Lumpkin, P. J.
This was an action by Grier against Felton, upon 51 promissory notes of $14 each, and the plaintiff liad a recovery for the full amount apparently due thereon. On the trial below, there was a “ special verdict of the facts.” It was supported by clear, positive, and direct testimony; and, as a necessary consequence of the findings of the jury, it must be assumed in this court that the actual truth of the case is as follows: Felton applied to Grier for a loan of $600, proposing to secure the payment thereof by a deed to certain land. Grier positively refused to lend Felton the money on any terms. Some days subsequently, they entered into an agreement to the effect that Felton was to sell, and convey the land absolutely to Grier at the price of $600, Felton reserving the right to repurchase, and becoming bound to do so, by paying to Grier $14 monthly for 60 consecutive months. Accordingly, Felton executed and delivered to Grier a deed to the land, and received therefor $600. He then made and delivered to Grier 60 purchase-money notes of $14 each, payable as above indicated, and took from Grier a bond conditioned to make him a title to the land upon the payment of these notes. All the foregoing stipulations were parts of one and the same transaction. Nine of the notes had been paid before the action was begun. Felton’s answer set up the defense of usury, it being therein alleged that the transaction between himself and Grier was a mere loan of money, at a usurious rate of interest, secured by deed with bond for reconveyance upon payment of the indebtedness evidenced by the notes. There was some testimony in support of the answer, but we must deal with the case upon the facts established by the special verdict. Without stating and discussing separately the several grounds of the motion for a new trial, it is enough to say that they present for decision the naked question: Is it legally possible for an owner of realty to sell it outright for cash, and at the same [322]*322time and as a part of the contract of sale secure the right to repurchase, and become bound to do so, at a higher price payable in the future; or, must such a transaction necessarily and inevitably be treated as one of borrowing money and securing its payment by a deed in the nature of a mortgage? After deciding this question favorably to the defendant in error, we granted the plaintiff in error a rehearing. Upon further deliberation, we are still of the opinion that the judgment we rendered was right. It may, without careful consideration, seem contrary to a great current of respectable authority, but, after examining many text-books and scores of cases, we feel confident that our decision is in accord with the true law, and not really in conflict with the best considered views we have encountered in our search for light. It is certain that there can be such a transaction as a sale with an agreement for a repurchase. All the books recognize the correctness of this proposition, and every man of common sense knows it is true.
Says Chancellor Kent: “The case of sale, with an agreement for a repurchase within a given time, is totally distinct and not applicable to mortgages. Such conditional sales or defeasible purchases, though narrowly watched, are valid,” etc. 4 Kent’s Com. (14th ed.) *144. The real difficulty, so frequently arising, is to determine whether, in a given instance, the parties intended a sale or a mortgage. In a note to the text-book from which we have just quoted is the following, and the same will be found copied in many judicial opinions and made the basis of the conclusions therein announced: “ The test of the distinction is this: If the relation of debtor and creditor remains, and a debt still subsists, it is a mortgage; but if the debt be extinguished by the agreement of the parties, or the money advanced is not by way of loan, and the grantor has the privilege of refunding, if he pleases, by a given time, and thereby entitle himself to a reconveyance, it is a conditional sale.” See also 3 Pom. Eq. Jur. (2d ed.) § 1195. In a note the author cites a large number of “ cases in which the transaction has amounted to a mortgage,” and also numerous others which were “casesof sale and contract to repurchase.” We have examined most of these cases of both [323]*323classes. Many of them and others of like kind are cited by counsel for the plaintiff in error, and some of both classes apparently sustain without qualification their contention that if, after the transaction has become complete, the relation of debtor and creditor still exists between the parties, it must necessarily be regarded as a mortgage. There is a long line of cases supporting the proposition, that where a grantor executes an absolute conveyance and at the same time reserves the option or privilege of repurchasing, without being under a binding obligation to do so, the mere retention of the right to repurchase is not, of itself alone, sufficient to render the transaction a mortgage. We of course assent to the correctness of this doctrine, but we do not concede that if the grantor bound himself to repurchase, as in the present case, it would inevitably follow there was no sale. Cases of the class last referred to are not really in point, but, as the opinions in quite a number of them refer approvingly to the test above referred to, they are frequently cited as authority by those seeking to maintain a position similar to that now occupied by counsel for the plaintiff in error. We do not think the rule as stated goes to the extent often claimed. An analysis of it will, in our judgment, bear out this assertion. The first proposition embraced in it is : “If the relation of debtor and creditor remains, and a debt still subsists, it is a mortgage.” This language is applicable, .and we are sure was intended to apply, to cases wherein it appeared that one person, being already indebted to another, had made to the latter a conveyance of property, and the question for determination was whether the conveyance was executed for the purpose of paying the debt or merely securing its payment. The use of the words “remains ” and “still subsists” strongly, if not necessarily, implies that there should be a subsisting indebtedness at the time of executing the conveyance; and all the judges and law-writers agree that if that indebtedness is not absolutely discharged by the conveyance, the instrument should be regarded as a mortgage. In other words, if that same debt, in any form, “still subsists,” the conclusion must follow that the only object which the parties had in view was to secure its payment, and, this being so, the con[324]*324veyance could not be treated as effectuating a sale. Thus viewing the first clause of the rule, we accept it without hesitation and freely admit that in most, if not in all, of the numerous cases we have examined it has, upon the facts appearing, been properly invoked and enforced.
