Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Moore.
1. The question to be considered is whether or not a recovery can be had against an executor based on the evidence given at the trial. An action cannot be maintained against an executor or an administrator in his representative character while administering the estate, for a wrongful act committed by him, whereby a personal injury is inflicted upon another. If liable at all, as the act is beyond the scope of his official authority, he must be sued, as in the case at bar, as an individual. Schouler’s Ex. & Adm’r, § 385; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, (2 ed.) 942; 18 Cyc. 883. A judgment against an executor personally for damages sustained on account of a personal injury must rest either on the principle of respondeat superior or on the breach of some duty amounting to actionable negligence; or on his independent tort.
2. “The maxim of respondeat superior,” says Lord Chief Justice Best in Hall v. Smith, 2 Bing, 156, 160, “is bottomed on this principle: That he who expects to derive advantage from an act which is done by another for him, must answer for any injury which a third person may sustain from it.” The editors of the National Reporter System, in their valuable work, Words and Phrases (volume 7, p. 6177), say: “The maxim of respondeat superior means that a master is responsible for the acts of its servants if the particular act causing the injury be within the scope of, and be done in the exercise of [604]*604the servant’s delegated authority. The test of the existence of the relation of master and servant is found in the exericse of authority in appointing the servant, in directing his acts, in receiving the benefits of his acts, and in reserving the power of dismissal” — citing in support thereof the case of Southern Ry. Co. v. Morrison, 105 Ga. 548 (31 S. E. 564, 566).
3. In the case at bar the pleadings admit that on June 80, 1907, the defendant, as executor, managed the estate of Amanda Reed under the authority of the county court of Multnomah County, and was in possession of the building “for the said estate.” No testimony was offered tending to show that Winch was managing the building or leasing any of the .rooms therein for his own benfit, or that he derived or expected to receive any advantage, profit, or emolument whatever from the employment of the head janitor or of his assistants. In the absence of such evidence, it cannot be legally said that the defendant is individually liable for Mathison’s act in leaving the elevator and in appointing Reynolds to operate it.
When the law imposes a duty on an administrator or an executor, and he neglects to discharge the obligation thus enjoined, whereby another sustains an injury, the personal representative is liable therefor. Thus in Blevin’s Ex’rs v. French, 84 Va. 81, 84 (3 S. E. 891), a hotel was devised to executors, who, as trustees were directed by the will to keep the building in repair. Between the curbing on the premises and the entrance to the hotel was a cellarway covered by an area light, composed of glass and iron. French, who was an express-man, was carrying a trunk from the sidewalk into the hotel, when the area light gave (way under him, and he fell and was injured. To recover the damages sustained he instituted an action, alleging that executors, being possessed of the premises, negligently permitted the cellarway to become and remain deficiently covered, where[605]*605by he was injured. He obtained a judgment, which was affirmed on appeal; the court saying: “It was the duty of the defendant to keep the area light in a safe and secure condition, and this duty, without any sufficient excuse, they failed to perform.”
So, too, in Boston Beef Packing Co. v. Stephens, (C. C.) 12 Fed. 279, 280, the defendants, as executors and trustees under a will, leased a building to be used as a storage warehouse, which structure at the time of the demise was unfit and unsafe for that purpose, and which, in consequence of such use of the tenants, fell, injuring the plaintiff’s adjoining building, and it was determined that the defendants were personally amenable, the court- saying: “They were held liable only to the extent that for their own profit they authorized and sanctioned the acts of .the tenants in the use and control of their property.” Farther in the opinion it is observed: “Whoever for his own advantage authorizes his property to be used by another in such manner as to endanger and injure unnecessarily, the property or rights of others, is answerable for the consequences.” In Donohue v. Kendall, 50 N. Y. Super. Ct. 386, 390, the defendants, who were executors, leased to the plaintiff some rooms in the upper part of the house with the right to use a part of the cellar. Access to such basement was had by a stairway from which one step was gone. In descending such stairway the plaintiff fell and was injured because of the absence of the step. She commenced an action to recover the damages sustained, and, having secured a judgment personally against the defendant, it was affirmed. In an agreeing opinion, Judge Truax says: “The statute * * placed upon defendants the duty of keeping the stairs in good repair. This duty they failed to perform. For this reason I concur.” It would seem that the decision last noted was affirmed without an opinion (Donohue v. Kendall, 98 N. Y. 635), though [606]*606there is a discrepancy as to the time when the former judgment purports to have been given.
