Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States

195 F. Supp. 3d 1324, 2016 CIT 120, 38 I.T.R.D. (BNA) 2076, 2016 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 121

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER 1

EATON, Judge:

Before,-the court is plaintiff-intervenor Armstrong Wood Products (Kunshan) Co., Ltd.’s (“plaintiff-intervenor” or “Armstrong”) partial consent 2 motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin defendant, the United States (“defendant” or “the Government”), from liquidating its entries of multilayered wood flooring from the People’s Republic of China (“PRG”) during the pendency of this action. Pl,-Int.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 16) (“Pl.Int.’s Br.”). Specifically, Armstrong, as a plaintiff-intervenor, asks that liquidation be enjoined for all of its unliquidated entries of multilayered wood flooring from the PRC that “were entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption during the period December 1, 2013 through November 30, 2014, inclusive;” and are subject to the . Department of Commerce’s (“the Department” or “Commerce”) multi-layered wood flooring from .the PRC De: cember 1, 2013 through November 30, 2014 administrative review of the corresponding antidumping duty order. PL-Int.’s Br. 1-2; Multilayered Wood Flooring From the PRC, 81 Fed. Reg.' 46,899, 46,901-02 (Dep’t of Commerce July 19, 2016) (final results of antidumping duty administrative review; 2013-2014) (“Final Results”) (determining that the weighted-average dumping margins for the POR from December 1, 2013 through November 30, 2014 are 17.37 percent); Multilayered Wood Flooring From the PRC, 76 Fed. Reg. 64,318, 64,318 (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 18, 2011) (final determination of sales at less than fair value).

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2) (2012). For the reasons set forth below, plaintiff-intervenor’s motion for a preliminary injunction is granted.

BACKGROUND

On July 19, 2016, the Department published the Final Results of its third administrative review of multilayered wood flooring from the PRC. Final Results, 81 Fed. Reg. at 46,899, The plaintiff in this case, Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Limited (“plaintiff’ or “Fine Furniture”), a selected mandatory respondent, filed a summons on August 9, 2016, and its Complaint on September 1, 2016, contesting Commerce’s Final Results. Summons (ECF Dkt. No. 1) (Aug. 9,2016); Compl. ¶ 13 (ECF Dkt. No. 9) (Sept. 1, 2016). Plaintiffs Complaint challenged: (1). Commerce’s determination to select Romania as the surrogate country, and not Thailand; (2) Commerce’s use of certain financial statements in its financial ratios calculations; and (3) Commerce’s surrogate value determination for plaintiffs face veneer inputs. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 21, 23.

. Plaintiff-intervenor, whose motion is now before the court, is a separate rate respondent and an exporter of multilay-ered wood flooring from the PRC whose merchandise is also subject to the Department’s determination. See Pl.-Int.’s Br. 3. On September 2, 2016, the court granted plaintiff-intervenor’s consent motion to intervene because the company participated iri the underlying administrative proceedings and timely filed its motion. 3 Order (ECF Dkt. No. 19) (Sept.'2, 2016) (granting plaintiff-intervenor’s motion to intervene); 28 U.S.C. § 263Kj)(l).

Along with its motion to intervene, Armstrong also filed motions for a preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining, order, which the Government opposed. PL-Int’s Consent Mot. to Intervene (ECF Dkt. No. 10) (Sept. 1, 2016) (“Mot. to Intervene”); Pl.-Int.’s Mot. for TRO (ECF Dkt. No. 17) (Sept.. 1, 2016). Also, on September 2, 2016, .the court granted plaintiff-intervenor’s request for a TRO. TRO (ECF Dkt. No. 20) (Sept. 2, 2016) (ordering that “this injunction shall expire on the later of fourteen days from the date of this order or the date upon'which this-Court rules upon Armstrong Wood Products (Kunshan) Co., Ltd.’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (ECF Dkt. No. 16).” (citing Tianjin Wanhua Go., Ltd. v. United States, 38 CIT —, 11 F.Supp.3d 1283 (2014); Union Steel v. United States, 33 CIT 614, 617 F.Supp.2d 1373 (2009))).

On September 20, 2016, plaintiff Fine Furniture filed a motion, consented to by the Government, for a preliminary injunction to prevent liquidation of its entries. PL’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (ECF Dkt. No. 43). The court granted the motion on the same day. Prelim. Inj. Order (ECF Dkt. No. 44) (Sept. 20, 2016); TRO (ECF Dkt. No. 45) (Sept. 20, 2016).

