NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 25 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CAREN JENE FAULKNER, No. 24-1303 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 3:20-cv-00683-MO v. MEMORANDUM* LELAND DUDEK, Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael W. Mosman, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 12, 2025 Seattle, Washington
Before: W. FLETCHER and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT, District Judge.**
Appellant Caren Jene Faulkner (“Faulkner”) appeals the district court’s order
and judgment affirming the Commissioner of Social Security’s (“Commissioner”)
denial of her application for disability benefits pursuant to Titles II and XVI of the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Richard D. Bennett, United States Senior District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation. Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 423, 1381. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo a district court’s order upholding the
Commissioner’s denial of benefits and reverse only if the decision contains legal
error or is not supported by substantial evidence. Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1153–
54 (9th Cir. 2020). We reverse and remand for further administrative proceedings.
At step four of the five-step sequential inquiry to determine whether a
claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act, the
Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) must determine whether the claimant, with her
residual functional capacity (“RFC”), can still perform her past relevant work “either
as the claimant actually performed it or as generally performed in the national
economy.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1560(b)(2) (emphasis added), 416.960(b)(2)
(emphasis added). While claimants have the burden of showing that they can no
longer perform their past relevant work, Ford, 950 F.3d at 1148, the ALJ has the
duty to make the requisite factual findings to support her conclusion. Pinto v.
Massanari, 249 F.3d 840, 844 (9th Cir. 2001). This required the ALJ to examine
Faulkner’s “residual functional capacity and the physical and mental demands” of
Faulkner’s past relevant work. Id. at 844–45 (quoting 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e),
416.920(e)).
2 24-1303 The ALJ concluded that Faulkner could perform her past relevant work1 from
2003 to 2005 as a cashier “as actually and generally performed.” On appeal,
Faulkner argues that the record does not support the ALJ’s finding that she could
perform her past relevant work as actually performed; and further argues that the
ALJ failed to reconcile a conflict between her RFC—light work “that requires
simple, work related decisions with few if any work related changes”—and the
reasoning requirements set forth in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”)
for the job of cashier—Reasoning Level 3—before finding that she could perform
her past relevant work of cashier as generally performed in the national economy.
We agree.
With respect to the ALJ’s step four finding that Faulkner could perform her
past relevant work as a cashier as actually performed, while Faulkner retained the
burden of proof at step four, Stacy v. Colvin, 825 F.3d 563, 569 (9th Cir. 2016), the
ALJ was obligated to make the requisite factual findings to support her conclusion.
Pinto, 249 F.3d at 844. The ALJ did not inquire as to Faulkner’s work performance,
1 At the time of the ALJ’s January 2019 decision, the regulation defining “past relevant work” provided a fifteen-year lookback period, though this regulation was revised from fifteen years to five years, effective June 22, 2024. See SSR 24-2p, 89 Fed. Reg. 48479 (June 6, 2024). While Faulkner initially argued that this revised lookback period should apply retroactively to cases pending in federal court, she later withdrew this argument, in light of the footnote 1 to SSR 24-2p, which provides that the agency “expect[s] that Federal courts will review [its] final decisions using the rules that were in effect at the time [it] issued the decisions.”
3 24-1303 and Faulkner did not present evidence about her duties as a cashier. Thus, there was
no evidence in the record to support a conclusion that Faulkner’s past relevant work
as actually performed was different than as generally performed in the national
economy.
With respect to the ALJ’s step four finding that Faulkner could perform her
past relevant work as a cashier as generally performed in the national economy, in
making this inquiry, the ALJ may consult a series of sources, including a vocational
expert and the DOT, a resource compiled by the Department of Labor that details
the specific requirements for different occupations. See 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1560(b)(2), 416.960(b)(2); see also Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201,
1205 (9th Cir. 2017). But “[i]f the expert’s opinion that the applicant is able to work
conflicts with, or seems to conflict with, the requirements listed in the [DOT], then
the ALJ must ask the expert to reconcile the conflict before relying on the expert to
decide if the claimant is disabled.” Lamear, 865 F.3d at 1205 (first alteration in
original) (quoting Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 807 (9th Cir. 2016)). The
conflict must be “obvious or apparent” to trigger the ALJ’s obligation to inquire
further. Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 808. “The requirement for an ALJ to ask follow up
questions is fact-dependent,” id., and as this Court has observed, “the more obscure
the job, the less likely common experience will dictate the result.” Lamear, 865 F.3d
at 1205.