4. There was no patent or latent defect in the elevator, the machinery, or in anything connected therewith in the Abington building that the defendant failed to inspect or to keep in proper repair; and hence he cannot be charged with a breach of duty which the law enjoined, in consequence of which the injury resulted. An executor or an administrator, while administering a decedent’s estate, is personally liable for the torts which he may commit whereby another sustains damages. Thus in Newsum v. Newsum, 1 Leigh. (Va.) 86 (19 Am. Dec. 739), an administrator sold a slave, the property of others, as a part of an intestate’s estate, and applied the proceeds in payment of the debts of the estate without notice of the rights of the true owners, and it was held that he was personally liable in trover by such owners. In Plimpton v. Richards, 59 Me. 115, an action was instituted against the defendants “as executors,” to recover damages caused by raising a dam whereby the water of a stream overflowed the plaintiff’s land, and it was ruled that the action would not lie; thereby impliedly holding that' an executor was personally liable for a tort which he had committed. In Mason v. Rhinelander, 8. Ben. 163 (Fed. Cas. N. 9,251), an executor leased land belonging to an estate which abutted on navigable water, reserving to himself the right to build a bulkhead on the premises. He subsequently constructed the bulkhead in such a manner that a timber projected under the surface of the water out of sight. A canal boat lying at the bulkhead, when the tide fell, was so injured by the protruding log that it sank, and it was held that the executor was personally liable for the damages caused by the faulty construction of the bulkhead. 'The torts referred to in the three cases last noted evidently resulted from the active participation of an executor or an administrator, thereby [607]
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Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Moore.
1. The question to be considered is whether or not a recovery can be had against an executor based on the evidence given at the trial. An action cannot be maintained against an executor or an administrator in his representative character while administering the estate, for a wrongful act committed by him, whereby a personal injury is inflicted upon another. If liable at all, as the act is beyond the scope of his official authority, he must be sued, as in the case at bar, as an individual. Schouler’s Ex. & Adm’r, § 385; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, (2 ed.) 942; 18 Cyc. 883. A judgment against an executor personally for damages sustained on account of a personal injury must rest either on the principle of respondeat superior or on the breach of some duty amounting to actionable negligence; or on his independent tort.
2. “The maxim of respondeat superior,” says Lord Chief Justice Best in Hall v. Smith, 2 Bing, 156, 160, “is bottomed on this principle: That he who expects to derive advantage from an act which is done by another for him, must answer for any injury which a third person may sustain from it.” The editors of the National Reporter System, in their valuable work, Words and Phrases (volume 7, p. 6177), say: “The maxim of respondeat superior means that a master is responsible for the acts of its servants if the particular act causing the injury be within the scope of, and be done in the exercise of [604]*604the servant’s delegated authority. The test of the existence of the relation of master and servant is found in the exericse of authority in appointing the servant, in directing his acts, in receiving the benefits of his acts, and in reserving the power of dismissal” — citing in support thereof the case of Southern Ry. Co. v. Morrison, 105 Ga. 548 (31 S. E. 564, 566).
3. In the case at bar the pleadings admit that on June 80, 1907, the defendant, as executor, managed the estate of Amanda Reed under the authority of the county court of Multnomah County, and was in possession of the building “for the said estate.” No testimony was offered tending to show that Winch was managing the building or leasing any of the .rooms therein for his own benfit, or that he derived or expected to receive any advantage, profit, or emolument whatever from the employment of the head janitor or of his assistants. In the absence of such evidence, it cannot be legally said that the defendant is individually liable for Mathison’s act in leaving the elevator and in appointing Reynolds to operate it.
When the law imposes a duty on an administrator or an executor, and he neglects to discharge the obligation thus enjoined, whereby another sustains an injury, the personal representative is liable therefor. Thus in Blevin’s Ex’rs v. French, 84 Va. 81, 84 (3 S. E. 891), a hotel was devised to executors, who, as trustees were directed by the will to keep the building in repair. Between the curbing on the premises and the entrance to the hotel was a cellarway covered by an area light, composed of glass and iron. French, who was an express-man, was carrying a trunk from the sidewalk into the hotel, when the area light gave (way under him, and he fell and was injured. To recover the damages sustained he instituted an action, alleging that executors, being possessed of the premises, negligently permitted the cellarway to become and remain deficiently covered, where[605]*605by he was injured. He obtained a judgment, which was affirmed on appeal; the court saying: “It was the duty of the defendant to keep the area light in a safe and secure condition, and this duty, without any sufficient excuse, they failed to perform.”
