CHIEF JUSTICE MCGRATH
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 The Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, determined Linda R. Filpula had standing to bring a parenting plan action regarding L.F.A., D.F.A., and D.F.A. The court later entered judgment establishing a parenting plan under which Filpula and the biological mother of the children, Dustine Lanae Ankney, parent the children on alternating weeks. Ankney appeals. We affirm.
¶2 We restate the dispositive issues as follows:
¶3 Issue One: Did the District Court err by allowing Filpula to bring a parenting plan action absent any finding or allegation that Ankney was an unfit parent?
¶4 Issue Two: Did the District Court err in finding that Ankney had engaged in conduct “contrary to the child-parent relationship?”
BACKGROUND
¶5 Filpula and Ankney were involved in a 12-year-long relationship during which they lived together in Laurel, Montana, and Ankney gave birth to three children. Both Ankney and Filpula were involved in every aspect of caring for the children, who were raised by the two women from the times of their births.
¶6 When Filpula and Ankney ended their relationship in 2006, Ankney chose to move from Laurel to Colstrip, Montana, and to take the children-all three of whom were by then of school age-with her. Filpula objected to the relocation and filed this action, petitioning the District Court for a parenting plan regarding the children.
¶7 Ankney moved to dismiss this action on grounds that Filpula had no standing to maintain it. The District Court denied that motion. Then, following a hearing, the court implemented an interim plan [222]*222under which Filpula and Ankney had equal parenting time with the children, in Laurel, during alternating weeks. Two years later, after another hearing at which both parties presented additional evidence, the court concluded it is in the best interests of the children that Filpula and Ankney share parenting, on alternating weeks and alternating holidays. The court adopted the interim plan, with minor adjustments, as its Final Parenting Plan. Ankney appeals.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶8 Our general standard of review for child custody decisions is whether the trial court abused its discretion. In re Marriage of Graham, 2008 MT 435, ¶ 8, 347 Mont. 483, 199 P.3d 211. However, we review a district court’s interpretation and application of statutes for correctness. Our review of a question of a statute’s constitutionality is plenary. Kulstad v. Maniaci, 2009 MT 326, ¶ 50, 352 Mont. 513, 220 P.3d 595.
DISCUSSION
¶9 Issue One: Did the District Court err by allowing Filpula to bring a parenting plan action absent any finding or allegation that Ankney was an unfit parent?
¶10 Ankney contends a parent and child relationship may be established only by birth or through adoption under Montana’s Uniform Parentage Act, §§40-6-101 through 40-6-131, MCA, and that a parent must be found unfit before a third party may be awarded parental rights. She further contends the District Court’s decision infringes her fundamental right to parent, relying on two Montana cases, In re Parenting of J.N.P., 2001 MT 120, 305 Mont. 351, 27 P.3d 95, and Polasek v. Omura, 2006 MT 103, 332 Mont. 157, 136 P.3d 519, and also citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000).
¶11 Ankney’s argument draws into question the constitutionality of the 1999 Montana Legislature’s amendments to statutes concerning parenting proceedings initiated by nonparents, specifically §§40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA. In our recent decision in Kulstad, we discussed all three of the above cases as part of our consideration of constitutional challenges to the nonparental statutes. We observed that the 1999 Montana Legislature amended the law to recognize specifically a child’s constitutional rights in nonparental parenting proceedings. Kulstad, ¶ 57; see §40-4-227, MCA.
¶12 We distinguished Kulstad from J.N.P. on the basis that the nonparents in J.N.P. sought actual custody instead of a parental [223]*223interest. Kulstad, ¶ 62. We further noted the nonparents in J.N.P. had not satisfied the statutory prerequisite of establishing a child-parent relationship through a petition filed under §40-4-211, MCA, and, as a result, they could not rely upon the nonparental statutes in seeking custody. Kulstad, ¶ 63. We observed that Polasek was filed under the grandparent contact provisions of §40-9-101 through 40-9-103, MCA, not under the nonparental statute. See Kulstad, ¶ 68. Further, neither J.N.P. nor Polasek interprets or applies the 1999 version of the nonparental statutes at issue here.
