IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
No. 01-815
KAREN FINKE, ANDY J. HUDAK, SCOTT POWERS, CITY OF BILLINGS, CITY OF BOZEMAN, CITY OF COLUMBIA FALLS, CITY OF KALISPELL, CITY OF MISSOULA, CITY OF WHITEFISH,
Plaintiffs, i v. i ORDER STATE OF MONTANA, ex rel., MIKE McGRATH, ATTORNEY GENERAL and WENDY KEATING, ACTING DIRECTOR, MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY; YELLOWSTONE COUNTY; GALLATIN COUNTY; FLATHEAD COUNTY; and MISSO~ULA COUNTY,
Defendants.
Plaintiffs Karen Fir&e, Andy J. Hudak, Scott Powers, and the Cities of Billings,
Bozeman, Columbia Falls, Kalispell, Missoula and Whitefish (hereinafter “Plaintiffs”), have
tiled a Complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief as an original proceeding, naming as
Defendants the State of Montana, ex rel., Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Wendy Keating,
Acting Director, Montana Department of Labor and Industry; and the Counties of
Yellowstone, Gallatin, Flathead and Missoula (hereinafter “Defendants”). Plaintiffs seek a
temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, and an expedited hearing on their
original application.
The complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief challenges the constitutionality of
1 Senate Bill 242 (SB 242), which was enacted during the Fifty-Seventh session of the
Montana Legislature, 2001, and signed into law by the Governor. SB 242 limits the
municipal jurisdictional area for municipal building codes, by requiring a special mail ballot
election to be conducted, in each of the defendant counties no later than December 3 1,200l.
In this special election, pursuant to SB 242, the only persons who may vote on the propriety
of the municipalities’ continuing jurisdiction are “record owners of real property” within the
“donut areas” over which municipalities exercised their building code jurisdiction prior to
the enactment of SB 242.
Prior to the Fifty-Seventh session of the Legislature, 3 50-6-lOl(1 l(b), MCA,
authorized Montana cities and towns to exercise building code jurisdiction over areas within
four and one-half miles of the city limits, the so called “donut area” or “donut jurisdiction.”
The individual Plaintiffs in this action are three duly-qualified electors who reside within the
“donut areas” of their respective communities but are not record owners of real property, and
who thus complain they are unconstitutionally disenfranchised by the operative provisions
of SB 242. The remaining Plaintiffs are six municipal governments which currently exercise
municipal building code jurisdiction within their “donut areas,” pursuant to the provisions
of 5 50-60-lOl(1 l)(b), MCA.
Plaintiffs also argue that SB 242 is internally and fatally inconsistent. Specifically,
Section 8 of SB 242 requires the election on whether to retain “donut area” municipal
jurisdiction, with the said area continuing “in existence as provided in law.” However,
2 Section 2( 12) of SB 242 s&u& the description of the “donut area” from the definition of
“municipal jurisdiction,” retroactively, thereby eliminating the jurisdictional area that the
electors would ostensibly vote to retain. In other words, even if the electors voted to retain
the “donut” jurisdiction, there is no such municipal jurisdictional area to retain as a result of
the retroactive amendment of the definition of “municipal jurisdiction” in SB 242.
The Plaintiffs ask this Court to assume original jurisdiction over the subject matter
of this controversy, and to preliminarily and eventually permanently enjoin the County
Defendants from passing any resolution, making any notice, or conducting any year-end
election as otherwise required by Section 8, or enforcing any other provision of SB 242. They
also ask this Court to preliminarily and eventually permanently enjoin the Montana
Department of Labor a,nd Industry (DOLI) from asserting building code jurisdiction over the
“donut areas” until a lawful election is held in which a majority of the qualified electors
returning ballots, vote to terminate municipal building code jurisdiction in their “donut
areas.”
The Plaintiffs further ask this Court to stay that portion of Attorney General Opinion
No. 49-O 11, which issued October 19, 2001, and which opines that municipal jurisdictional
areas existing under 5 :50-60-lOl( 1 l), MCA, prior to SB 242’s effective date of May 1,2001,
have lost jurisdiction to enforce municipal building code provisions as of that date. The
Opinion goes on to provide that such jurisdiction may be revived only if approved by the
voters in the election required by Section 8 of SB 242, prior to December 13, 2001. Plaintiffs
3 argue that the legal effect of this Opinion is to render all building inspections conducted after
May 1,200 I, legal nullities.
