The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
Does chapter 358 of the Laws of 1895, set out in the statement, have the curative effect of validating the unwarranted acts of the board of county [836]*836commissioners of Wallace county in issuing warrants in evidence of public indebtedness for bounties offered for gopher scalps, make them valid obligations, and fix the amount of the same as a charge upon the county? This is the question now before us.
When the county commissioners made the order offering a bounty on gopher scalps they based their authority so to do on an unconstitutional law. An act of the legislature wholly void can confer no right, power, or authority. (Cooley, Const. Lim. 222.) Whatever labor was done or services performed for the county in the matter of killing gophers, pursuant to the reward offered which was authorized in the body of said law, could not be recovered for upon the ground that the county received a benefit for which it justly ought to pay, for the reason that there was a total lack of capacity in the board of commissioners to incur an obligation of the kind mentioned. (Hovey v. Comm’rs of Wyandotte Co., 56 Kan. 577, 44 Pac. 17.) The plaintiff in error,' as a holder of the warrants in suit, cannot recover thereon unless the curative law of 1895 supplies, by its retroactive operation, that power which the commissioners lacked in the first instance, and unless the provisions of the healing act cover matters within the range of legislative prerogative.
Retrospective legislation has been held to be valid to the extent of imposing a legal liability upon the people owning property in a portion of a township or other subdivision of the territory of the state, where no such liability existed before, in cases where a preexisting moral obligation rested upon them to discharge such liability. (Craft v. Lofinck, Treas., 34 Kan. 365, 8 Pac. 399.) It is unnecessary, however, to discuss the question of moral obligation in this case, [837]*837for, if such obligation in fact existed between the county and the holders of these warrants, it would in no manner affect our opinion regarding the invalidity of the act in question. It concludes :
“It is hereby declared the duty of said board to issue county warrants for the amount of such certificates now issued and outstanding, and all said warrants so issued and herein authorized to be issued be and the same are hereby legalized and hereby made county charges, and shall be and are made payable out of the general fund of the county.”
It will be noticed that the legalizing force of this law is applied to the warrants already issued and those to be issued after its passage. The assumed authority of the commissioners in making the written obligations is not validated, but the warrants themselves are made binding county charges, payable out of the general fund. The vitalizing power of the act operates on the warrants only. The effect which necessarily follows from this legislative decree is to convert prima facie evidence of debt into incontestible obligations upon the maker, from the payment of which there can be no escape. It is, in short, a judgment rendered by legislative act against the county, and its collection provided for by fixing the amount thereof as a county charge. A charge is defined as an “obligation directly bearing upon the individual thing or person to be affected, and binding him or it to the discharge of the duty or satisfaction of the claim imposed.” (Bouvier.)
No matter what may have been the defector failure in the consideration of these warrants or the extent of the imposition or fraud which might have been practiced in obtaining them, all inquiry into that subject by the courts has been predetermined by this curative [838]*838act, and the arbitrary will of the legislature interposed, by which defenses are cut off and a liability declared, without trial by the usual methods or proceedings had by resorting to due process of the law.'
Let us assume that at the time the act of 1895 went into effect this plaintiff had brought an action to re-. cover from the county the amount of the warrants he then owned, and that the defendant had answered, attacking the consideration of the written instruments sued on. Must the court in which the action was pending, upon reading this law, in obedience solely to a legislative command, summarily enter judgment against the county, without hearing or trial ? Such determination would be abhorrent to all sense of justice, and destructive of the vested right which every person has, when sued, to defend against the enforcement of an unjust claim. The legislature cannot be allowed to thrust its arbitrary declarations into such adversary proceedings and decide which party should prevail. It is without power to substitute its judgment in a disputed matter for that of a court engaged in the work of administering justice by orderly methods, after discovering the truth by hearing evidence on both sides admitted according to legal rules. It is not, however, the interference with pending litigation that constitutes the sole evil of such legislation, but it is the divesting of legal defenses upon which a party has a right to rely as security against a successful attack in court by the assertion there of an unjust demand against him. The merits of an existing defense which may be pleaded in resistance against an asserted-liability can be affected only by judicial, and not by legislative, action.