¶13 As to Troxel, we noted the United States Supreme Court’s statement that the Washington visitation statute under challenge in that case allowed anyone to be awarded visitation. Kulstad, ¶ 70. After so stating, the Court limited the scope of its decision, saying it “would be hesitant to hold that specific nonparental visitation statutes violate the Due Process Clause as a per se matter.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73, 120 S. Ct. at 2064. We recognized in Kulstad that our nonparental statutes are significantly more restrictive than the statute at issue in Troxel. Under §40-4-211(4), MCA, only a person who has established a “child-parent relationship” with a child may petition for a parenting plan, and the petitioner must demonstrate three elements by clear and convincing evidence: that the natural parent engaged in conduct contrary to the child-parent relationship, that the petitioner has established a child-parent relationship as defined in §40-4-211, MCA, and that it is in the child’s best interests for the relationship to continue. Kulstad, ¶ 70; §40-4-228(2), MCA. Ultimately, we ruled the appellant had failed to carry her burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, impermissibly infringed on her constitutional right to parent her children. Kulstad, ¶ 72. We affirmed the district court’s award of a parental interest to a nonparent, the statutory requirements of §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, having been met. Kulstad, ¶ 91.
¶14 Ankney also cites two California cases not discussed in Kulstad: Elisa B. v. Superior Court, 37 Cal. 4th 108 (2005), and Nancy S. v. Michele G., 228 Cal. App. 3d 831 (Cal. App. 1st Dist. 1991). Ankney claims the rights granted to the biological mother’s same-sex partner in Elisa B. were dependent on California’s enactment of a domestic partnership statute. Pointing out that Montana does not have a domestic partnership statute, Ankney suggests Montana must follow the prior California rule as set forth in Nancy S., that a mother’s same-sex partner may not claim parental rights over a child in whose upbringing the partner has participated. However, the present case is [224]*224controlled by Montana statutes, not by the California statutes at issue in Elisa B. and Nancy S. We conclude the California cases have no precedential value here.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
CHIEF JUSTICE MCGRATH
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 The Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, determined Linda R. Filpula had standing to bring a parenting plan action regarding L.F.A., D.F.A., and D.F.A. The court later entered judgment establishing a parenting plan under which Filpula and the biological mother of the children, Dustine Lanae Ankney, parent the children on alternating weeks. Ankney appeals. We affirm.
¶2 We restate the dispositive issues as follows:
¶3 Issue One: Did the District Court err by allowing Filpula to bring a parenting plan action absent any finding or allegation that Ankney was an unfit parent?
¶4 Issue Two: Did the District Court err in finding that Ankney had engaged in conduct “contrary to the child-parent relationship?”
BACKGROUND
¶5 Filpula and Ankney were involved in a 12-year-long relationship during which they lived together in Laurel, Montana, and Ankney gave birth to three children. Both Ankney and Filpula were involved in every aspect of caring for the children, who were raised by the two women from the times of their births.
¶6 When Filpula and Ankney ended their relationship in 2006, Ankney chose to move from Laurel to Colstrip, Montana, and to take the children-all three of whom were by then of school age-with her. Filpula objected to the relocation and filed this action, petitioning the District Court for a parenting plan regarding the children.
¶7 Ankney moved to dismiss this action on grounds that Filpula had no standing to maintain it. The District Court denied that motion. Then, following a hearing, the court implemented an interim plan [222]*222under which Filpula and Ankney had equal parenting time with the children, in Laurel, during alternating weeks. Two years later, after another hearing at which both parties presented additional evidence, the court concluded it is in the best interests of the children that Filpula and Ankney share parenting, on alternating weeks and alternating holidays. The court adopted the interim plan, with minor adjustments, as its Final Parenting Plan. Ankney appeals.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶8 Our general standard of review for child custody decisions is whether the trial court abused its discretion. In re Marriage of Graham, 2008 MT 435, ¶ 8, 347 Mont. 483, 199 P.3d 211. However, we review a district court’s interpretation and application of statutes for correctness. Our review of a question of a statute’s constitutionality is plenary. Kulstad v. Maniaci, 2009 MT 326, ¶ 50, 352 Mont. 513, 220 P.3d 595.