Now before the court is plaintiff-interve-nor’s partial consent motion to enjoin the Government from liquidating its entries of multilayered wood flooring from the PRC. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 1. The Government opposes this motion arguing that plaintiff-interve-nor (1) “seeks to enlarge the issues” in the Complaint, and (2), is untimely requesting an injunction for its entries. Def.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.Int.’s Mot. for a Prelim. Ipj. & TRO 2, 5 (ECF Dkt. No. 18) (“Def.’s Br.”).

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Considerations

“In international trade cases, the CIT has authority to grant preliminary injunctions barring liquidation in order to preserve a party’s right to challenge the assessed duties.” Qingdao Taifa Grp. Co., Ltd. v. United States, 581 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2009). “To prevail on its motion for a preliminary injunction, [plaintiff-in-tervenor] must show (1) that it will be immediately and irreparably injured; (2) that there is a likelihood of success on the merits; (3) that the public interest would be better served by the relief requested; and (4) that the balance of hardship on all the parties favors the [plaintiff-interve-nor].” Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 710 F.2d 806, 809 (Fed. Cir. 1983); Union Steel v. United States, 33 CIT 614, 621-22, 617 F.Supp.2d 1373, 1381 (2009).

Additionally, a qualified interested person may join a previously commenced action as an intervenor. 4 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(l); USCIT R. 24 (2016). An in-tervenor may also preserve its unliquidat-ed entries for eventual liquidation at the rates finally determined by the litigation by moving for a preliminary injunction to bar the liquidation of those entries. USCIT R. 56.2(a). For injunctive relief, an “inter-venor must file a motion for a preliminary injunction no earlier than the'date of filing of its motion to intervene and no later than 30 days after the date of service of the order granting intervention, or at such later time, but only for good cause shown.” USCIT R. 56.2(a).

II. Plaintiff-Intervenor May Seek a Preliminary Injunction

A. Enjoining the Government From Liquidating Plaintiff-Intervenor’s Entries Is Not an Enlargement of the Action

The Government first opposes Armstrong’s motion because it asserts that plaintiff-intervenor seeks to enlarge the issues in the Complaint by requesting an injunction for entries not listed in the Complaint. Def.’s Br. 3; Vinson v. Wash. Gas Light Co., 321 U.S. 489, 498, 64 S.Ct. 731, 88 L.Ed. 883 (1944) (“[A]n intervenor is admitted to the proceeding as it stands, and in respect of the pending issues, but is not permitted to enlarge those issues or compel an alteration of the nature of the proceeding.”). The Government argues that an intervenor’s role “is limited to supporting the plaintiff!] in asserting [its] own claim[ ] for relief.” Defi’s Br. 3; Laizhou Auto Brake Equip. Co. v. United States, 31 CIT 212, 214, 477 F.Supp.2d 1298, 1300-01 (2007). For the Government, the plaintiff-intervenor may “support Fine Furniture’s case against the United States,” but cannot “expand the case to include its own separate entries affected by Commerce’s decision.” Def.’s Br. 2-3. Defendant maintains that plaintiff-interve-nor is impermissibly attempting to enlarge the issues in this case, by seeking to have its, now suspended, entries liquidated in accordance with the ultimate judicial decision in this case.

Plaintiff-intervenor maintains that it is not enlarging the case set out in plaintiffs Complaint by introducing new substantive issues or theories. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 4. Rather, plaintiff-intervenor insists it merely hopes to obtain the same benefit plaintiff would receive, if plaintiff succeeds in obtaining a lower duty rate, for its entries that come into the United States prior to the conclusion . of the litigation. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 4. According to plaintiff-intervenor, were its entries to be liquidated before the case’s conclusion, it could lose the relief that plaintiff would get for its entries. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 4; see 19 C.F.R. § 159.1 (“Liquidation means the final computation or ascertainment of duties on entries for consumption or drawback entries.”); Qingdao, 581 F.3d at 1380 (“[0]nce the entries [are] liquidated the law provide[s] no viable method to recover any additional money even if the liquidation rate [is] later deemed incorrect.”). Plaintiff-intervenor further argues that “because this Court has already found that plaintiff's] action satisfies the criteria for a preliminary injunction, it should find that proposed plaintiff-intervenor has also satisfied those criteria,” Pl.-Int.’s Br. 4 (citation omitted).