Counsel for plaintiff in error have cited cases which instance the almost plenary power that has been exer[839]*839cised by the legislature, with the approval of this court, in the regulation and control of counties. Among them is The State, ex rel., v. Comm’rs of Shawnee Co., 28 Kan. 431, 434, from which the following language in the opinion is quoted:
“In short, as a general proposition, all the powers and duties of a county are subject to legislative control ; and, provided the purpose be a public one and a special benefit to the county, it may direct the appropriation of the county funds therefor in such manner and to such amount as it shall deem best.”
Under the rule thus stated, the legislature is powerless to charge upon a county the payment of a demand based upon services which have not been performed, for material which has never been delivered, or for money borrowed when no loan has been made. And county warrants issued in such cases cannot be validated by legislative act, for no special benefit has accrued to the county or public purpose been subserved.
There is no provision in the act under consideration which implies that the county commissioners are left any discretion. It is made their duty to issue warrants on all certificates outstanding, without inquiry into their validity as public obligations, and at the same time the law declares them to be a charge upon the county, and payable out of the general fund. Ordinarily, the fact that warrants or certificates have been issued by the board does not prevent the county from contesting a suit brought to recover the amount thereof for want of consideration. (Commissioners of Leavenworth v. Keller, 6 Kan. 510.)
We will not extend this opinion by quoting from decisions upholding the position we have taken concerning the force and effect of such laws, but cite the following as cases in point upon the question : Denny v. [840]*840Mattoon and others,
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
Does chapter 358 of the Laws of 1895, set out in the statement, have the curative effect of validating the unwarranted acts of the board of county [836]*836commissioners of Wallace county in issuing warrants in evidence of public indebtedness for bounties offered for gopher scalps, make them valid obligations, and fix the amount of the same as a charge upon the county? This is the question now before us.
When the county commissioners made the order offering a bounty on gopher scalps they based their authority so to do on an unconstitutional law. An act of the legislature wholly void can confer no right, power, or authority. (Cooley, Const. Lim. 222.) Whatever labor was done or services performed for the county in the matter of killing gophers, pursuant to the reward offered which was authorized in the body of said law, could not be recovered for upon the ground that the county received a benefit for which it justly ought to pay, for the reason that there was a total lack of capacity in the board of commissioners to incur an obligation of the kind mentioned. (Hovey v. Comm’rs of Wyandotte Co., 56 Kan. 577, 44 Pac. 17.) The plaintiff in error,' as a holder of the warrants in suit, cannot recover thereon unless the curative law of 1895 supplies, by its retroactive operation, that power which the commissioners lacked in the first instance, and unless the provisions of the healing act cover matters within the range of legislative prerogative.
Retrospective legislation has been held to be valid to the extent of imposing a legal liability upon the people owning property in a portion of a township or other subdivision of the territory of the state, where no such liability existed before, in cases where a preexisting moral obligation rested upon them to discharge such liability. (Craft v. Lofinck, Treas., 34 Kan. 365, 8 Pac. 399.) It is unnecessary, however, to discuss the question of moral obligation in this case, [837]*837for, if such obligation in fact existed between the county and the holders of these warrants, it would in no manner affect our opinion regarding the invalidity of the act in question. It concludes :
“It is hereby declared the duty of said board to issue county warrants for the amount of such certificates now issued and outstanding, and all said warrants so issued and herein authorized to be issued be and the same are hereby legalized and hereby made county charges, and shall be and are made payable out of the general fund of the county.”
It will be noticed that the legalizing force of this law is applied to the warrants already issued and those to be issued after its passage. The assumed authority of the commissioners in making the written obligations is not validated, but the warrants themselves are made binding county charges, payable out of the general fund. The vitalizing power of the act operates on the warrants only. The effect which necessarily follows from this legislative decree is to convert prima facie evidence of debt into incontestible obligations upon the maker, from the payment of which there can be no escape. It is, in short, a judgment rendered by legislative act against the county, and its collection provided for by fixing the amount thereof as a county charge. A charge is defined as an “obligation directly bearing upon the individual thing or person to be affected, and binding him or it to the discharge of the duty or satisfaction of the claim imposed.” (Bouvier.)
No matter what may have been the defector failure in the consideration of these warrants or the extent of the imposition or fraud which might have been practiced in obtaining them, all inquiry into that subject by the courts has been predetermined by this curative [838]*838act, and the arbitrary will of the legislature interposed, by which defenses are cut off and a liability declared, without trial by the usual methods or proceedings had by resorting to due process of the law.'