DISCUSSION
¶9 Issue One: Did the District Court err by allowing Filpula to bring a parenting plan action absent any finding or allegation that Ankney was an unfit parent?
¶10 Ankney contends a parent and child relationship may be established only by birth or through adoption under Montana’s Uniform Parentage Act, §§40-6-101 through 40-6-131, MCA, and that a parent must be found unfit before a third party may be awarded parental rights. She further contends the District Court’s decision infringes her fundamental right to parent, relying on two Montana cases, In re Parenting of J.N.P., 2001 MT 120, 305 Mont. 351, 27 P.3d 95, and Polasek v. Omura, 2006 MT 103, 332 Mont. 157, 136 P.3d 519, and also citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000).
¶11 Ankney’s argument draws into question the constitutionality of the 1999 Montana Legislature’s amendments to statutes concerning parenting proceedings initiated by nonparents, specifically §§40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA. In our recent decision in Kulstad, we discussed all three of the above cases as part of our consideration of constitutional challenges to the nonparental statutes. We observed that the 1999 Montana Legislature amended the law to recognize specifically a child’s constitutional rights in nonparental parenting proceedings. Kulstad, ¶ 57; see §40-4-227, MCA.
¶12 We distinguished Kulstad from J.N.P. on the basis that the nonparents in J.N.P. sought actual custody instead of a parental [223]*223interest. Kulstad, ¶ 62. We further noted the nonparents in J.N.P. had not satisfied the statutory prerequisite of establishing a child-parent relationship through a petition filed under §40-4-211, MCA, and, as a result, they could not rely upon the nonparental statutes in seeking custody. Kulstad, ¶ 63. We observed that Polasek was filed under the grandparent contact provisions of §40-9-101 through 40-9-103, MCA, not under the nonparental statute. See Kulstad, ¶ 68. Further, neither J.N.P. nor Polasek interprets or applies the 1999 version of the nonparental statutes at issue here.
¶13 As to Troxel, we noted the United States Supreme Court’s statement that the Washington visitation statute under challenge in that case allowed anyone to be awarded visitation. Kulstad, ¶ 70. After so stating, the Court limited the scope of its decision, saying it “would be hesitant to hold that specific nonparental visitation statutes violate the Due Process Clause as a per se matter.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73, 120 S. Ct. at 2064. We recognized in Kulstad that our nonparental statutes are significantly more restrictive than the statute at issue in Troxel. Under §40-4-211(4), MCA, only a person who has established a “child-parent relationship” with a child may petition for a parenting plan, and the petitioner must demonstrate three elements by clear and convincing evidence: that the natural parent engaged in conduct contrary to the child-parent relationship, that the petitioner has established a child-parent relationship as defined in §40-4-211, MCA, and that it is in the child’s best interests for the relationship to continue. Kulstad, ¶ 70; §40-4-228(2), MCA. Ultimately, we ruled the appellant had failed to carry her burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, impermissibly infringed on her constitutional right to parent her children. Kulstad, ¶ 72. We affirmed the district court’s award of a parental interest to a nonparent, the statutory requirements of §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, having been met. Kulstad, ¶ 91.
¶14 Ankney also cites two California cases not discussed in Kulstad: Elisa B. v. Superior Court, 37 Cal. 4th 108 (2005), and Nancy S. v. Michele G., 228 Cal. App. 3d 831 (Cal. App. 1st Dist. 1991). Ankney claims the rights granted to the biological mother’s same-sex partner in Elisa B. were dependent on California’s enactment of a domestic partnership statute. Pointing out that Montana does not have a domestic partnership statute, Ankney suggests Montana must follow the prior California rule as set forth in Nancy S., that a mother’s same-sex partner may not claim parental rights over a child in whose upbringing the partner has participated. However, the present case is [224]*224controlled by Montana statutes, not by the California statutes at issue in Elisa B. and Nancy S. We conclude the California cases have no precedential value here.
