff's deed and related instruments reciting unit 2A should be reformed to
identify unit 2B.
Fobian Farms, Inc., Hoover Highway Business Park, Inc., and Gateway
Ltd. appeal from the district court’s ruling in an action to quiet title, initiated by
C.J. Land, L.L.C. and First American Bank (hereinafter collectively referred to as
the plaintiffs).2 Fobian Farms3 maintains the district court’s ruling to quiet title to
the restaurant site and reform the corresponding legal documents was not
equitable. Fobian Farms also maintains the district court abused its discretion in
assessing sanctions against Fobian Farms for violating the rule governing
certification of motions, pleadings, or other papers.
Because we find there was a mutual mistake made in the expression of
the deed and reformation is an appropriate remedy, we affirm the district court’s
ruling to reform the corresponding legal documents. We modify the district
court’s ruling to grant an easement for the 1.3 foot strip for so long as the current
restaurant building exists rather than what appears to be a forced sale of the
strip. We find the district court did not abuse its discretion in assessing
1 “To be or not to be” originates in William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark 156 (Sylvan Barnet, 2006). 2 Carl Fobian is owner and shareholder of Hoover Highway Business Park, Inc. He is also the president and CEO of Fobian Farms. Fobian Farms deeded its interest in the property in question to Hoover Highway Business Park. At the time of the trial, Carl Fobian had acquired Gateway Ltd. from Jerry Eyman, but Eyman was the president of Gateway during all of the conveyances in question. 3 We refer the group of defendants/appellants as Fobian Farms throughout. We refer to Carl Fobian as Fobian. 3
sanctions. However, because the court failed to make the necessary findings to
determine if the amount of the award is appropriate, we remand to the district
court to make the required specific findings and reconsider the amount of
sanctions awarded.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
This case involves a real estate dispute over units 2A and 2B within a
horizontal property regime—a type of cooperative association.
In a horizontal property regime, there is only one lot. The lot is then
further subdivided into “buildings.” Buildings may be divided into multiple units.
An outside party purchases or leases a unit from the association.4
Jerry L. Eyman was the president of the developer, Gateway Ltd. Eyman
and Gatway Ltd. established the horizontal property regime in question. In the
original 1999 plat of the regime, the two units in dispute—and building 2—were
oriented in an east-west configuration. Unit 2A was placed to the west of unit 2B.
Unit 2A Unit 2B
Building 2: 1999 Plat
The 1999 plat was amended in 2007, which reoriented building 2 to a north-south
configuration, with unit 2A south of unit 2B.
4 The horizontal property regime is governed by Iowa Code chapter 499B (1999). 4
Unit 2B
Building 2: 2007 Plat
Unit 2A
In the 2007 plat, all north-south buildings were aligned alphabetically from north
to south except building 2.
Sometime before 2007, Carl Fobian, president of Fobian Farms, loaned
Eyman and Gateway Ltd. money. To secure his interest, Fobian received the
second mortgage on the unsold buildings of the property regime—including
Building 2. Fobian recorded the mortgage on May 16, 2007. Hills Bank and
Trust held a first mortgage upon the property.
Joe Burnett, president of C.J. Land, met Eyman in 2007 and discussed the
possibility of purchasing a unit in the development to build a restaurant.
In June 2008, Eyman asked Fobian to sign a partial release so C.J. Land
could buy a unit. On June 17, 2008, Fobian signed the partial release, releasing
unit 2B from the second mortgage. The release referenced the 1999 plat, not the
2007 plat. At the time he signed the release, Fobian was aware that C.J. Land
intended to purchase the lot to build a restaurant.
On June 30, 2008, C.J. Land recorded a warranty deed from Gateway Ltd.
Although C.J. Land negotiated with Gateway Ltd. for the southern lot for more 5
exposure to a nearby highway, the deed stated it was for unit 2B and referenced
the legal description from the 1999 plat. C.J. Land then hired Eyman as general
contractor and built a restaurant on the south unit of building 2.
Restaurant Site
Although the unit was 75 feet by 60 feet in size,5 the restaurant was built one foot
longer than the size of the unit. Additionally, a large meat smoker and air
conditioner units were placed outside the footprint of the unit. The restaurant
cost approximately $1.1 million to construct and was substantially complete by
July 31, 2009.
Gateway Ltd. ultimately defaulted on the mortgages secured by the unsold
units in the horizontal property regime, and the bank began a foreclosure action.