Plaintiff-intervenor cites to earlier cases in this Court that have found that guarding its entries to obtain future relief does not expand the case. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 4. Where a plaintiff-intervenor “is not introducing any new issues or legal theories into the litigation,” but rather “seek[s] to simply obtain for its entries the benefit of any affirmative relief that may inure to [plaintiff]” the court may properly enjoin the Government from liquidating its entries. Tianjin Wanhua, 38 CIT at—, 11 F.Supp.3d at 1285-86; NSK Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT 161, 166, 547 F.Supp.2d 1312, 1318 (2008) (“[T]he fact that an inter-venor brings additional entries to the litigation carries no weight with regard to enlargement.”); see also Union Steel, 33 CIT at 623-24, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382.

The court is persuaded by plaintiff-inter-venor’s arguments and the case law. A plaintiff-intervenor’s motion for a preliminary injunction, which does not raise additional substantive issues, does not enlarge the Complaint since it simply requires that the “final judicial determination resulting from this litigation ... govern entries that already were the subject of the administrative review and thé Final Results,” and does “not, in any meaningful sense, ‘compel an alteration of the nature of the proceeding.’ ” Union Steel, 33 CIT at 624, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382 (quoting Vinson, 321 U.S. at 498, 64 S.Ct. 731).

Indeed, the facts and arguments in this case are almost identical to those raised in the earlier case of Union Steel. See Union Steel, 33 CIT at 614, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1374. There, plaintiff-intervenor moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to keep U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) from liquidating its entries during the pending litigation. Id. at 614, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1375. Moreover, as is the case here, the plaintiff in Union Steel was granted a preliminary injunction preventing liquidation of its entries under the challenged administrative review. Id. at 622, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1381. The Government in Union Steel likewise opposed the plaintiff-intervenor’s motion by arguing that granting a preliminary injunction would impermissibly “enlarge [the] issues” by covering entries not listed in the Complaint. Id. at 623, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382; Def.’s Br. 4-5.

Relying on Vinson, the Government in Union Steel asserted that “an intervenor is admitted to the proceeding as it stands, and in respect of the pending issues, but is not permitted to enlarge those issues or compel an alteration of the nature of the proceeding.” Union Steel, 33 CIT at 623, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382 (citation omitted). Distinguishing its facts from Vinson, the Union Steel Court found that

[b]ecause it need do no more than allow the final judicial determination resulting from this litigation to govern entries that already were the subject of the administrative review and the Final Results, the grant of the injunction Whirlpool seeks would not, in any meaningful sense, “compel an alteration of the nature of the proceeding[s].”

Id. at 624, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382-83 (citations omitted). Moreover, unlike in Vinson, the plaintiff-intervenor in Union Steel did not “raise before the court any substantive issues that [were] not raised by plaintiffs complaint.” Id. at 624, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1382.

As in Union Steel, the court, here, granted plaintiffs consent motion for a preliminary injunction enjoining the liquidation of its entries pending the outcome of the judicial proceeding related to the contested administrative review. Prelim. Inj. Order 1. In addition, as in Union Steel, plaintiff-intervenor here also seeks to have the Government enjoined from liquidating its entries that are subject to the same administrative review as plaintiffs. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 3. The Government makes no claim that plaintiff-intervenor is attempting to enlarge the issues in the case by raising new substantive arguments. Rather, the Government merely claims that plaintiff-intervenor is trying to unlawfully enlarge the case by seeking to protect its entries from being liquidated.

The court agrees with the reasoning in Union Steel and the other earlier cases and finds that plaintiff-intervenor’s motion for a preliminary injunction does not enlarge the Complaint because “bring[ing] additional entries [into] the litigation carries no weight with regard to enlargement,” NSK, 32 CIT at 166, 547 F.Supp.2d at 1318, and denying the motion on this ground “would be tantamount to providing [p]laintiff-[i]ntervenors (as interested parties to the underlying administrative proceeding) with a statutory right to participate in the litigation (via intervention under 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)) without any chance for relief.” Tianjin Wanhua, 38 CIT at —, 11 F.Supp.3d at 1286.

Accordingly, Armstrong’s position in this litigation as a plaintiff-intervenor does not foreclose its request for a preliminary injunction preventing defendant from liquidating its entries while this case is pending.