¶15 Next, arguing that Filpula has no historically-protected interest in the parenting of L.F.A., D.F.A., and D.F.A., Ankney cites Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 109 S. Ct. 2333 (1989). In that case, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a California Court of Appeal ruling that a putative biological father had no due process right to visit his daughter, under a California statute which created a presumption that the girl was the daughter of another man-the husband of the girl’s mother. The Court’s decision in.Michael H. was based not only on California statute, but also on the historically-protected interest of the husband within the marital family. Because the present case does not involve an argument asserting historically-protected interests within the marital family, Michael H. is of no assistance here.
¶16 As outlined above, §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, place clear restrictions on the circumstances under which a nonparent may claim a child-parent relationship with a child and bring a parenting plan action. The Montana Legislature also has provided that a parent’s constitutionally-protected interest in parental control of a child shall yield to the best interests of the child when the parent’s conduct is contrary to the child-parent relationship. See §40-4-227(2)(b), MCA. In addition, § 40-4-228(5), MCA, specifically provides it is not necessary for a court to find a natural parent unfit before awarding a parental interest to a third party.
¶17 In this case, the District Court found Filpula is a person with an established child-parent relationship with L.F.A., D.F.A., and D.F.A. The court found Ttjhere is no dispute that [Filpula] was involved in every aspect of caring and providing for these children.” The court further found that Filpula undisputedly met all of the criteria established by §40-4-211, MCA, relating to a child-parent relationship, and that the evidence established Filpula has been a primary caretaker of each of the three children since their births.
¶18 Based on our determination in Kulstad that §40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, pass constitutional muster, and on Filpula’s establishment of the statutory prerequisite of having a child-parent relationship with the children, we hold the District Court did not err by allowing her to bring a parenting plan action without a finding or allegation that Ankney was unfit.
¶19 Issue Two: Did the District Court err in finding that Ankney had engaged in conduct “contrary to the child-parent relationship?”
[225]*225¶20 Section 40-4-228(2)(a), MCA, sets forth one requirement for awarding a parental interest to a person other than a natural parent: “the natural parent has engaged in conduct that is contrary to the child-parent relationship.” Ankney argues she did not engage in conduct “contrary to the child-parent relationship”by allowing Filpula to care for the children. She further argues that, under Montana law, caregivers are not entitled to parental rights merely by virtue of their caregiver status.
¶21 It is true that, under Montana law, caregivers are not entitled to parental rights merely by virtue of their caregiver status. As we observed in Kulstad, ¶ 70, and above, in order to be awarded a parental interest under §40-4-228', MCA, a party first must establish a child-parent relationship with the child or children.
¶22 In this case, as discussed above, the District Court determined Filpula had established a child-parent relationship with the three children. The court then had discretionary authority to determine whether Ankney acted contrary to her child-parent relationship, provided that its findings are supported by substantial evidence. See Kulstad, ¶ 78, citing Toavs v. Bull, 2006 MT 68, ¶ 7, 331 Mont. 437, 133 P.3d 202. In this regard, the District Court’s uncontested findings included that Filpula’s child-parent relationship with the children arose as a result of a joint decision by her and Ankney. The court found Ankney voluntarily permitted the children to remain continuously in the care of Filpula for a significant period of time so that Filpula stood and stands in loco parentis to the children. The court found Ankney “shared parenting of the children with [Filpula] and, as a result, relinquished a portion of her parental authority to [Filpula].”Based on its findings and on the history of the parties and their children, the court ultimately found “[Ankney] engaged in a course of conduct which allowed [Filpula] to act as a parent to these children.” We hold that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in finding Ankney engaged in conduct contrary to the child-parent relationship.
¶23 In closing, we observe that the District Court’s findings address the three necessary elements for a court’s consideration of a parenting plan petition: Ankney engaged in conduct that is contrary to the child-parent relationship, Filpula established a child-parent relationship between herself and the children, and it is in the best interests of the children that Ankney and Filpula alternate parenting time with them. Because we affirm the District Court’s decision based on that court’s determination that Filpula presented clear and convincing evidence meeting the requirements of §§40-4-211 and 40-4-228, MCA, we need [226]*226not address Ankney’s argument that the court erred when it found, under an alternative argument, that Ankney was equitably estopped from denying that Filpula was a "parent.”
¶24 Affirmed.
JUSTICES WARNER, NELSON and COTTER concur.