Fobian Farms, holding a junior mortgage on the property, was named as a
defendant in the action. Fobian then purchased the bank’s interest and, stepping
into the position previously held by the bank, continued the foreclosure action.
Using a credit bid, Fobian purchased the sheriff’s deed to the unsold property in
the development on July 6, 2010, including unit 2A. Like the previous legal
5 Both units 2A and 2B were 75 feet by 60 feet in size. 6
documents, the sheriff’s deed references the 1999 Declaration recorded in Book
2672, Page 212 in Johnson County, Iowa, without reference to the 2007 plat.
On July 30, 2010, the licensed land surveyors who had prepared and filed
the 2007 plat filed an affidavit, stating, “[S]crivener’s errors have been detected
on the plat and in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 354.24, Code of
Iowa, the following corrections should be substituted: the north unit of building 2
should be 2A not 2B; the south unit of building 2 should be 2B not 2A.”
About one year late—on June 29, 2011—Fobian Farms filed a lawsuit
against the land surveyors for filing the affidavit. The petition alleged that “[t]he
conduct of the defendants in this action constitutes a disparagement or slander of
the title of plaintiff” and asked the court “for judgment against defendants in an
amount sufficient to compensate it for the damages sustained.”
On September 2, 2011, the land surveyors filed an “explanatory and
corrective surveyors’ affidavit.” The purpose of the affidavit was to “withdraw,
negate, and void the [original] Affidavit . . . and return the Unit numbering to the
state in which it existed prior to execution and recording of that Affidavit.” The
lawsuit was subsequently dismissed against the surveyors.
On March 7, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a petition to quiet title and reform
mortgage and deeds. The plaintiffs asked the district court to quiet title to the
property on which they had built the restaurant.
On May 3, 2012, Fobian filed an answer as well as a counterclaim that
alleged C.J. Land had interfered with a prospective business advantage by
building upon land it did not own. Fobian also asserted a third-party cross claim 7
against Eyman for negligent misrepresentation and a similar claim against the
third party Hills Bank & Trust.
C.J. Land and the bank resisted Fobian’s counterclaims and third-party
claims. They also filed motions of summary judgment and a motion for sanctions
against the defendants.
On January 24, 2013, the district court ruled on the motion for summary
judgment, granting both C.J. Land’s and the bank’s motions for summary
judgment and dismissing Fobian’s counterclaims and third-party claims. The
court ordered that the plaintiff’s motion for sanctions would be considered by the
trial judge at the time of trial.
The matter proceeded to a bench trial March 5–7, 2013.
At trial, Eyman testified that part of the reason for amending the
orientation of Building 2 in 2007 was because C.J. Land had approached him
about purchasing land in the development and wanted a site next to the highway
for visibility purposes. He testified that he intended to sell the south unit of
Building 2 to C.J. Land and believed he had done so because he did not realize
the amended plot had incorrectly labeled unit 2B north of unit 2A. Eyman
testified he first learned of the scrivener’s error when Fobian told him in late July
2010. Eyman then immediately asked the surveyors to fix the mistake, and as a
result, they filed the July 30, 2010 affidavit. Eyman also testified that Fobian’s
attorney approached him in June 2011 with handwritten notes from Fobian,
which included a strategy of how Fobian planned to obtain the building on the
restaurant site. Through his attorney, Fobian indicated he would forgive a large
portion of Eyman’s debt if he went along with the strategy, but Eyman refused. 8
Burnett also testified at trial. As president of C.J. Land, he explained he
intended to purchase the south unit in Building 2 and he had “no doubt” he had
done so when he purchased unit 2B. Burnett first met Fobian after the sheriff’s
sale. C.J. Land previously had an agreement with Eyman to use one of the
unpurchased lots for overflow parking and in exchange, C.J. Land maintained the
lot and carried insurance on it. Burnett contacted Fobian within a few days of the
sheriff’s sale to see if the agreement could be continued. Fobian agreed, and his
attorney drew up a contract to memorialize the agreement. They signed the
lease agreement on July 20, 2010. Burnett testified that Fobian did not make
any claims to owning the restaurant at that time. On July 27, 2010, Fobian’s
attorney sent C.J. Land’s attorney a letter stating that Fobian owned lot 2A, which
was the south lot on which the restaurant was built. According to Burnett, this is
the first he learned of the dispute.
