Walker, J,
The discussion of this case by counsel has taken a very wide range, and many interesting questions of law are raised upon the record. Most of these questions, however, have been decided in other cases by this court from time to time, and their redecision now is not considered necessary to the proper disposition of this-case.
The following points may be noticed :
1. Did the District Court err in sustaining plaintiff’s-exceptions t<5 defendant’s plea in abatement ?
2. Did the District Court err in sustaining exceptions of the plaintiff to defendant’s answer, and striking out the same, save the general denial ?
3. Did the court err in refusing or giving charges to the jury?
4. Was there error in the verdict of the jury, or in the-judgment of the court rendered upon said verdict?
We are of opinion the plea in abatement, under all the circumstances and facts in this case, was properly overruled. The plea was not directed to any suit filed by Theodore B. Green, but to the petition of Walter Merriman, the administrator of Green’s estate. A petition had been filed in December, 1870, in the name of Theodore B. Green v. George P. Finlay, executor of J. J. Hoit’s will, but Finlay was not served with process until March, 1872, and this process cited him to answer the petition of Merriman.
[60]*60If suit was filed- by mistake or otherwise in the name of Green after his death, Merriman, his administrator, should have been ruled to the payment of all costs before being permitted to carry on the suit as Green’s administrator, and certainly it would be necessary that new process •should be served on the defendant , in the name of the proper party, and this appears to have been done.
The plea in abatement might have been to the jurisdiction of the court, to the person of the plaintiff or defendant, to the writ, or to the subsequent pleadings; but we •do not think it would have been good if urged for any of these causes. As to the plea of three months limitation, we think this case is settled by Woods v. McMeans, 23 Texas, 486, and Pleasants v. Davidson, 34 Texas, 459.
Under these decisions the court did not err in ruling out this plea.
We now come to consider the ruling of the court on the plaintiff in error’s special answer, and our conclusion upon this point of the case will probably render its further discussion unnecessary.
We must here refer to some matters of history con-nected with the origin of this case. At the spring term -of the District Court of D'e Witt county, for the year 1854, ■ one Cardwell, the guardian of John Kellogg, minor, filed Ms petition for partition of the estate of George W. and Rebecca Davis, deceased. From this petition it appeared "that the heirs' of Susan Green, residents of the State of Kentucky, were entitled to parts of the estate; that Theodore B. Green was the surviving husband of Susan; "that she left as heirs of her body Margaret A., John H., Harriet 1ST., Sydney R., and Luzelle A. Green, all minors. At the succeeding term of the court the late Hon. J. J. Holt was appointed guardian ad litem of the minor Greens •and attorney of Theodore B. Green, their father.
Proceedings in this case were conducted to partition of [61]*61the estate and sale. The sale was made by a commissioner in 1855. The share of the Greens in the proceeds of the sale amounted to a little over $3000, for which two notes were given in an equal amount, secured by a mortgage to Holt, the guardian ad litem.
The court appeared to have made a special order that the notes and mortgage be made and delivered to Holt,, who should collect the money, pay all the costs and expenses chargeable to the Greens, and pay the residue to them. 9
The notes having matured, Judge Holt placed them in the hands of Messrs. Wm. H. and Thomas E. Stewart, attorneys at law, for collection. The Stewarts collected the money in the year 1860, amounting to about $4600. Holt was not notified of the collection of the money until several months after it had passed into the hands of his attorneys.
About the first of September, 1860, he called upon them and demanded the money, which they failed, and have ever since failed, to pay over. These are substantially the facts averred in the special answer, to which exception was taken, and the exception sustained by the court and the answer ruled out.
Upon this ruling of the court the case must stand or fall. The answer contained a meritorious defense, and the defendant should have been permitted to offer his evidence under it.
We do not thus positively decide this question, as it is one of grave importance, without mature consideration and diligent research. We find no cases cited in the appellee’ s brief precisely applicable to the facts in this case. Holt was made, by the order of the court and his acceptance of the trust, a trustee for the heirs of Susan Green. His duties under the appointment required of him no more than ordinary diligence. There is not an insinuation [62]*62that Judge Holt has ever acted in bad faith in the premises. A trustee is not held to infallibility of judgment. Men of much less ability than Judge Holt are often called upon to act as trustees for minors, married women, and others whose funds are necessarily held by others in trust for their use, and to all such persons the courts, as is Said in Thompson v. Brown, 4 Johnson’s Chancery, 629, will extend great tenderness where it is clear that good faith has been observed.