The Plaintiffs further ask this Court to order the Defendants to show cause why a
preliminary injunction should not be entered enjoining the conduct described in the preceding
two paragraphs, and ask that the hearing on the preliminary injunction and permanent
injunction requested by the Plaintiffs be combined in the interests of justice and judicial
economy.
Ultimately, the Plaintiffs ask this Court to issue a declaratory judgment that Sections
6,7, and 8 of SB 242, codified at 3 50-60-3 14, MCA, violate the Equal Protection clause of
the Montana and United States Constitutions, and violate the guarantee of free suffrage found
in Article II, Section 13 of the Montana Constitution. They further ask us to issue a
declaratory judgment that SB 242 violates the substantive Due Process clause of the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and the Due Process clause of the
Montana Constitution found in Article II, Section 17. They further seek a declaratory
judgment to the effect that the portion of the AG Opinion No. 49-011, which holds that the
municipal Plaintiffs lost jurisdiction effective May 1,200 1, is erroneous and thus null and
void as a matter of law. In addition, they seek a declaratory judgment that, in the absence of
a lawful election in which the majority of qualified electors returning ballots vote to
terminate municipal building code jurisdiction in their “donut areas,” the municipal Plaintiffs
retain jurisdiction to enforce their building codes in their respective “donut areas.”
4 Finally, Plaintiffs ask that we issue a declaratory judgment that SB 242 is
unconstitutional in its entirety, and that we grant them attorney fees and costs in this matter.
In arguing for our acceptance of original jurisdiction, Plaintiffs maintain they will
otherwise be forced to tile suits in four if not five separate judicial districts, and that there
would be the resulting threat of inconsistent or varying adjudications by those judicial
districts, to the detriment of all parties hereto. They further contend that permitting them to
continue to exercise their “donut area” jurisdiction until the case can be finally resolved on
the merits would be in. the public interest, and that no one will be disadvantaged by granting
the interlocutory relief sought.
Rule 17(b), M.R.App.P., contemplates that writs of injunction may be sought and
obtained through the exercise of original jurisdiction. Moreover, we agree with Plaintiffs
that the criteria for the exercise of original jurisdiction have been met, in that constitutional
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
No. 01-815
KAREN FINKE, ANDY J. HUDAK, SCOTT POWERS, CITY OF BILLINGS, CITY OF BOZEMAN, CITY OF COLUMBIA FALLS, CITY OF KALISPELL, CITY OF MISSOULA, CITY OF WHITEFISH,
Plaintiffs, i v. i ORDER STATE OF MONTANA, ex rel., MIKE McGRATH, ATTORNEY GENERAL and WENDY KEATING, ACTING DIRECTOR, MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY; YELLOWSTONE COUNTY; GALLATIN COUNTY; FLATHEAD COUNTY; and MISSO~ULA COUNTY,
Defendants.
Plaintiffs Karen Fir&e, Andy J. Hudak, Scott Powers, and the Cities of Billings,
Bozeman, Columbia Falls, Kalispell, Missoula and Whitefish (hereinafter “Plaintiffs”), have
tiled a Complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief as an original proceeding, naming as
Defendants the State of Montana, ex rel., Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Wendy Keating,
Acting Director, Montana Department of Labor and Industry; and the Counties of
Yellowstone, Gallatin, Flathead and Missoula (hereinafter “Defendants”). Plaintiffs seek a
temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, and an expedited hearing on their
original application.
The complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief challenges the constitutionality of
1 Senate Bill 242 (SB 242), which was enacted during the Fifty-Seventh session of the
Montana Legislature, 2001, and signed into law by the Governor. SB 242 limits the
municipal jurisdictional area for municipal building codes, by requiring a special mail ballot
election to be conducted, in each of the defendant counties no later than December 3 1,200l.
In this special election, pursuant to SB 242, the only persons who may vote on the propriety
of the municipalities’ continuing jurisdiction are “record owners of real property” within the
“donut areas” over which municipalities exercised their building code jurisdiction prior to
the enactment of SB 242.
Prior to the Fifty-Seventh session of the Legislature, 3 50-6-lOl(1 l(b), MCA,
authorized Montana cities and towns to exercise building code jurisdiction over areas within
four and one-half miles of the city limits, the so called “donut area” or “donut jurisdiction.”
The individual Plaintiffs in this action are three duly-qualified electors who reside within the
“donut areas” of their respective communities but are not record owners of real property, and
who thus complain they are unconstitutionally disenfranchised by the operative provisions
of SB 242. The remaining Plaintiffs are six municipal governments which currently exercise
municipal building code jurisdiction within their “donut areas,” pursuant to the provisions
of 5 50-60-lOl(1 l)(b), MCA.