4 24-1303 This Court has previously held that “a limitation to simple, routine, or
repetitive work”—such as Faulkner’s—“is inconsistent with Reasoning Level 3.”
Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1051 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Zavalin v. Colvin, 778
F.3d 842, 846–48 (9th Cir. 2015)). While the Commissioner argues that this case is
distinguishable from Zavalin, we see no difference between the RFC at issue here
that limited Faulkner to “simple, work related decisions” and the RFC at issue in
Zavalin that limited the claimant to “simple, routine, or repetitive work.”
Accordingly, Faulkner rightly points out that the ALJ erred in failing to reconcile
this apparent conflict. Because substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s
decision that Faulkner could perform her past relevant work as a cashier as either
actually performed or as generally performed in the national economy, we remand.
Faulkner argues that this Court should remand the case for an award of
benefits.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 25 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CAREN JENE FAULKNER, No. 24-1303 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 3:20-cv-00683-MO v. MEMORANDUM* LELAND DUDEK, Acting Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon Michael W. Mosman, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 12, 2025 Seattle, Washington
Before: W. FLETCHER and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT, District Judge.**
Appellant Caren Jene Faulkner (“Faulkner”) appeals the district court’s order
and judgment affirming the Commissioner of Social Security’s (“Commissioner”)
denial of her application for disability benefits pursuant to Titles II and XVI of the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Richard D. Bennett, United States Senior District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation. Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 423, 1381. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo a district court’s order upholding the
Commissioner’s denial of benefits and reverse only if the decision contains legal
error or is not supported by substantial evidence. Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1153–
54 (9th Cir. 2020). We reverse and remand for further administrative proceedings.
At step four of the five-step sequential inquiry to determine whether a
claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act, the
Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) must determine whether the claimant, with her
residual functional capacity (“RFC”), can still perform her past relevant work “either
as the claimant actually performed it or as generally performed in the national
economy.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1560(b)(2) (emphasis added), 416.960(b)(2)
(emphasis added). While claimants have the burden of showing that they can no
longer perform their past relevant work, Ford, 950 F.3d at 1148, the ALJ has the
duty to make the requisite factual findings to support her conclusion. Pinto v.
Massanari, 249 F.3d 840, 844 (9th Cir. 2001). This required the ALJ to examine
Faulkner’s “residual functional capacity and the physical and mental demands” of
Faulkner’s past relevant work. Id. at 844–45 (quoting 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e),
416.920(e)).
2 24-1303 The ALJ concluded that Faulkner could perform her past relevant work1 from
2003 to 2005 as a cashier “as actually and generally performed.” On appeal,
Faulkner argues that the record does not support the ALJ’s finding that she could
perform her past relevant work as actually performed; and further argues that the
ALJ failed to reconcile a conflict between her RFC—light work “that requires
simple, work related decisions with few if any work related changes”—and the
reasoning requirements set forth in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”)
for the job of cashier—Reasoning Level 3—before finding that she could perform
her past relevant work of cashier as generally performed in the national economy.
We agree.
With respect to the ALJ’s step four finding that Faulkner could perform her
past relevant work as a cashier as actually performed, while Faulkner retained the
burden of proof at step four, Stacy v. Colvin, 825 F.3d 563, 569 (9th Cir. 2016), the
ALJ was obligated to make the requisite factual findings to support her conclusion.
