Fernando Aponte Aviles v. Daniel Lopez Del Valle; Roberto Roman Valentin, Chapter 7 Trustee

Opinion

2 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO 3 IN RE: 4 CASE NO. 24-04580 (MCF) DANIEL LOPEZ DEL VALLE 5 CHAPTER 7

6 Debtor

8 FERNANDO APONTE AVILES ADVERSARY CASE NO. 25-00002

9 Plaintiff

10 v. DANIEL LOPEZ DEL VALLE; 11 ROBERTO ROMAN VALENTIN, CHAPTER 7 12 TRUSTEE

13 Defendant(s)

16 OPINION AND ORDER

17 A dispute between two adjacent landowners has led to a complaint that seeks to declare a 18 19 debt nondischargeable (Docket No. 1). Fernando Aponte Aviles (“Plaintiff”) asserts that Debtor, 20 Daniel Lopez del Valle (“Defendant”) knowingly caused landslides on Plaintiff’s property by 21 making unauthorized soil cuts to his property which resulted in damages. In response, Defendant 22 moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure12(b)(6) (Docket No. 10), arguing that his 23 actions were not willful and malicious, but at most negligent. For the reasons stated herein, the 24 motion to dismiss is denied. 25

26 27 I. POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES 1 2 In the dischargeability complaint, Plaintiff claims that the local court held that the soil cuts 3 made by Defendant were willfully and maliciously made and were harmful to Plaintiff. In support 4 of his assertions, Plaintiff submits the local court judgment and a photo of an aerial view of his 5 property.1 6 Defendant moves to dismiss the complaint with prejudice, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 7 12(b)(6), asserting that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 8 Defendant argues that his acts were not willful and malicious, but rather negligent according to the 9 10 local court judgment. Defendant states that Plaintiff’s complaint lacks sufficiently well-pleaded 11 facts under 11 U.S.C § 523(a)(6) and asserts that the local court judgment does not support “willful 12 and malicious conduct,” but negligent conduct. 13

14 II. GOVERNING LAW 15 A. Standard for motion to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6) 16 Rule 12(b)(6) , applicable to adversary proceedings through Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7012(b), 17 18 states that “[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive 19 pleading if one is required. But a party may assert the following defenses by motion: … [for] 20 failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” When evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, 21 the court's objective is to assess whether the factual allegations in the plaintiff's complaint establish 22 a plausible claim for relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009); 23 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007); Foley 24 25