The second clause is as follows: “but if the debt be extinguished by the agreement of the parties, or the money advanced is not by way of loan, and the grantor has the privilege of refunding, if he pleases, by a given time, and thereby entitle himself to a reconveyance, it is a conditional sale.” The phrase “if the debt be extinguished” applies, as was said respecting the first clause of the rule, to a debt already subsisting. Certainly it can not be understood as aptly referring to a debt coming for the first time into existence as a result of the very transaction by which this same debt is immediately to be extinguished.
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Lumpkin, P. J.
This was an action by Grier against Felton, upon 51 promissory notes of $14 each, and the plaintiff liad a recovery for the full amount apparently due thereon. On the trial below, there was a “ special verdict of the facts.” It was supported by clear, positive, and direct testimony; and, as a necessary consequence of the findings of the jury, it must be assumed in this court that the actual truth of the case is as follows: Felton applied to Grier for a loan of $600, proposing to secure the payment thereof by a deed to certain land. Grier positively refused to lend Felton the money on any terms. Some days subsequently, they entered into an agreement to the effect that Felton was to sell, and convey the land absolutely to Grier at the price of $600, Felton reserving the right to repurchase, and becoming bound to do so, by paying to Grier $14 monthly for 60 consecutive months. Accordingly, Felton executed and delivered to Grier a deed to the land, and received therefor $600. He then made and delivered to Grier 60 purchase-money notes of $14 each, payable as above indicated, and took from Grier a bond conditioned to make him a title to the land upon the payment of these notes. All the foregoing stipulations were parts of one and the same transaction. Nine of the notes had been paid before the action was begun. Felton’s answer set up the defense of usury, it being therein alleged that the transaction between himself and Grier was a mere loan of money, at a usurious rate of interest, secured by deed with bond for reconveyance upon payment of the indebtedness evidenced by the notes. There was some testimony in support of the answer, but we must deal with the case upon the facts established by the special verdict. Without stating and discussing separately the several grounds of the motion for a new trial, it is enough to say that they present for decision the naked question: Is it legally possible for an owner of realty to sell it outright for cash, and at the same [322]*322time and as a part of the contract of sale secure the right to repurchase, and become bound to do so, at a higher price payable in the future; or, must such a transaction necessarily and inevitably be treated as one of borrowing money and securing its payment by a deed in the nature of a mortgage? After deciding this question favorably to the defendant in error, we granted the plaintiff in error a rehearing. Upon further deliberation, we are still of the opinion that the judgment we rendered was right. It may, without careful consideration, seem contrary to a great current of respectable authority, but, after examining many text-books and scores of cases, we feel confident that our decision is in accord with the true law, and not really in conflict with the best considered views we have encountered in our search for light. It is certain that there can be such a transaction as a sale with an agreement for a repurchase. All the books recognize the correctness of this proposition, and every man of common sense knows it is true.