The leading English case on [his subject is that of Knight v. The Earl of Plymouth, reported in 3 Atkyn, 480. In this case Lord Hardwicke puts the case of a trustee who, holding funds in trust, invests the money in the public funds, which afterwards sink in value, or takes a security apparently good at the time, but which proves worthless. He says, there is no case in which, in the absence of malafldes, the trustee has been held liable, and it is to this case that the remarks of Justice Story, in his Equity Jurisprudence, page 705, 5th edition, apply, and certainly he does not condemn the doctrine laid dawn by Lord Hardwicke, though he says, “The true results of the considerations here presented would seem to be, that when a trustee has acted with good faith in the exercise of a fair discretion, and in the same manner he would ordinarily do in regard to his own property, he ought not to be held responsible for any losses accruing in the management of the trust property; on the contrary, courts of equity have laid down some artificial rules for the exercise of the discretion of trustees which import extraor-' dinary diligence and vigilance in the management of the trust property.”
We do not understand Justice Story to approbate these artificial rules so laid down by equity courts. The authorities cited in appellant’s brief, Stannard v. Ullithorne, 10 Bing., 491; 4 Moore & S., 359; Jacaud v. French, 12 [63]*63East, 317; and Sherman & Redfield, Sec. 225, seem to contain, some of thése artificial rules, but we will not apply them to this case. There are many facts in the late history of the country which we are asked,- and properly so, to consider in connection with this case.
At the time Holt placed the notes and mortgage in the hands of the Stewarts for collection they were regarded •as safe and solvent attorneys.
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Walker, J,
The discussion of this case by counsel has taken a very wide range, and many interesting questions of law are raised upon the record. Most of these questions, however, have been decided in other cases by this court from time to time, and their redecision now is not considered necessary to the proper disposition of this-case.
The following points may be noticed :
1. Did the District Court err in sustaining plaintiff’s-exceptions t<5 defendant’s plea in abatement ?
2. Did the District Court err in sustaining exceptions of the plaintiff to defendant’s answer, and striking out the same, save the general denial ?
3. Did the court err in refusing or giving charges to the jury?
4. Was there error in the verdict of the jury, or in the-judgment of the court rendered upon said verdict?
We are of opinion the plea in abatement, under all the circumstances and facts in this case, was properly overruled. The plea was not directed to any suit filed by Theodore B. Green, but to the petition of Walter Merriman, the administrator of Green’s estate. A petition had been filed in December, 1870, in the name of Theodore B. Green v. George P. Finlay, executor of J. J. Hoit’s will, but Finlay was not served with process until March, 1872, and this process cited him to answer the petition of Merriman.
[60]*60If suit was filed- by mistake or otherwise in the name of Green after his death, Merriman, his administrator, should have been ruled to the payment of all costs before being permitted to carry on the suit as Green’s administrator, and certainly it would be necessary that new process •should be served on the defendant , in the name of the proper party, and this appears to have been done.
The plea in abatement might have been to the jurisdiction of the court, to the person of the plaintiff or defendant, to the writ, or to the subsequent pleadings; but we •do not think it would have been good if urged for any of these causes. As to the plea of three months limitation, we think this case is settled by Woods v. McMeans, 23 Texas, 486, and Pleasants v. Davidson, 34 Texas, 459.
Under these decisions the court did not err in ruling out this plea.
We now come to consider the ruling of the court on the plaintiff in error’s special answer, and our conclusion upon this point of the case will probably render its further discussion unnecessary.
We must here refer to some matters of history con-nected with the origin of this case. At the spring term -of the District Court of D'e Witt county, for the year 1854, ■ one Cardwell, the guardian of John Kellogg, minor, filed Ms petition for partition of the estate of George W. and Rebecca Davis, deceased. From this petition it appeared "that the heirs' of Susan Green, residents of the State of Kentucky, were entitled to parts of the estate; that Theodore B. Green was the surviving husband of Susan; "that she left as heirs of her body Margaret A., John H., Harriet 1ST., Sydney R., and Luzelle A. Green, all minors. At the succeeding term of the court the late Hon. J. J. Holt was appointed guardian ad litem of the minor Greens •and attorney of Theodore B. Green, their father.
Proceedings in this case were conducted to partition of [61]*61the estate and sale. The sale was made by a commissioner in 1855. The share of the Greens in the proceeds of the sale amounted to a little over $3000, for which two notes were given in an equal amount, secured by a mortgage to Holt, the guardian ad litem.
The court appeared to have made a special order that the notes and mortgage be made and delivered to Holt,, who should collect the money, pay all the costs and expenses chargeable to the Greens, and pay the residue to them. 9
The notes having matured, Judge Holt placed them in the hands of Messrs. Wm. H. and Thomas E. Stewart, attorneys at law, for collection. The Stewarts collected the money in the year 1860, amounting to about $4600. Holt was not notified of the collection of the money until several months after it had passed into the hands of his attorneys.