26 1 Even though Plaintiff provided a copy of the state court judgment in Fernando Aponte Avilés v. Daniel López del Valle and Migdalia Franco Meléndez, Case No. GM2022CV00536, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Court of First 27 Instance, Humacao Section, the court relied on the allegations of the instant complaint at this juncture and did not review the contents of the local court judgment. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 772 F.3d 63, 71 (1st Cir. 2014). The court is required to accept all 1 2 factual allegations in the complaint as true. Foley,772 F.3d at 71. The primary purpose of such a 3 motion is to dismiss cases that lack plausible claims; therefore, plaintiffs need not present evidence 4 at this stage but allege enough facts to state a plausible claim for relief. Id. at 71. 5 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, applicable to adversary proceedings 6 through Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7008, mandates that complaints contain a "short and plain statement of 7 the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." "Although detailed factual allegations are 8 not required, the Rule does call for sufficient factual matter." Surita Acosta v. Reparto Saman Inc., 9 10 464 B.R. 86, 90 (Bankr. D.P.R. 2012). To survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a complaint must 11 contain sufficient factual matter that, accepted as true, "state[s] a claim to relief that is plausible 12 on its face." SEC v. Tambone, 597 F.3d 436, 442 (1st Cir. 2010). 13 A claim has facial plausibility when the pleaded factual content allows the court to draw 14 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Marrero- 15 Rodríguez v. Municipality of San Juan, 677 F.3d 497 (1st Cir. 2012). The Twombly standard was 16 further developed in Ashcroft, advising lower courts that "determining whether a complaint states 17 18 a plausible claim for relief will ... be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to 19 draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 679. "In keeping with 20 these principles, a court considering a motion to dismiss can choose to begin by identifying 21 pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of 22 truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported 23 by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their 24 25 veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Id.. In 26 sum, allegations in a complaint cannot be speculative and should cross "the line between the 27 conclusory and the factual." Peñalbert-Rosa v. Fortuño-Burset, 631 F.3d 592, 595 (1st Cir. 2011). B. Standard for nondischargeability under 11U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) 1 2 Section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that “[a] discharge under section 727, 3 1141, 1192, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from 4 any debt-… for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of 5 another entity.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). To succeed on a claim under this exception, a creditor must 6 establish that the debtor caused the injury, and that the debtor’s actions were both willful and 7 malicious. Jones v. Svreck (In re Jones), 300 B.R. 133, 139 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2003). The burden of 8 proof rests on the creditor, who must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the 9 10 injury giving rise to the debt was both willful and malicious. Reynolds-Marshall v. Hallum (In re 11 Reynolds-Marshall), 162 B.R. 51, 56 (D. Me. 1993); Ortiz v. Ovalles (In re Ovalles), 619 B.R. 23 12 (Bankr. D.P.R. 2020). The terms “willful” and “malicious” represent two distinct requirements 13 under § 523(a)(6) and need to be analyzed distinctly. Albert v. Nason (In re Nason), 654 B.R. 644, 14 647 (Bankr. D. Me. 2023). 15 Various courts have defined “willful” as a deliberate or intentional act that necessarily leads 16 to injury. In Printy v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 110 F.3d 853, 859 (1st Cir. 1997) the court 17 18 mentioned that an intentional wrongful act that either results in harm or is substantially certain to 19 cause harm, and is committed without just cause or excuse, may constitute a willful and malicious 20 injury under § 523(a)(6). Although, something more than a voluntary act is required, it is not 21 necessary for the debtor to have had a specific intent to injure. Pinty, 110 F.3d at 859. In Reynolds- 22 Marshall, the court stated that “[t]he intent required is the ‘intent to do the act at issue, not intent 23 to injure the victim.’” 162 B.R. at 55 (internal citations omitted). In re Pereira, 638 B.R. 260, 262 24 25 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2022) clarifies that under “willfulness” includes acts that a debtor knows with 26 27 substantial certainty will result from his act. An actor intends the consequences of his actions if he 1 2 “knows that the consequences are certain, or substantially certain to result from his act.”2 3 To satisfy the “malicious” requirement of § 523(a)(6), a creditor must establish that the 4 debtor’s conduct was not only intentional, but also wrongful and carried out without just cause or 5 excuse. Albert v. Nason (In re Nason), 654 B.R. 644, 651 (Bankr. D. Me. 2023). Malice, as 6 interpreted in this context, does not require a showing of personal animosity, hatred, or ill will. 7 Instead, it refers to conduct that is deliberately harmful or undertaken with conscious disregard for 8 the rights of another. Ortiz, 619 B.R. at 30. An injury qualifies as malicious if it results from acts 9 10 that were certain or almost certain to inflict harm and were motivated by a wrongful purpose. 11 Printy, 110 F.3d at 859; Ortiz, 619 B.R. at 30. Courts have repeatedly held that negligence or 12 recklessness, standing alone, does not rise to the level of malice under this standard. Reynolds- 13 Marshall, 162 B.R. at 55; Ortiz, 619 B.R. at 30. Rather, the debtor must have acted with a specific 14 intent to cause harm, or in conscious disregard of their duties, knowing that the act was wrongful 15 or lacked justification. Albert, 654 B.R. at 651; Ortiz, 619 B.R. at 31. 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 18 We are faced with a motion to dismiss, which requires us to look at the allegations in the 19 complaint and consider them as true. Upon review of the allegations, we find facts that, taken to 20 be true, are enough to establish a plausible claim for relief. Those facts are the following: (1) 21 Defendant moved soil on his property and as a consequence, a series of landslides occurred on 22 Plaintiff’s property due to Defendant’s actions; (2) Defendant was asked to stop and was made 23 aware by Plaintiff of the consequences of his actions; yet Defendant continued with the activity; 24 25 (3) Defendant did not possess the necessary government permits for this activity; and (4) 26 27 2 Restatement (second) of Torts § 8A, Comment b (1965). 1 Defendant moved soil in order to build a workshop and built a wall to protect his property; || however, it did not prevent landslides on Plaintiff's property. 3 These facts, if true, may be enough to support nondischargeability under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). 4 || The first fact satisfies one of the key elements of § 523(a)(6), which is that the debtor must hav 5 caused the injury. The remaining facts comply with the “willful” and “malicious” requirements o § 523(a)(6). Despite being warned of the consequences and asked to stop, Defendant chose t proceed, acting without the necessary permits and continuing conduct despite warnings. Thes

9 facts, considered as true at this juncture of the proceedings, may indicate willful behavior. If prove 10 || at trial, these facts may meet the standard for willful and malicious injury under § 523(a)(6). 11 Given that the allegations in the complaint are sufficient at this early stage of the proceeding 12 sustain the request for nondischargeability, we will deny the motion to dismiss. 13 IV. CONCLUSION 4 This court finds that that Plaintiffs claim is plausible and should not be dismissed. Accordingly, the motion to Dismiss (Docket No. 10) is denied and the hearing to consider the

17 matter on June 4, 2025, at 9:00 A.M. is vacated and set aside (Docket No. 19). 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 27th day of May, 2025. 20 . □□

22 MIL D CABAN FLORES United States Bankruptcy Judge 23 24 25 26 27

-6-