Pinto, 249 F.3d at 844. The ALJ did not inquire as to Faulkner’s work performance,
1 At the time of the ALJ’s January 2019 decision, the regulation defining “past relevant work” provided a fifteen-year lookback period, though this regulation was revised from fifteen years to five years, effective June 22, 2024. See SSR 24-2p, 89 Fed. Reg. 48479 (June 6, 2024). While Faulkner initially argued that this revised lookback period should apply retroactively to cases pending in federal court, she later withdrew this argument, in light of the footnote 1 to SSR 24-2p, which provides that the agency “expect[s] that Federal courts will review [its] final decisions using the rules that were in effect at the time [it] issued the decisions.”
3 24-1303 and Faulkner did not present evidence about her duties as a cashier. Thus, there was
no evidence in the record to support a conclusion that Faulkner’s past relevant work
as actually performed was different than as generally performed in the national
economy.
With respect to the ALJ’s step four finding that Faulkner could perform her
past relevant work as a cashier as generally performed in the national economy, in
making this inquiry, the ALJ may consult a series of sources, including a vocational
expert and the DOT, a resource compiled by the Department of Labor that details
the specific requirements for different occupations. See 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1560(b)(2), 416.960(b)(2); see also Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201,
1205 (9th Cir. 2017). But “[i]f the expert’s opinion that the applicant is able to work
conflicts with, or seems to conflict with, the requirements listed in the [DOT], then
the ALJ must ask the expert to reconcile the conflict before relying on the expert to
decide if the claimant is disabled.” Lamear, 865 F.3d at 1205 (first alteration in
original) (quoting Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 807 (9th Cir. 2016)). The
conflict must be “obvious or apparent” to trigger the ALJ’s obligation to inquire
further. Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 808. “The requirement for an ALJ to ask follow up
questions is fact-dependent,” id., and as this Court has observed, “the more obscure
the job, the less likely common experience will dictate the result.” Lamear, 865 F.3d
at 1205.
4 24-1303 This Court has previously held that “a limitation to simple, routine, or
repetitive work”—such as Faulkner’s—“is inconsistent with Reasoning Level 3.”
Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1051 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Zavalin v. Colvin, 778
F.3d 842, 846–48 (9th Cir. 2015)). While the Commissioner argues that this case is
distinguishable from Zavalin, we see no difference between the RFC at issue here
that limited Faulkner to “simple, work related decisions” and the RFC at issue in
Zavalin that limited the claimant to “simple, routine, or repetitive work.”
Accordingly, Faulkner rightly points out that the ALJ erred in failing to reconcile
this apparent conflict. Because substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s
decision that Faulkner could perform her past relevant work as a cashier as either
actually performed or as generally performed in the national economy, we remand.
Faulkner argues that this Court should remand the case for an award of
benefits. A remand for award of benefits is appropriate only if:
(1) the record has been fully developed and further administrative proceedings would serve no useful purpose; (2) the ALJ has failed to provide legally sufficient reasons for rejecting evidence, whether claimant testimony or medical opinion; and (3) if the improperly discredited evidence were credited as true, the ALJ would be required to find the claimant disabled on remand.
Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 682–83 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Garrison v.
Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014)). Faulkner emphasizes that Rules 201.04
and 201.05 of the Medical-Vocational Guidelines in Appendix 2 to Subpart P of Part
404 provide that an individual such as Faulkner—of advanced age with a high school
5 24-1303 education and no past relevant work2—would be entitled to a finding of disabled
except where the claimant has education providing direct entry into skilled or
semi-skilled work. While this point is well-taken, we cannot—based on the record
before us—determine whether Faulkner has any past relevant work from the now
five-year lookback period, which ends on the date of adjudication for disability
insurance benefits and supplemental security income claims. SSR 24-2p. As such,
we reverse the district court’s judgment and remand this case to the Commissioner
so that the ALJ can further develop the record and make specific findings on whether
Faulkner has any past relevant work.
REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.
2 The revised five-year lookback period for past relevant work would apply on remand. SSR 24-2p, 89 Fed. Reg. 48479 (June 6, 2024).
6 24-1303