About the first of September, 1860, he called upon them and demanded the money, which they failed, and have ever since failed, to pay over. These are substantially the facts averred in the special answer, to which exception was taken, and the exception sustained by the court and the answer ruled out.
Upon this ruling of the court the case must stand or fall. The answer contained a meritorious defense, and the defendant should have been permitted to offer his evidence under it.
We do not thus positively decide this question, as it is one of grave importance, without mature consideration and diligent research. We find no cases cited in the appellee’ s brief precisely applicable to the facts in this case. Holt was made, by the order of the court and his acceptance of the trust, a trustee for the heirs of Susan Green. His duties under the appointment required of him no more than ordinary diligence. There is not an insinuation [62]*62that Judge Holt has ever acted in bad faith in the premises. A trustee is not held to infallibility of judgment. Men of much less ability than Judge Holt are often called upon to act as trustees for minors, married women, and others whose funds are necessarily held by others in trust for their use, and to all such persons the courts, as is Said in Thompson v. Brown, 4 Johnson’s Chancery, 629, will extend great tenderness where it is clear that good faith has been observed.
The leading English case on [his subject is that of Knight v. The Earl of Plymouth, reported in 3 Atkyn, 480. In this case Lord Hardwicke puts the case of a trustee who, holding funds in trust, invests the money in the public funds, which afterwards sink in value, or takes a security apparently good at the time, but which proves worthless. He says, there is no case in which, in the absence of malafldes, the trustee has been held liable, and it is to this case that the remarks of Justice Story, in his Equity Jurisprudence, page 705, 5th edition, apply, and certainly he does not condemn the doctrine laid dawn by Lord Hardwicke, though he says, “The true results of the considerations here presented would seem to be, that when a trustee has acted with good faith in the exercise of a fair discretion, and in the same manner he would ordinarily do in regard to his own property, he ought not to be held responsible for any losses accruing in the management of the trust property; on the contrary, courts of equity have laid down some artificial rules for the exercise of the discretion of trustees which import extraor-' dinary diligence and vigilance in the management of the trust property.”
We do not understand Justice Story to approbate these artificial rules so laid down by equity courts. The authorities cited in appellant’s brief, Stannard v. Ullithorne, 10 Bing., 491; 4 Moore & S., 359; Jacaud v. French, 12 [63]*63East, 317; and Sherman & Redfield, Sec. 225, seem to contain, some of thése artificial rules, but we will not apply them to this case. There are many facts in the late history of the country which we are asked,- and properly so, to consider in connection with this case.
At the time Holt placed the notes and mortgage in the hands of the Stewarts for collection they were regarded •as safe and solvent attorneys. They appear to have been men of property, and for anything which appears to the ■ contrary maintained a good professional standing before the public up to "the time when the money came into their hands. The country was undergoing much more than the ordinary excitement of a presidential election; the results of that election foreshadowed themselves upon the public mind. Men were not thinking of the ordinary ■ concerns of life; they were contemplating the dangers which portended a great and free government. The public mind was absorbed, and preparation was being made for the awful and sanguinary results which soon followed.
It is very true that in a time of peace and quiet, when .business of all kinds was moving in its accustomed channels, the delay in bringing a suit from the first of September, 1860, to the eighth of April, 1862, would necessarily be regarded as an unreasonable delay, from which bad faith might be inferred, but during this time a great civil war had broken out, armies were marshaled in the field," •every city, town and village, had become recruiting depots for soldiers, throughout the broad extent of the country. Men were determined upon war, battles were being fought, martial law was declared, the administration of the civil laws was suspended, and if ever the truth of the maxim ■inter arma leges silent was demonstrated it was then.
It is in vain to urge upon the mind of this court that it was negligence in Judge Holt not to urge the collection of [64]*64this money more vigorously during the period of the-civil war. We were all witnesses of the great drama,, here or elsewhere, and we are by no means satisfied from-the evidence in this case that under the circumstances-which surrounded the parties this money could ever have-been made from the Stewarts after it had come into their hands and they had parted with it.
We think we are amply supported by authority in the-opinion we have come to in[this case. The English cases, Rowth v. Howell, 3 Vesey, 561; 1 Yesey, Jr., 41; and 5 Vesey, 141, are cases which lay down the same rule as' that announced by Lord Hardwicke in Knight v. Earl of Plymouth.
It is unnecessary for us to notice other assignments for error in this case. We are perfectly unanimous in our opinion that this case be reversed and dismissed.
Beversed and dismissed.