Plaintiffs also argue that SB 242 is internally and fatally inconsistent. Specifically,
Section 8 of SB 242 requires the election on whether to retain “donut area” municipal
jurisdiction, with the said area continuing “in existence as provided in law.” However,
2 Section 2( 12) of SB 242 s&u& the description of the “donut area” from the definition of
“municipal jurisdiction,” retroactively, thereby eliminating the jurisdictional area that the
electors would ostensibly vote to retain. In other words, even if the electors voted to retain
the “donut” jurisdiction, there is no such municipal jurisdictional area to retain as a result of
the retroactive amendment of the definition of “municipal jurisdiction” in SB 242.
The Plaintiffs ask this Court to assume original jurisdiction over the subject matter
of this controversy, and to preliminarily and eventually permanently enjoin the County
Defendants from passing any resolution, making any notice, or conducting any year-end
election as otherwise required by Section 8, or enforcing any other provision of SB 242. They
also ask this Court to preliminarily and eventually permanently enjoin the Montana
Department of Labor a,nd Industry (DOLI) from asserting building code jurisdiction over the
“donut areas” until a lawful election is held in which a majority of the qualified electors
returning ballots, vote to terminate municipal building code jurisdiction in their “donut
areas.”
The Plaintiffs further ask this Court to stay that portion of Attorney General Opinion
No. 49-O 11, which issued October 19, 2001, and which opines that municipal jurisdictional
areas existing under 5 :50-60-lOl( 1 l), MCA, prior to SB 242’s effective date of May 1,2001,
have lost jurisdiction to enforce municipal building code provisions as of that date. The
Opinion goes on to provide that such jurisdiction may be revived only if approved by the
voters in the election required by Section 8 of SB 242, prior to December 13, 2001. Plaintiffs
3 argue that the legal effect of this Opinion is to render all building inspections conducted after
May 1,200 I, legal nullities.
The Plaintiffs further ask this Court to order the Defendants to show cause why a
preliminary injunction should not be entered enjoining the conduct described in the preceding
two paragraphs, and ask that the hearing on the preliminary injunction and permanent
injunction requested by the Plaintiffs be combined in the interests of justice and judicial
economy.
Ultimately, the Plaintiffs ask this Court to issue a declaratory judgment that Sections
6,7, and 8 of SB 242, codified at 3 50-60-3 14, MCA, violate the Equal Protection clause of
the Montana and United States Constitutions, and violate the guarantee of free suffrage found
in Article II, Section 13 of the Montana Constitution. They further ask us to issue a
declaratory judgment that SB 242 violates the substantive Due Process clause of the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and the Due Process clause of the
Montana Constitution found in Article II, Section 17. They further seek a declaratory
judgment to the effect that the portion of the AG Opinion No. 49-011, which holds that the
municipal Plaintiffs lost jurisdiction effective May 1,200 1, is erroneous and thus null and
void as a matter of law. In addition, they seek a declaratory judgment that, in the absence of
a lawful election in which the majority of qualified electors returning ballots vote to
terminate municipal building code jurisdiction in their “donut areas,” the municipal Plaintiffs
retain jurisdiction to enforce their building codes in their respective “donut areas.”
4 Finally, Plaintiffs ask that we issue a declaratory judgment that SB 242 is
unconstitutional in its entirety, and that we grant them attorney fees and costs in this matter.
In arguing for our acceptance of original jurisdiction, Plaintiffs maintain they will
otherwise be forced to tile suits in four if not five separate judicial districts, and that there
would be the resulting threat of inconsistent or varying adjudications by those judicial
districts, to the detriment of all parties hereto. They further contend that permitting them to
continue to exercise their “donut area” jurisdiction until the case can be finally resolved on
the merits would be in. the public interest, and that no one will be disadvantaged by granting
the interlocutory relief sought.
Rule 17(b), M.R.App.P., contemplates that writs of injunction may be sought and
obtained through the exercise of original jurisdiction. Moreover, we agree with Plaintiffs
that the criteria for the exercise of original jurisdiction have been met, in that constitutional
issues of state-wide importance are clearly involved, the case involves purely legal questions
of statutory and constitutional construction, and urgency and emergency factors exist (none
the least of which is the imminence of the mandated election process in the defendant
counties) which render the normal appeal process inadequate. See Butte-Silver Bow Local
Government v. State, :235 Mont. 298,768 P.2d 327 (1989).