Fobian’s attorney, Joseph Keele, testified as well. He testified he and
Fobian discovered that C.J. Land had built on the wrong lot as they were
preparing to go forward with the sheriff’s sale and purchase the mortgages from
the bank. He testified that even though he knew there was a building on the lot,
he did not go inspect the building. He only knew that the auditor’s website
indicated there was a building on the property. Also, even though he knew it was
a possibility someone else had an ownership interest in the piece of property,
neither he nor Fobian were concerned by that.
Fobian testified Eyman had taken him to the development before he
signed the release in order for C.J. Land to buy the unit. He claimed Eyman told
him he needed him to release 2B, the north end of Building 2, so C.J. Land could 9
build a restaurant. He maintains Eyman told him that C.J. Land wanted the north
unit to build the restaurant and then intended to eventually buy the south unit as
well in order to construct a beer tent or patio area. Fobian testified that he saw
C.J. Land building the restaurant on the wrong unit, but he said nothing because,
“It was not [his] business. If they wanted to improve [his] equity, that was none of
[his] business.” He maintained that he would not have purchased the mortgages
from the bank if the restaurant was not included.
Fobian agreed that the first time he met Burnett was when they discussed
the lease for the overflow parking, but Fobian testified he told Burnett, “[W]e now
own the bar and will be wanting some lease payments from it,” at that time. He
admits he never received any lease payments from C.J. Land. Fobian also
testified regarding his handwritten notes setting out his strategy that had been
previously admitted. Fobian agreed he wrote them but testified that he did not
give them to his attorney and, in fact, was unsure how his attorney got them.
Fobian testified he never meant for his attorney to give them to Eyman because
he wrote them for his “personal use.”
On rebuttal, Eyman testified he had never shown Fobian where C.J. Land
intended to construct the restaurant. Eyman also disputed he had told Fobian
that C.J. Land intended to purchase unit 2A at some point in the future to build a
beer garden or patio.
The trial court issued a written ruling on August 28, 2013. The court found
that Eyman and Burnett had credibly testified about their intention to sell and buy,
respectively, the south unit of Building 2. The court also found that the surveyors
had accidentally switched the numbering of Building 2 on the 2007 plat, a fact 10
neither Burnett nor Eyman were aware of—nor should have been aware of—at
the time of the sale. The court also explicitly found that the testimony of Attorney
Keele was not credible. The court stated:
The Fobian Parties either knew that C.J. Land began constructing the restaurant on a parcel owned by Fobian Parties and said nothing, or later discovered the mistake and seek what would amount to a free restaurant. It is undisputed that Mr. Fobian saw the restaurant construction and made no objection during the construction. At best, Mr. Fobian’s conduct could be characterized as inequitable and unfair, and his failure to act at the time the restaurant was being constructed estops him and his business entities from complaining about any resulting encroachment.
Thus, the court quieted the title to the restaurant site with C.J. Land as “absolute
title holder, subject only to the FAB Mortgage and restrictions of record” and
reformed the necessary legal documents. Additionally, the court ordered the
plaintiffs to file, within thirty days, “a written request specifying the amount of
costs and attorney fees they seek in conjunction with the claims they have
successfully stated in this matter.” The court entered judgment in favor of Fobian
and against C.J. Land for the value of the north encroachment, and set the value
at $2101.45.
On September 26, 2013, the plaintiffs filed an application for attorney fees
and expenses. The district court filed a written ruling on February 11, 2014. The
court found that Iowa Code section 649.5 limited the possible award of attorney
fees to the amount of forty dollars. However, the court found that Iowa Rule of
Civil Procedure 1.413 provided another basis of recovery, stating “that the
actions taken by the Fobian Parties in defending against Plaintiffs’ claims and in
filing their own claims were frivolous and used for an improper purpose.” The
court concluded that all of the fees sought by the plaintiffs were reasonable and 11
awarded “attorney fees in the amount of $135,696.50, plus expenses in the
amount of $7,094.53, and expert expenses in the amount of $2,636.44.” 6
Fobian appeals.
II. Standard of Review.
We review the district court’s ruling in a quiet title action de novo.
Stecklein v. City of Cascade, 639 N.W.2d 335, 336 (Iowa 2005). We give weight
to the district court’s findings, but we are not bound by them. Id.