B. Plaintiff-intervenor’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction Was Timely

The Government next asserts that the court should not enjoin liquidation, because plaintiff-intervenor’s time to file its own action contesting the Final Results has lapsed. Def.’s Br. 5. That is, the Government contends that Armstrong cannot now “piggyback on the original timely filed complaint” by successfully moving to enjoin liquidation of its entries when it would be out of time in suing, and moving for an injunction, on its own behalf, Def.’s Br. 4. The Government further argues that, despite USCIT Rule 24(a)(3) permitting plaintiff-intervenor’s intervention as of right, granting the preliminary injunction extends the jurisdiction of the court by providing relief to a party that failed to timely bring its own action in this Court. Def.’s Br. 5 (“Permitting Armstrong to do so would be to open a loophole to expand the time limit Congress has set forth for an aggrieved party to seek review of a final determination by Commerce.”). Thus, according to defendant, “Armstrong seeks relief, via intervention, that it was untimely to seek through the normal course of filing a complaint within statutory deadlines.” Def.’s Br. 5.

The court finds that because plaintiff-intervenor timely intervened, granting a preliminary injunction to prevent liquidation of its entries is proper. See Order (ECF Dkt. No. 19). The Government appears to argue that Armstrong should be estopped from seeking a preliminary injunction in this action because it is too late for it to seek the same relief by bringing its own action in this Court. Def.’s Br. 4-5. That is, according to defendant, because a complaint filed by plaintiff-intervenor at this juncture would be untimely, plaintiff-intervenor should not receive relief by way of an injunction through its intervention, even if the intervention is timely. See Def.’s Br. 5.

This argument is hard to credit. Armstrong timely intervened in this action in accordance with USCIT Rule 24, by filing its Motion to Intervene on September 1, 2016, the same day that plaintiff Fine Furniture filed its Complaint. Order (ECF Dkt. No. 19); Compl. ¶ 13; USCIT R. 24(a)(3) (“In an action described in 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), a timely motion must be made no later than 30 days after the date of service of the compliant as provided for in Rule 3(f), unless for good cause shown .... ”). By intervening, plaintiff-intervenor receives the same status to apply for an injunction as any other party in the action. See, e.g., Schneider v. Dumbarton Developers, Inc., 767 F.2d 1007, 1017 (D.C. Cir. 1985); Qingdao, 581 F.3d at 1378 (“[T]he CIT has authority to grant preliminary injunctions barring liquidation in order to preserve a party’s right to challenge the assessed duties.”) (emphasis added).

Defendant’s argument that granting plaintiff-intervenor’s motion “would expand the time limit Congress has set forth for an aggrieved party to seek review of a final determination,” however, seems to be aimed at allowing Armstrong to gain any benefit by intervention, not at its motion for a preliminary injunction. See Def.’s Br. 5 (emphasis added). The defendant, though, cites no law, and the court could find none, to support the proposition that, as a result of not filing its own timely summons and complaint, Armstrong could not (1) intervene; (2) move for a preliminary injunction; or (3) have the status of a full party to the action. 5 In fact, the Rules of this Court clearly anticipate that a participant in the underlying administrative review may intervene; and that a timely intervenor may seek an injunction. USCIT R. 56.2(a). In • other words, this Court’s Rules contemplate that a plaintiff-interve-nor may seek a preliminary injunction to protect its entries where it timely intervenes in an action before this Court; and these Rules contain no suggestion that any motion be made within the time the inter-venor could have sued as a plaintiff. See USCIT R. 56.2(a) (“[A]n intervenor must file a motion for a preliminary injunction no earlier than the date of filing of its motion to intervene and no later than SO days after the date of service of the order granting intervention, or at such later time, but only for good cause shown.”) (emphasis added); USCIT R. 24(a).

Thus, Commerce’s jurisdictional argument is unconvincing, as there is simply nothing to suggest that, after 'lawfully intervening, a plaintiff-intervenor is untimely in seeking an injunction and unable to preserve its means to obtain any future relief.