We also agree with Plaintiffs that the constitutional challenges to the franchise
limitations inherent in SB 242, and the arguably internally inconsistent language of SB 242,
render it likely that Plaintiffs may succeed on at least a portion of the merits of their petition,
5 and that irreparable harm, in terms of needlessly expended resources and negation of the
effects of building permits issued behveen May 1, 2001 and the present, will occur if the
Defendants’ enforcement of SB 242 is not enjoined. In this connection, we deem it
significant that the Attorney General has conceded that “the question of the constitutionality
of the franchise limits in SB 242 is a serious one.” 49 Mont. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 009 (2001)
at 4. Thus, good cause for the issuance of a temporary restraining order appears to exist.
On the other hand, we must also look to $$ 27-19-101, et seq., MCA, to determine
under what circumstances a preliminary restraining order or injunction may issue. Section
27-19-103, MCA, sets forth those instances in which an injunction may not be granted. It
provides in pertinent part: “An injunction cannot be granted: . . (4) to prevent the
execution of a public statute by officers of the law for the public benefit . . .” Arguably, this
proscription applies to the relief sought here, as Plaintiffs are asking us to enjoin the County
Defendants from holding the elections mandated by SB 242, and to enjoin DOLI from
asserting building code jurisdiction over the “donut areas” as required by SB 242. However,
we also note $27-19-201(2) and (3), MCA, which provide generally that an injunction order
may be granted when it appears that the commission of an act during the litigation would
produce irreparable injury to the applicant, and/or that the adverse party threatens to do
something in violation of the applicant’s rights.
The seeming incongruity of these statutes, as they pertain to an injunction relating to
the enforcement of a statute, was addressed by this Court in The New Club Cat-h, Inc. v.
6 City ofBillings, 237 Mont. 194, 772 P.2d 303 (I 989). There, the Club (Big Daddy’s) sought
a preliminary injunction and declaratory judgment to enjoin enforcement of a nude dancing
ordinance. The District Court denied the request for preliminary injunction. On appeal, we
stated:
To overcome the Montana statute $ 27-l 9-103(4),MCA, and well-settled case law that an injunction cannot be granted to prevent the execution of a public statute for the public benefit, Big Daddy’s must show irreparable injury or a violation of constitutional rights. State ex rel. Freeborn v. District Court (1929), 85 Mont. 439,279 P. 234; 2 Am.Jur 2nd Injunctions § 243.
We have said that both irreparable injury and the real possibility of the violation of
a constitutional right exist here. In light of this, and because all of the parties hereto stand
to expend significant time and resources implementing the mandates of SB 242 in the
immediate future, without any guarantee that their actions will ultimately be upheld as valid
.and legal, unless performance of the SB 242 statutory obligations is enjoined pending
disposition of the legal and constitutional challenges presented in Plaintiffs’ Petition, we
conclude that it is appropriate for us to assume original jurisdiction in this matter, and further
conclude that injunctive relief is appropriate. Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the County Defendants are and shall be temporarily
enjoined from passing any resolution, making any notice or conducting any election as
otherwise required by Section 8 of SB 242, or from otherwise enforcing any provision of SB
242. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Department of Labor and Industry is and shall
be temporarily enjoined from asserting state building code jurisdiction within the “donut
areas” of the Municipal Defendants.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the portion of the Attorney General Opinion No.
49-011 which opines that the Municipal Plaintiffs have lost municipal code jurisdiction over
their respective “donut areas” as of May 1,2001, is stayed.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, pursuant to $ 27-19-301, MCA, the Defendants
shall SHOW CAUSE on l&J$&i$at.l o’clockb.m., either in person before this
Court or in writing, at the option of the Defendants, why a Preliminary Injunction should not
issue, enjoining the conduct described above, until such time as the merits of the Plaintiffs’
Petition can be fully briefed by all parties and decided by this Court. The Defendants shall
advise this Court and the Plaintiffs no less than seven (7) days prior to said show cause date,
whether they intend to proceed in person or in writing.
UPON CONCLUSION of the SHOW CAUSE proceedings, this Court shall issue a
briefing schedule, advising the parties of the deadlines for the filing of their briefs directed
to the substantive issues raised in this matter.
THE CLERK OF THIS COURT is directed to serve this Order upon counsel for the
Plaintiffs, and upon Mike McGrath, Attorney General for the State of Montana, Eric Fehlig,
Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Dennis Paxinos, Attorney for Yellowstone
County, Marty Lambert, Attorney for Gallatin County, Thomas Esch, Attorney for Flathead
8 County, and Fred Van Valkenburg, Attorney for Missoula County.
Justices
C h i e f J u s t i c e Karla M . G r a y d i s s e n t s f r o m t h e C o u r t ’ s brder.