We review a district court’s order imposing sanctions under our rules of
civil procedure for an abuse of discretion. Everly v. Knoxville Cmty. Sch. Dist.,
774 N.W.2d 488, 492 (Iowa 2009). An abuse of discretion occurs “when the
district court exercises its discretion on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable
or to an extent clearly unreasonable.” Schettler v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 509 N.W.2d
459, 464 (Iowa 1993). An erroneous application of the law is clearly untenable.
Waits v. United Fire & Cas. Co., 572 N.W.2d 565, 569 (Iowa 1997). When we
review for an abuse of discretion, we will correct an erroneous application of the
law. Weigel v. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d 277, 280 (Iowa 1991).
III. Discussion.
Fobian Farms maintains the district court’s ruling to quiet title to the
restaurant site in favor of the plaintiffs and reforming the corresponding legal
documents was not equitable. Fobian Farms also maintains the district court
abused its discretion in assessing sanctions against it.
6 The court then deducted the amount C.J. Land owed Fobian for payment of taxes for the restaurant site, which totaled $36,643.00. 12
A. Reformation.
Fobian maintains the district court’s decision to quiet title and reform the
corresponding legal documents was inequitable because the plaintiffs failed to
show that the instruments do not reflect the true intention of the parties and
Fobian had no duty to alert C.J. Land they were building on property it did not
own.
The court, sitting in equity, has the power to grant reformation of an
instrument. Walnut St. Baptist Church v. Oliphant, 135 N.W.2d 97, 101 (Iowa
1965). “Equity is not bound by forms, fiction, or technical rules, but will seek and
determine the true situation.” Hosteng Concrete & Gravel, Inc. v. Tullar, 524
N.W.2d 445, 448 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). “The burden of proof is upon the party
requesting the reformation and the evidence must be clear and convincing.”
Walnut, 135 N.W.2d at 101. The requesting party “has the burden of proving by
clear, satisfactory, and convincing evidence that the contract does not reflect the
true intent of the parties, either because of fraud or duress, mutual mistake of
fact, mistake of law, or mistake of one part and fraud or inequitable conduct on
the part of the other.” Wellman Sav. Bank v. Adams, 454 N.W.2d 852, 855 (Iowa
1999). “The person seeking reformation must also establish that the true
intention of the parties which would be reflected in a reformed document
constituted an undertaking that the parties had the power and capacity to
perform.” Kendall v. Lowther, 356 N.W.2d 181, 187 (Iowa 1984). “In reforming
the instrument, the court does not change the agreement between the parties,
but changes the drafted instrument to conform to the real agreement.” Wellman,
454 N.W.2d at 855. Reformation may be ordered against a party to a deed, “a 13
person in privity with a party, or a person with notice of the relevant facts.” Orr v.
Mortvedt, 735 N.W.2d 610, 613 (Iowa 2007).
1. Issues not preserved. On appeal Fobian Farms has raised several
arguments to reject reformation that were not properly preserved. Specifically,
Fobian Farms contends the district court’s decision is contrary to the Iowa Title
Standards and Iowa law regarding the conveyance of condominiums, the after-
acquired property clauses of the mortgages impose a lien on the southerly lot in
Building 2, and C.J. Land and First American Bank are responsible for their own
negligence in failing to review public records. Because Fobian failed to make
these arguments before the district court and did not include them in their rule
1.904 motion to amend or enlarge, we will not consider them on appeal. See
Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental
doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and
decided by the district court before we will decide on them on appeal.”).
2. Mutual mistake. Although we are not bound by them, we are
persuaded by the district court’s express credibility findings regarding both
Eyman’s testimony he intended to sell and Burnett’s testimony he intended to
buy the southerly unit as a restaurant site. In fact, Eyman stated that part of the
reason the 1999 plat was amended in 2007 was to reorient Building 2 so C.J.
Land could have the south unit with visibility from the highway. Additionally, the
district court expressly found neither Eyman nor Burnett was aware of the
scrivener’s error on the 2007 plat at the time Eyman sought and received
releases from Fobian and the bank holding the senior mortgage. Thus there was
a mutual mistake of fact in the expression of the contract not disputed by the 14
parties to the deed. See Nichols v. City of Evansdale, 687 N.W.2d 562, 570–71
(Iowa 2004) (holding reformation is proper when the mistake—mutual or
unilateral—was made drawing the instrument). We also note that the mistake
was not limited to the unit but also to the reference to the 1999 plat in all
conveyances.