Let us assume that at the time the act of 1895 went into effect this plaintiff had brought an action to re-. cover from the county the amount of the warrants he then owned, and that the defendant had answered, attacking the consideration of the written instruments sued on. Must the court in which the action was pending, upon reading this law, in obedience solely to a legislative command, summarily enter judgment against the county, without hearing or trial ? Such determination would be abhorrent to all sense of justice, and destructive of the vested right which every person has, when sued, to defend against the enforcement of an unjust claim. The legislature cannot be allowed to thrust its arbitrary declarations into such adversary proceedings and decide which party should prevail. It is without power to substitute its judgment in a disputed matter for that of a court engaged in the work of administering justice by orderly methods, after discovering the truth by hearing evidence on both sides admitted according to legal rules. It is not, however, the interference with pending litigation that constitutes the sole evil of such legislation, but it is the divesting of legal defenses upon which a party has a right to rely as security against a successful attack in court by the assertion there of an unjust demand against him. The merits of an existing defense which may be pleaded in resistance against an asserted-liability can be affected only by judicial, and not by legislative, action.
Counsel for plaintiff in error have cited cases which instance the almost plenary power that has been exer[839]*839cised by the legislature, with the approval of this court, in the regulation and control of counties. Among them is The State, ex rel., v. Comm’rs of Shawnee Co., 28 Kan. 431, 434, from which the following language in the opinion is quoted:
“In short, as a general proposition, all the powers and duties of a county are subject to legislative control ; and, provided the purpose be a public one and a special benefit to the county, it may direct the appropriation of the county funds therefor in such manner and to such amount as it shall deem best.”
Under the rule thus stated, the legislature is powerless to charge upon a county the payment of a demand based upon services which have not been performed, for material which has never been delivered, or for money borrowed when no loan has been made. And county warrants issued in such cases cannot be validated by legislative act, for no special benefit has accrued to the county or public purpose been subserved.
There is no provision in the act under consideration which implies that the county commissioners are left any discretion. It is made their duty to issue warrants on all certificates outstanding, without inquiry into their validity as public obligations, and at the same time the law declares them to be a charge upon the county, and payable out of the general fund. Ordinarily, the fact that warrants or certificates have been issued by the board does not prevent the county from contesting a suit brought to recover the amount thereof for want of consideration. (Commissioners of Leavenworth v. Keller, 6 Kan. 510.)
We will not extend this opinion by quoting from decisions upholding the position we have taken concerning the force and effect of such laws, but cite the following as cases in point upon the question : Denny v. [840]*840Mattoon and others, 2 Allen, 361; Commissioners of Shawnee County v. Carter, 2 Kan. 115; Forster v. Forster, 129 Mass. 559; Richards v. Rote, 68 Pa. St. 248; The C. C. & I. C. R. W. Co. v. The Board of Comm’rs of Grant Co. et al., 65 Ind. 427; Lane et al. v. Dorman et ux., 3 Scammon (Ill.) 238; Davis, Appellant, v. Minor and wife, 1 Howard (Miss.) 183; Milan County v. Bateman, 54 Tex. 153; Allison, &c., v. Louisville, Harrod’s Creek & Westport Railway Co., 72 Ky. (9 Bush) 247; Lindsay v. United States Savings & Loan Ass’n, 120 Ala. 156, 24 So. 171; In re Handley’s Estate, 15 Utah, 212, 49 Pac. 829; Rosier versus The William Tell Saving Fund Association, 39 Pa. St. 157; City of Wellington v. Wellington Township, 46 Kan. 213, 26 Pac. 415.
In a chapter devoted to a discussion of powers exercised by the legislative department, Judge Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations, after commenting on legislation of this kind, at page 125, concludes :
“In these cases there are necessarily adverse parties ; the questions that would arise are essentially judicial, and over them the courts possess jurisdiction at the common law; and it is presumable that legislative acts of this character must have been adopted carelessly, and without a due consideration of the proper boundaries which mark the separation of legistive from judicial duties. As well might the legislature proceed to declare that one man is- indebted to another in a sum specified, and establish by enactment a conclusive demand against him.”
The judgment of the court below will be affirmed.