Says Chancellor Kent: “The case of sale, with an agreement for a repurchase within a given time, is totally distinct and not applicable to mortgages. Such conditional sales or defeasible purchases, though narrowly watched, are valid,” etc. 4 Kent’s Com. (14th ed.) *144. The real difficulty, so frequently arising, is to determine whether, in a given instance, the parties intended a sale or a mortgage. In a note to the text-book from which we have just quoted is the following, and the same will be found copied in many judicial opinions and made the basis of the conclusions therein announced: “ The test of the distinction is this: If the relation of debtor and creditor remains, and a debt still subsists, it is a mortgage; but if the debt be extinguished by the agreement of the parties, or the money advanced is not by way of loan, and the grantor has the privilege of refunding, if he pleases, by a given time, and thereby entitle himself to a reconveyance, it is a conditional sale.” See also 3 Pom. Eq. Jur. (2d ed.) § 1195. In a note the author cites a large number of “ cases in which the transaction has amounted to a mortgage,” and also numerous others which were “casesof sale and contract to repurchase.” We have examined most of these cases of both [323]*323classes. Many of them and others of like kind are cited by counsel for the plaintiff in error, and some of both classes apparently sustain without qualification their contention that if, after the transaction has become complete, the relation of debtor and creditor still exists between the parties, it must necessarily be regarded as a mortgage. There is a long line of cases supporting the proposition, that where a grantor executes an absolute conveyance and at the same time reserves the option or privilege of repurchasing, without being under a binding obligation to do so, the mere retention of the right to repurchase is not, of itself alone, sufficient to render the transaction a mortgage. We of course assent to the correctness of this doctrine, but we do not concede that if the grantor bound himself to repurchase, as in the present case, it would inevitably follow there was no sale. Cases of the class last referred to are not really in point, but, as the opinions in quite a number of them refer approvingly to the test above referred to, they are frequently cited as authority by those seeking to maintain a position similar to that now occupied by counsel for the plaintiff in error. We do not think the rule as stated goes to the extent often claimed. An analysis of it will, in our judgment, bear out this assertion. The first proposition embraced in it is : “If the relation of debtor and creditor remains, and a debt still subsists, it is a mortgage.” This language is applicable, .and we are sure was intended to apply, to cases wherein it appeared that one person, being already indebted to another, had made to the latter a conveyance of property, and the question for determination was whether the conveyance was executed for the purpose of paying the debt or merely securing its payment. The use of the words “remains ” and “still subsists” strongly, if not necessarily, implies that there should be a subsisting indebtedness at the time of executing the conveyance; and all the judges and law-writers agree that if that indebtedness is not absolutely discharged by the conveyance, the instrument should be regarded as a mortgage. In other words, if that same debt, in any form, “still subsists,” the conclusion must follow that the only object which the parties had in view was to secure its payment, and, this being so, the con[324]*324veyance could not be treated as effectuating a sale. Thus viewing the first clause of the rule, we accept it without hesitation and freely admit that in most, if not in all, of the numerous cases we have examined it has, upon the facts appearing, been properly invoked and enforced.
The second clause is as follows: “but if the debt be extinguished by the agreement of the parties, or the money advanced is not by way of loan, and the grantor has the privilege of refunding, if he pleases, by a given time, and thereby entitle himself to a reconveyance, it is a conditional sale.” The phrase “if the debt be extinguished” applies, as was said respecting the first clause of the rule, to a debt already subsisting. Certainly it can not be understood as aptly referring to a debt coming for the first time into existence as a result of the very transaction by which this same debt is immediately to be extinguished. Relative^, then, to a case like ours, the pregnant and all-important language of the rule is embraced in the phrase, “ or if the money advanced is not by wa}^ of loan.” The words just quoted and those following them manifestly relate to a case where two parties come together for an original transaction in which one advances and the other receives mone}, and the latter executes to the former a conve3ance of property with right of repurchase. If the money advanced is “by way of loan,” the .conveance is, in effect, a mortgage only. If not “by way of loan,” but as the purchase-money of the property on the resale, the conveyance evidences an actual sale to him who agrees to resell. In case -the original seller binds himself to repurchase and gives promissory notes accordingly, the relation of debtor and creditor will, of course, exist between him and the other party; but it will be a newly-created relation and not an old one which “remains” or “still subsists.” In other words, the real test, in a case like the present, is whether the consideration of the notes is money loaned or the purchase-price agreed upon in the contract of resale. If the former, the deed made by the-party receiving the loan should be treated as a mere security deed; if the latter, such deed should be treated as one of bargain and sale.