In respect to the claim of negligence, one authority has noted:
It has been said that mere negligence in executing or accepting a written contract is not a bar to reformation where the ground for relief is mutual mistake. Mistakes nearly always presuppose negligence, and so it is evident that the rule which permits reformation on the ground of mutual mistake does not contemplate that mere negligence will bar an action for reformation. More precisely, it is held that a failure to exercise care and caution when executing or accepting a written instrument is not a defense to reformation where the neglect or omission has not harmed the person against whom relief is sought, but where the neglect has resulted in harm to the other party, reformation will be denied.
M.L. Cross, Negligence in Executing Contract as Affecting Right to Have it
Reformed, 81 A.L.R.2d 7 (1962).
3. Intention of parties. Fobian Farms maintains the plaintiffs were not
entitled to reformation because they failed to prove the instruments do not reflect
the true intent of the parties.7 Here, some of the difficulty lies with the fact that
7 In passing, Fobian wrongly maintains that the plaintiffs’ exclusive remedy was to file a claim pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 560, which deals with the rights of occupying claimants. As stated in section 560.1, chapter 560 only applies when “an occupant . . . has in good faith made valuable improvements thereon, and is thereafter adjudged not to be the owner.” Here, the only party that made improvements to any land was C.J. Land, and it had an honest belief in its ownership of the southerly unit. In re Estate of Waterman, 847 N.W.2d 560, 571–72 (Iowa 2014) (holding that under chapter 560, an occupant need only have a subjective belief it owned the property upon which improvements are made.) 15
the district court reformed seven documents which were completed at different
times and between various parties.8
Fobian Farms argues that without testimony from a representative from
the banks, there is no way to know what they intended at the time they released
Eyman and Gateway Ltd. from the mortgage on unit 2B and whether they were
laboring under the same mistake. However, Fobian Farms can only recover, or
in this case, defend, on the strength of its own title, not on the weakness of the
plaintiffs. See Jacobs v. Miller, 111 N.W.2d 673, 674 (Iowa 1961). Thus, Fobian
Farms cannot rely upon defenses of other parties to support its claim.
Moreover, our supreme court has stated that reformation may be granted
against a party with notice of the relevant facts as long as the party is not an
innocent third person. Orr, 735 N.W.2d at 613.9 We also observe one authority
has recited the general rule:
If a mistake of description occurs in a series of conveyances under circumstances that would entitle any one of the vendees to a reformation as against the immediate vendor, equity will work back through all and give the last vendee a right of reformation against the original vendor. Where the same mutual mistake has been repeated in each one of a chain of conveyances, under such circumstances as to entitle any one of the vendees to a reformation as against his immediate vendor, the equity will work back through all and entitle the last vendee to a reformation against the original grantor.
8 The district court reformed (1) the partial release of real estate mortgage by Fobian to Gateway Ltd. and Eyman, (2) the partial release of real estate mortgage from the bank to Gateway Ltd. and Eyman, (3) the warranty deed from Gateway Ltd. to C.J. Land, (4) mortgage executed by C.J. Land to its bank, (5) the assignment of mortgages from the bank to Fobian, (6) the sheriff’s deed for unit 2A to Fobian, and (7) the warranty deed from Fobian to Hoover Highway Business Park. 9 We also note Gateway, a party to the deed and this action, was also in privity with both C.J. Land and Fobian Farms. 16
M.C.D., Right of Present Claimant of Title as against Original or Intermediate
Grantor to Reformation to Correct Error in Description Common to Conveyances
in Chain of Title, 89 A.L.R. 1444 (1934) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted); see, e.g., Stewart v. Brand, 23 Iowa 477 (1867) (holding that the
mortgagee of a devisee of land that had been deeded to the testatrix by her
husband could have a mistake in the description of the deed reformed).
4. Bona fide purchaser—innocent third party. Fobian Farms is not
entitled to protection as a bona fide purchaser or innocent third person under
these facts. Fobian Farms concedes in its brief that uncontradicted testimony of
Carl Fobian and his attorney establishes that they knew the restaurant was on
unit 2A before the sheriff’s sale. Because Fobian also knew that he signed a
release for unit 2B and knew of C.J. Land’s intent to build a restaurant on the site
it purchased, Fobian Farms was aware of the mutual mistake between C.J. Land,
Eyman, and Gateway. In fact, Fobian Farms maintains it was its intent to take
advantage of the mistake to its financial gain. Thus, Fobian Farms has actual
notice of C.J. Land’s outstanding claim to the property and improvements prior to
the sheriff’s sale. See Waterman, 847 N.W.2d at 571–72 (“In quiet title
scenarios, the good faith standard requires a purchaser to show the purchase
was made without either actual or constructive notice of existing rights in the
property.” (Internal quotation marks omitted)). The same principle applies to
conveyance by a sheriff’s deed. Moser v. Thorp Sales Corp., 256 N.W.2d 900,
911 (Iowa 1977).