The Government made a similar argument in Union Steel, where the Court observed:

, In opposition to the grant of an injunction, defendant also relies on the language of USCIT Rule 56.2(a), which provides that “[a]ny motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the liquidation of entries that are the subject of the action must be filed by a party to the action within 30 days after service of the complaint, or at such later time, for good cause shown.” Defendant’s argument reads too much into the language of the Rule, which addresses generally the time at which a party must file its motion for the injunction and is not specifically directed to the intervention-related issue before the court. Moreover, defendant’s overly broad construction of the language of the Rule would disregard considerations that were important to Congress in enacting the statutory scheme that the Rule, in part, is intended to effectuate. Congress considered an injunction against liquidation to be so significant to the judicial review of a determination in an antidumping proceeding that it expressly provided the opportunity for such an injunction in 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2). Congress also attached importance to a party’s opportunity to intervene in an action brought under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, as demonstrated by its providing that the intervention of an interested party who was a party to the underlying administrative proceeding is an intervention as a matter of right. By seeking to deny the availability of an injunction in the general circumstances posed by Whirlpool’s motion, defendant’s litigation position, if adopted by the court, would diminish the significance of the intervention procedure established by those statutory provisions.

Union Steel, 33 CIT at 624-25, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1383 (citations omitted).

Thus, the court finds that plaintiff-inter-venor’s timely motion to intervene preserved its right to seek a preliminary injunction against liquidation in this action.

C. Plaintiff-intervenor Satisfied the Requirements for a Preliminary Injunction

Plaintiff-intervenor argues that it has established the requirements for a preliminary injunction. Specifically, Armstrong argues that: (1) it will suffer irreparable injury if its entries are liquidated in accordance with Commerce’s determination before a decision by this Court or the Federal Circuit, Pl.Int.’s Br. 5; (2) it established that it has a likelihood of success on the merits because it raises “serious questions as to Commerce’s methodology,” Pl.-Int.’s Br. 7; (3) the public interest is served by ensuring Commerce accurately calculates antidumping duties, Pl.-Int.’s Br. 8; and (4) the balance of hardships weighs in its favor because, although the preliminary injunction will postpone liquidation, Customs holds cash deposits securing the duties’ value and would not otherwise be prejudiced, Pl.-Int.’s Br. 9. As a result, according to plaintiff-intervenor, the court should enjoin the Government from liquidating its entries of subject merchandise through the pendency of the litigation, including all appeals. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 9-10.

The Government does not contend that plaintiff-intervenor has failed to meet the equitable requirements for a preliminary injunction. Indeed, defendant does not mention the requirements necessary for the granting of a preliminary injunction in its papers. Instead, the defendant’s opposition rests solely on its assertions that plaintiff-intervenor cannot seek an injunction that expands the issues raised in the Complaint and that its request for an injunction is untimely. Def.’s Br. 2, 5. Also, the Government consented to plaintiffs motion for a preliminary injunction, only preserving its arguments as to the plaintiffs “likelihood of the success on the merits.” PL’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. 7 (ECF Dkt. No. 43).

i Irreparable Injury

As to immediate and irreparable injury, Armstrong has demonstrated that if its entries were to be liquidated in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(l), 6 it would be unable to benefit from relief obtained by plaintiff. Pl.-Int.’s Br. 6-7; Qingdao, 581 F.3d at 1380 (“[0]nce the entries were liquidated the law provided no viable method to recover any additional money even if the liquidation rate was later deemed incorrect.”); Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Prod. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 39 CIT—,—, 61 F.Supp.3d 1358, 1368 (2015) (“[I]t is apparent that irreparable harm can be shown irrespective of whether the results of an investigation are negative or affirmative, find sales at [less than fair value], or whether the injunction is sought by foreign producers or exporters, or by domestic producers. In each of these cases, without injunctive relief, the parties face the prospect of losing the only remedy they have with respect to [entries of] merchandise liquidated prior to a court ruling.”).

ii. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Next, the court previously granted plaintiff Fine Furniture’s motion for a preliminary injunction, and because plaintiff-intervenor’s “success on the merits is intrinsically tied to that of [p]laintiff[ ],” the court finds Armstrong similarly has demonstrated a likelihood of “success on the merits.” Tianjin Wanhua, 38 CIT at—, 11 F.Supp.3d at 1286; Prelim. Inj. Order.