We have not in our investigation overlooked or ignored the [325]*325fact that many judges and authors, in citing and applying the rule under discussion, have gone so far as to say, literally or in substance, that if after the execution of the deed the relation of debtor and creditor, for any reason arising out of the transaction of which such deed is a part, exists between the parties, it must be regarded as only a mortgage. Our reply is, that the distinguished jurists and commentators here referred to have extended this rule beyond its true intent and meaning. After much deliberation and careful study, we are satisfied that our analysis and interpretation of it is correct, and that, thus understood, “the test of the distinction” is free from the objections which are naturally suggested by an attempt to strain it so far as to defeat* purposes which contracting parties deliberately seek to accomplish. We can not believe the author of this rule ever meant to assert that if two sane persons, legally capable of contracting, knowingly, voluntarily, and actually intended to make an agreement by the terms of which one should sell property to the other for cash, receive the money, and bind himself to repurchase at a higher price payable in the future, they could not possibly accomplish their design. Our quotation from the text of the great chancellor unquestionably sustains what we have just said; and in this connection we extract the following from the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in Conway v. Alexander, 7 Cranch, 236, 237, which has been quoted and followed in dozens of opinions: “ To deny the power of two individuals, capable of acting for themselves, to make a contract for the purchase and sale of lands, defeasible by the payment of money at a future dajq or, in other words, to make a sale Avith a reservation to the vendor of a right to repurchase the same land at a fixed price and at a specified time, would be to transfer to the court of chancery, in a considerable degree, the guardianship of adults as well as of infants. Such contracts are certainly not prohibited, either by the letter or the policy of the law.” The renowned Chief Justice further says: “ But as a conditional sale, if really intended, is valid, the inquiry in every case must be, whether the contract in the specific case is a security for the repayment of money, or an actual sale?” Herein lies the key to the Avhole matter; “ for the ques[326]*326tion finally turns, in all cases, upon the real intention of the parties, as shown upon the face of the writings or as disclosed by extrinsic evidence.” See Pom. Eq. Jur., supra. The correctness of this statement is so well recognized and accepted, we regard it as altogether useless to multiply citations in support of it. The only proper course, therefore, to pursue in any given case is to ascertain what the parties actually intended, and then effectuate their intention. There is, perhaps, no rule of such universal application as to afford in every instance an absolute and conclusive test for finding out what the intention really was. Thomas on Mortgages, 23. “No conclusive test can be suggested to determine whether such transactions are mortgages or conditional sales, because the question arises under such varieties of circumstances that slight differences in these would make it inapplicable.” 15 Am. & Eng. Enc. L. 780.
Mr. Pomeroy claims no more for the “criterion” he lays down than that it “furnishes a sufficient test in the great majority of cases.” Our case is not one of the great majority, but of the small minority. We have endeavored to find and examine all the cases decided by this court from which we could hope to derive any aid in properly disposing of the case in hand.. In numbers of them the cardinal rule that intention must control is stated and recognized, but none of them are strictly in point; for the precise question with which we are-now dealing has never, so far as we can ascertain, been distinctly made in and ruled upon by this court. As above indicated, that question, reduced to its last analysis, is simply this: Is it a legal impossibility for two parties to agree between themselves that one shall buy property frqm the other for cash and contemporaneously contract to resell in consideration of the original seller’s binding undertaking to repurchase on time at an advanced price? The question was certainly not passed upon in either Spence v. Steadman, 49 Ga. 133, or Monroe v. Foster, Id. 514, the two Georgia cases mainly relied upon by counsel for the plaintiff in error. In both, however, it was expressly ruled that it Avas legally possible for one to actually and truly sell to another unwilling to lend money but willing to purchase and allow the seller the privilege of repur [327]*327chasing at a specified advance in price. We shall not refer to other Georgia cases, because, for the reason given, none of them are specially helpful in arriving at a solution of the exact question now for determination. The facts of the present case were stated at the outset. Those facts, let it be remembered,' were absolutely established by special findings. We have no alternative but to accept them as the true and correct version of what transpired between Grier and Felton. The transaction certainly resembled very closely a mere loan of money at a usurious rate of interest, secured by a deed to land. The criteria, tests, etc., laid down in many of the authorities to which we have referred, suggest excellent reasons why the jury might have found that it was a transaction of that kind. But they did nqt. On the contrary, with strong evidence so -warranting, and in answer to specific interrogatories designed to bring out the actual and precise truth of the matter, they found otherwise. It is settled for us that Grier and Felton did exactly what the jury said they did, and we simply bold that it is within the power of rational and independent adults, if they really desire and intend to do a thing of this kind, to legally accomplish their purpose. We can not undertake to say it is absolutely out of the question for such a transaction to take place. It would be tantamount to holding that a fact actually accomplished was an impossibility.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.