5. Remedy. To deny the plaintiffs reformation of Fobian Farms’ sheriff’s
deed as well as the subsequent deed to Fobian’s other corporate entity, Hoover 17
Highway Business Park, would result in a windfall to Fobian and his two
corporate entities. Fobian Farms held a second mortgage to the entire Building 2
and agreed to a mortgage release of one of the units for the sole purpose that
the unit could be sold and a restaurant built upon it. Fobian insisted on a partial
payment towards the mortgage before executing the release in June 2008, more
than two years before receiving the sheriff’s deed. The evidence reflects that
before the restaurant was built, both units had approximately the same value and
now the southerly lot has a restaurant built upon it and is valued at approximately
$1.1 million. We affirm the relief granted to reform all instruments identified by
the district court.
B. Encroachment.
Although Fobian Farms’ pleadings fail to raise the issue regarding the
encroachments, we deem this issue litigated by consent.
Fobian Farms maintains it had no duty to alert C.J. Land it was building on
land it did not own and it cannot be held negatively accountable for failing to do
so. Here, the district court cited case law for the proposition that a party may be
estopped from complaining about a resulting encroachment if they knew of the
encroachment at the time the neighbor built valuable improvements and failed to
object. See Ivener v. Cowan, 175 N.W.2d 121, 124 (Iowa 1970). However, the
district court did not find Fobian Farms was estopped from asserting its claim.
The court did not hold Fobian Farms negatively accountable for failing to warn
C.J. Land it was building on property it did not own.
However, at the time the restaurant was substantially completed in July
2009, it encroached upon the northerly unit, and the current owner was Gateway. 18
Further, as we have stated previously, “the purchaser at a sheriff’s sale acquires
title subject to any defects for which he may be on notice.” JP Morgan Chase
Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Hawkins, No. 10-1015, 2011 WL 662671, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.
Feb. 23, 2011) (citing Hamsmith v. Espy, 19 Iowa 444, 446 (1865) (“The law
proclaims in the ears of all who propose to buy—caveat emptor, and look out,
take notice, beware of the title for which you bid.”)). The sheriff only sells the
interest or estate of the judgment debtor. Hamsmith, 19 Iowa at 446.
Although Fobian Farms should have been put on notice of the
encroachment before the sheriff’s sale, there is no evidence Fobian Farms had
actual notice of the encroachment, and based upon his intention to take
advantage of the mistaken description, Fobian thought it was buying the unit with
the restaurant. Further, the plaintiffs have challenged the award of damages for
the encroachment on appeal.
As our supreme court has noted, “[F]ail[ing] to remove from the land a
thing which [a person] is under a duty to remove” constitutes a trespass. Nichols,
687 N.W.2d at 572 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 158(c) (1982)). The
supreme court also noted that where injunctive relief is not warranted, damages
may be awarded in an “amount of the diminution in value of the property value
caused by the encroachment or the cost to remove the encroachment.” Nichols,
687 N.W.2d at 573.
Here the cost of removing the encroachment far exceeds the diminution of
value to the property. Joe Burnett, president of C.J. Land, testified it would be
cheaper to bulldoze the building and start over than to attempt to remove the
encroachment. 19
The damages assessed were reasonable and only challenged by Fobian
Farms on appeal. However, we modify the district court’s ruling to grant an
easement for the 1.3 foot strip for so long as the current restaurant building exists
rather than what appears to be a forced sale of the strip.
C. Sanctions.
On appeal,10 Fobian Farms maintains the district court abused its
discretion in assessing approximately $145,000 sanctions against Fobian Farms,
Hoover Highway Business Park, Inc., and Gateway, Ltd. for violation of Iowa
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413(1). Fobian Farms maintains the court abused its
discretion because (1) the claims and defenses of Fobian were not frivolous,
(2) the court considered inappropriate factors in assessing the sanction, and
(3) the court failed to make the necessary findings to justify the sanctions. In the
alternative, Fobian Farms maintains that even if Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure 1.413 was applicable, the amount of sanctions is not appropriate and
the sanctions should have only been assessed against Fobian Farms’ trial
counsel.
Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413 provides, in pertinent part:
Counsel’s signature to every motion, pleading, or other paper shall be deemed a certificate that: counsel has read the motion, pleading, or other paper; that to the best of counsel's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith
10 The proper method of review of the imposition of sanctions is by writ of certiorari. Mathias v. Glandon, 448 N.W.2d 443, 445 (Iowa 1989). “[A]lthough this action is styled as an appeal, we treat it as a petition for a writ of certiorari to the extent it challenges the aware of sanctions in this matter.” Everly, 774 N.W.2d at 492; see also Iowa R. App. P. 6.108 (“If any case is initiated by a notice of appeal . . . and the appellate court determines another form of review was the proper one, the case shall not be dismissed, but shall proceed as though the proper form of review had been requested.”). 20
argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law; and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or cause an unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. If a motion, pleading, or other paper is not signed, it shall be stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is called to the attention of the pleader or movant. If a motion, pleading, or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the motion, pleading, or other paper, including a reasonable attorney fee. The signature of a party shall impose a similar obligation on such party.
In an in-depth discussion of the rule, our supreme court stated:
The rule creates three duties known as the “reading, inquiry, and purpose elements.” Each duty is independent of the others, and a breach of one duty is a violation of the rule. If a document is signed in violation of rule 1.413, the court is required to impose an appropriate sanction. Compliance with the rule is determined as of the time the paper is filed. Counsel’s conduct is measured by an objective, not subjective, standard of reasonableness under the circumstances. “The test is ‘reasonableness under the circumstances,’ and the standard to be used is that of a reasonably competent attorney admitted to practice before the district court.” The reasonableness of the signer's inquiry into the facts and law depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (a) the amount of time available to the signer to investigate the facts and research and analyze the relevant legal issues; (b) the complexity of the factual and legal issues in question; (c) the extent to which pre-signing investigation was feasible; (d) the extent to which pertinent facts were in the possession of the opponent or third parties or otherwise not readily available to the signer; (e) the clarity or ambiguity of existing law; (f) the plausibility of the legal positions asserted; (g) the knowledge of the signer; (h) whether the signer is an attorney or pro se litigant; (i) the extent to which counsel relied upon his or her client for the facts underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper; (j) the extent to which counsel had to rely upon his or her client for facts underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper; and (k) the resources available to devote to the inquiries. One of the primary goals of the rule is to maintain a high degree of professionalism in the practice of law. The rule is intended to discourage parties and counsel from filing frivolous suits and otherwise deter misuse of pleadings, motions, or other 21
papers. Sanctions are meant to avoid the general cost to the judicial system in terms of wasted time and money. “The ‘improper purpose’ clause seeks to eliminate tactics that divert attention from the relevant issues, waste time, and serve to trivialize the adjudicatory process.” However, a party or his attorney need not act in subjective bad faith or with malice to trigger a violation. A party or his attorney cannot use ignorance of the law or legal procedure as an excuse. The rule “‘was designed to prevent abuse caused not only by bad faith but by negligence and, to some extent, professional incompetence.’”
Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Court for Polk Cnty., 765 N.W.2d 267, 273 (Iowa 2009)
(internal citation omitted).
Fobian Farms maintains their claims were not frivolous because “Fobian
Farms held valid, non-frivolous claims to the property on which C.J. Land
wrongfully build its restaurants” and “had the right to defend itself against C.J.
Land’s quiet title action.” Fobian Farms also asserts that because C.J. Land
undisputedly built outside the unit, even if the dispute over the orientation of units
A and B did not exist, there would still have been the issue of encroachment to
be decided. Fobian Farms points out that the district court entered judgment for
$2101.45 in its favor on the encroachment issue.