Hi. The Public Interest Will Be Served

With regard to the public interest, “it is well-settled that ‘an overriding purpose of Commerce’s administration of anti-dumping laws is to calculate dumping margins as accurately as possible.” Union Steel, 33 CIT at 622, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1381 (quoting Parkdale Int’l v. United States, 475 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). Should the injunction be granted, the result of having the dumping margins accurately calculated will be that plaintiff-intervenor’s entries will be liquidated in accordance with those margins. Union Steel, 33 CIT at 622, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1381. Thus, the public interest will be served by the liquidation of plaintiff-inter-venor’s entries at the margins determined by this litigation.

iv. The Balance of Hardships Weighs in Favor of Plaintiff-intervenor

Last, the balance of the hardships weighs in favor of plaintiff-intervenor because the plaintiff-intervenor might suffer great hardship if its entries were liquidated before the conclusion of this case, and the Government is unlikely to suffer any hardship because it has obtained cash deposits securing the payment of duties for these entries. Union Steel, 33 CIT at 622, 617 F.Supp.2d at 1381 (“Should the final rate determined after judicial review exceed the cash deposit, the United States will be entitled to collect the duties owed, with interest. Contrastingly, the absence of an injunction would result in liquidations of [plaintiff-intervenor’s] entries - at the amounts of antidumping duty set forth in the entry documentation, which liquidation would preclude any revision of the assessment rate.”).

As a result, the court concludes that Armstrong may seek a preliminary injunction as a matter of law and fact and has demonstrated irreparable harm, a likelihood of success on the merits, that it is in the public interest to grant the preliminary injunction, and that the balance of hardships weigh in favor of granting injunctive relief. Therefore, liquidation of plaintiff-intervenor’s entries shall be enjoined in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2).

CONCLUSION

The court grants plaintiff-intervenor’s motion for a preliminary injunction and directs the plaintiff-intervenor to confer with the Government and file a proposed preliminary injunction with the court.

1 . The following cases are consolidated under lead court number 16-00145: 16-00146, 16- 00147, 16-00148, 16-00155, and 16-00156.

2 . Plaintiff Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Limited ("plaintiff” or "Fine Furniture”) consented to plaintiff-intervenor’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Pl.-Int.’s Mot. for Prelim, Inj. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 16) ("Pl.-Int.'s Br.”).

3 . It is worth noting that Armstrong did not bring its own action in this Court challenging Commerce's administrative determination. See Def.'s Resp. in Opp’nto Pl.-Int.’s Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. & TRO (ECF Dkt. No. 18) ("Def.'s Br.”). In addition, at the time Armstrong filed its motion to intervene in this action and sought injunctive relief, the time period to file its own action in this Court had already expired. Def.’s Br. 5.

4 . Rule 24 provides:

(a) Intervention of Right. On timely motion, the court must permit anyone to intervene who:

(1) is given an unconditional right to intervene by a federal statute; or

(2) claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.

(3)In an action described in 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), a timely motion must be made no later than 30 days after the date of service of the complaint as provided for in Rule 3(f), unless for good cause shown at such later time for the following reasons:

(i) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect; or

(ii) under circumstances in which by due diligence a motion to intervene under this subsection could not have been made within the 30-day period. Also, in an action described in 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), at the time a party’s motion for intervention is made, attorneys for that party are required to comply with the procedures set forth in Rule 73.2 (c) by filing of a Business Proprietary Information Certification where appropriate.

USCIT R. 24 (2016).

5 . The Court of International Trade’s procedure statute, which permits intervention in the circumstances such as those before the court, does not include a time limit by which a party must intervene or move for a preliminary injunction. 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)(l) (stating that where the movant was "an interested party who was a party to the proceeding in connection with which the matter arose,” and "would be adversely affected or aggrieved by an adverse decision in a civil action pending in the Court of International Trade,” then it may intervene in a civil action pending before the Court). The statute, instead, defers to the Court of International Trade's own Rules for jurisdictional time limits. See, e.g., 28 U.S.C. § 2633(b) ("The Court of International Trade shall prescribe rules governing the summons, pleadings, and other papers, for their amendment, service, and filing, for consolidátions, severances, suspensions of cases, and for other procedural matters.”); 28 U.S.C. § 2632 (“[A]s prescribed in such section, with the content and in the form, manner, and style prescribed by the rules of the court.”); 28 U.S.C. § 2636(c) (“[Cjommenced in accordance with the rules of the Court of International Trade within the time specified in such section.”).

6 . The statute provides in full:

Unless such liquidation is enjoined by the court under paragraph (2) of this subsection, entries of merchandise of the character covered by a determination of the Secretary, the administering authority, or the Commission contested under subsection (a) of this section shall be liquidated in accordance with the determination of the Secretary, the administering authority, or the Commission, if they are entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption on or before the date of publication in the Federal Register by the Secretary or the administering authority of a notice of a decision of the United States Court of International Trade, or of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, not in harmony with that determination. Such notice of a decision shall be published within ten days from the date of the issuance of the court decision.

19U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(l).