So, too, in Boston Beef Packing Co. v. Stephens, (C. C.) 12 Fed. 279, 280, the defendants, as executors and trustees under a will, leased a building to be used as a storage warehouse, which structure at the time of the demise was unfit and unsafe for that purpose, and which, in consequence of such use of the tenants, fell, injuring the plaintiff’s adjoining building, and it was determined that the defendants were personally amenable, the court- saying: “They were held liable only to the extent that for their own profit they authorized and sanctioned the acts of .the tenants in the use and control of their property.” Farther in the opinion it is observed: “Whoever for his own advantage authorizes his property to be used by another in such manner as to endanger and injure unnecessarily, the property or rights of others, is answerable for the consequences.” In Donohue v. Kendall, 50 N. Y. Super. Ct. 386, 390, the defendants, who were executors, leased to the plaintiff some rooms in the upper part of the house with the right to use a part of the cellar. Access to such basement was had by a stairway from which one step was gone. In descending such stairway the plaintiff fell and was injured because of the absence of the step. She commenced an action to recover the damages sustained, and, having secured a judgment personally against the defendant, it was affirmed. In an agreeing opinion, Judge Truax says: “The statute * * placed upon defendants the duty of keeping the stairs in good repair. This duty they failed to perform. For this reason I concur.” It would seem that the decision last noted was affirmed without an opinion (Donohue v. Kendall, 98 N. Y. 635), though [606]*606there is a discrepancy as to the time when the former judgment purports to have been given.
4. There was no patent or latent defect in the elevator, the machinery, or in anything connected therewith in the Abington building that the defendant failed to inspect or to keep in proper repair; and hence he cannot be charged with a breach of duty which the law enjoined, in consequence of which the injury resulted. An executor or an administrator, while administering a decedent’s estate, is personally liable for the torts which he may commit whereby another sustains damages. Thus in Newsum v. Newsum, 1 Leigh. (Va.) 86 (19 Am. Dec. 739), an administrator sold a slave, the property of others, as a part of an intestate’s estate, and applied the proceeds in payment of the debts of the estate without notice of the rights of the true owners, and it was held that he was personally liable in trover by such owners. In Plimpton v. Richards, 59 Me. 115, an action was instituted against the defendants “as executors,” to recover damages caused by raising a dam whereby the water of a stream overflowed the plaintiff’s land, and it was ruled that the action would not lie; thereby impliedly holding that' an executor was personally liable for a tort which he had committed. In Mason v. Rhinelander, 8. Ben. 163 (Fed. Cas. N. 9,251), an executor leased land belonging to an estate which abutted on navigable water, reserving to himself the right to build a bulkhead on the premises. He subsequently constructed the bulkhead in such a manner that a timber projected under the surface of the water out of sight. A canal boat lying at the bulkhead, when the tide fell, was so injured by the protruding log that it sank, and it was held that the executor was personally liable for the damages caused by the faulty construction of the bulkhead. 'The torts referred to in the three cases last noted evidently resulted from the active participation of an executor or an administrator, thereby [607]*607rendering him personally liable for the damages which followed from his willful or negligent act.
5. In Deschler v. Franklin, 20 Ohio Cir. Ct. R. 56, 57, it was ruled that where a person was injured by the negligence of the operator while riding in a passenger elevator in an office building, the property of an estate managed and controlled by an executor, such injured person cannot recover damages for such injury in an action against the executor in his representative capacity. In this case the plaintiff was injured by the negligence of a servant, who was employed by the executor to operate the elevator. In deciding that case, the court, in referring to the defendant, said: “If any cause of action arises through his negligence in managing the estate, it must be against him personally, and not against him in his representative capacity.” In McCue v. Finck, 20 Misc. Rep. 506 (46 N. Y. Supp. 242), the plaintiff was injured by a truck driven by an employee of the defendants, who were executrix and executor, respectively, of a decedent’s estate. In an action against the defendants in their representative capacity, it was ruled that no recovery could be had. In deciding that case it is said: “The executrix died after suit was brought, and, if any cause of action existed against her, it abated on her death.” Further in the opinion it is observed: “The objection taken to the form of the complaint requires that it should be amended by continuing the action against August Finck individually, with appropriate allegations to charge him in some legal form with the negligence complained of.” From the two cases last noted it would seem that a recovery could be had against an executor or an administrator personally of the damages sustained by another in consequence of the negligence of a servant of such personal representative. If, in those cases, the executor or administrator had expected to derive some advantage from the employees’ labor, so as to make the [608]*608maxim of respondeat superior applicable, we admit that the conclusions thus reached are controlling. In the case at bar the evidence does not show any active negligence on the part of Winch that would render him' amenable for the damages caused by the carelessness of a servant whom the complaint alleges was competent. As the defendant’s liability is personal, he ought not to be held responsible unless he has been negligent in the discharge of some duty or obligation which he owed to Fetting.
Believing that the evidence offered at the trial was insufficient to establish such liability, and that no error was committed in granting the nonsuit, the judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.