In its ruling on attorney fees, the district court stated:
It is clear to the Court, especially considering the testimony of Mr. Fobian and Attorney Keele, that the actions of the Fobian Parties in defending against Plaintiff’s claims and asserting [sic] Fobian Parties’ [sic] claims were of the type that Rule 1.413 was intended to address. Based on the Court’s assessment of the testimony offered at trial, there is a high likelihood that the Fobian Defendants saw the mistake in the property descriptions as an opportunity to get a free restaurant. Rather than work with the Plaintiffs to rectify the mistake before this litigation was filed, the Fobian Defendants instead chose to pursue improper claims that delayed this process and wasted the resources and times of the parties, and required the use of extensive resources by the Court to resolve the issues presented by this action. 22
Fobian Farms argues that because the claims were based on recognized causes
of actions, they cannot be frivolous. However rule 1.413 requires that the claims
are “well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith
argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law; and that it is
not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or cause an
unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.” (Emphasis
added.)
Here, the district court found that Fobian Farms’ claims were made for
“improper purpose” and were not “well grounded in fact.” In support of sanctions,
we note after the mistake was discovered, Eyman asked the surveyors to correct
the scrivener’s error and they complied by filing an affidavit correcting the
mistake, but Fobian bullied the surveyors with litigation until they recanted their
affidavit. Additionally, Fobian asked Eyman to help him with his improper plan of
claiming ownership of the restaurant and offered to reduce Eyman’s outstanding
debt if he did so. Fobian then tried to “make someone pay” by the initiation of his
claims after this action was initiated.
Fobian Farms next maintains the district court considered an improper
factor when assessing the award because the court referred to its failure to work
with the plaintiffs to rectify the mistake. Fobian Farms cites Kendall v. Lowther,
356 N.W.2d 181, 191 (Iowa 1984), for the proposition that failure to settle is not
proper grounds for assessing fees. In Kendall, the court stated, “While we
encourage parties to negotiate fair settlements, we will not penalize those who
prefer a final judicial determination of their rights.” 356 N.W.2d at 191. However,
the court was considering the defendant’s claim that the district court erred in 23
assessing the plaintiffs’ attorney fees against them because the plaintiffs “had
taken an unreasonable bargaining position during pre-settlement discussions.”
Id. The court explicitly found that there was no question the plaintiffs brought
their claim in good faith. Id. Here, the district court was not penalizing Fobian
Farms for refusing to settle, but rather for asserting counterclaims and third-party
claims which were not brought in good faith.
Fobian Farms also contends the district court failed to make the necessary
findings in order to assess sanctions. The district court is required “to determine
the appropriate amount of a sanction after making specific findings as to (1) the
reasonableness of the opposing party’s attorney’s fees; (2) the minimum to deter;
(3) the ability to pay; and (4) factors related to the severity of the violation.”
Rowedder v. Anderson, 814 N.W.2d 585, 590 (Iowa 2012) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Here, the district court found that all of the plaintiffs’ attorney
fees were reasonable and ordered Fobian Farms to pay them in their entirety.
However, the court did not consider the minimum to deter nor the parties’ ability
to pay. In fact, the record does not contain evidence of any of the three parties’
ability to pay the $145,000 award.
While we do not find the district court abused its discretion in assessing
sanctions, the district court did not make the specific findings necessary to
determine whether the amount of the sanctions are appropriate. One of the
difficulties here is that not all of Fobian’s claims were against the plaintiffs, and
the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover their attorney fees for any improper claims
brought against other parties except to the extent additional time was expended
by counsel during pretrial proceedings where the plaintiffs were required to also 24
participate. Moreover, some time would have been expended on this suit
notwithstanding the actions of Fobian, and there is no explanation of how much
approximated time was expended by the plaintiffs’ counsel to address any
unwarranted claim or pretrial proceedings, or any needless extension of the time
in trial. We also note the encroachment issue was meritoriously decided in favor
of Fobian. There is also no delineation between the three sanctioned parties or
explanation how or why each should be separately sanctioned. Thus, we
remand to the district court to make the required specific findings and reconsider
the amount of sanctions awarded. See Everly, 774 N.W.2d at 495–96
(remanding to the district court to make specific findings and award sanctions
consistent with those findings).
IV. Conclusion.
Because we find there was a mutual mistake made in the expression of
the deed and reformation is an appropriate remedy, we affirm the district court’s
ruling to reform the corresponding legal documents. We modify the district
court’s ruling to grant an easement for the 1.3 foot strip for so long as the current
restaurant building exists rather than what appears to be a forced sale of the
strip. We find the district court did not abuse its discretion in assessing
sanctions. However, because the court failed to make the necessary findings to
determine if the amount of the award is appropriate, we remand to the district
court to make the required specific findings and reconsider the amount of