NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PRIESTLEY FAUCETT, individually and No. 24-2631 on behalf of all others similarly situated, D.C. No. 2:22-cv-04948-ODW-AS Plaintiff - Appellee, MEMORANDUM* v.
MOVE, INC., doing business as Realtor.com,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright, II, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 11, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: BADE and SUNG, Circuit Judges, and SIMON, District Judge.***
Defendant-Appellant Move, Inc. appeals the district court’s order denying
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Michael H. Simon, United States District Judge for the District of Oregon, sitting by designation. Move’s motion to compel arbitration and motion to stay litigation of a putative
class action filed by Plaintiff-Appellee Priestley Faucett, alleging that Move
violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). We have jurisdiction
under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B), and we affirm.
1. We review a district court’s order denying a motion to compel arbitration
de novo and any underlying factual findings for clear error. See Chabolla v.
ClassPass Inc., 129 F.4th 1147, 1153 (9th Cir. 2025). Move attempts to compel
arbitration pursuant to the terms and conditions (the Terms) of HudHomesUSA.org
(the Website), which include an arbitration provision. Faucett agreed to the Terms
on April 29, 2022, when he registered to use the Website. The Website is owned
and operated by Nations Info Corp., which provides leads to Opcity, Inc., a
subsidiary of Move. While registering with the Website, Faucett also consented to
receive messages from and on behalf of various entities, including Opcity. Neither
Move nor Opcity are a signatory to the Terms.
The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) “allows parties to agree by contract that
an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve threshold arbitrability questions,” but
“there must be clear and unmistakable evidence that the parties agreed to arbitrate
arbitrability.” Caremark, LLC v. Chickasaw Nation, 43 F.4th 1021, 1029 (9th Cir.
2022) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Such delegation is “simply
an additional, antecedent agreement” to the agreement to arbitrate. Rent-A-Ctr.,
2 24-2631 W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 70 (2010).
The Terms do not contain clear and unmistakable evidence that the
contracting parties, Faucett and Nations, agreed to arbitrate arbitrability with
nonsignatories like Move.1 See Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d 1122,
1127 (9th Cir. 2013). The Terms are an agreement between Faucett and Nations,
and that agreement names neither Move nor Opcity. Although some provisions
limit the user’s rights against Nations “and its Affiliates,” which are defined as
“licensors, independent contractors, providers and affiliates,” there is no indication
that Move is an Affiliate. See Ngo v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 23 F.4th 942, 946–47
(9th Cir. 2022) (determining whether a third party demonstrated an actual benefit
based on the language of the arbitration clause). Opcity, not Move, has a
contractual relationship with Nations, and even assuming Move is involved in
Opcity’s business to some extent, the two are separate corporate entities. See
Ahlstrom v. DHI Mortg. Co., LLP, 21 F.4th 631, 635–36 (9th Cir. 2021) (rejecting
a party’s argument that, in the context of an arbitration agreement, a reference to a
1 Here, the arbitration provision incorporates the rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). The parties dispute whether this incorporation provides clear and unmistakable evidence of the delegation of arbitrability. Their arguments partly turn on whether Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 2015), applies to consumer contracts. We have “not yet decided whether Brennan’s holding should extend to arbitration clauses in consumer contracts between a sophisticated entity and an average unsophisticated consumer.” Patrick v. Running Warehouse, LLC, 93 F.4th 468, 481 (9th Cir. 2024). Because Move’s delegation arguments fail for other reasons, we do not decide that issue today.
3 24-2631 company also encompassed the company’s subsidiaries based on “the fundamental
principle that corporations, including parent companies and their subsidiaries, are
treated as distinct entities”). Also, while several provisions of the Terms mention
Affiliates, the arbitration provision does not. At most, the arbitration provision’s
mandate to arbitrate “any and all disputes relating to these Terms” is ambiguous as
to its intent to bind nonsignatories; therefore, it is insufficient. See First Options of
Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995).
2. Move is not entitled to enforce the Terms as a third-party beneficiary.
“[A] litigant who is not a party to an arbitration agreement may invoke arbitration
under the FAA if the relevant state contract law allows the litigant to enforce the
agreement.” Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1128 (citing Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle,
556 U.S. 624, 632 (2009)).
Under California law,2 an arbitration agreement “may be enforced” by a
“third party beneficiary of the agreement.” Murphy v. DirecTV, Inc., 724 F.3d
1218, 1233 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Nguyen v. Tran, 68 Cal. Rptr. 3d 906, 909 (Ct.
App. 2007)). “[A] non-signatory is a third-party beneficiary only to a contract
‘made expressly for [its] benefit.’” Ngo, 23 F.4th at 946 (alteration in original)
(quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1559). The nonsignatory must demonstrate that
2 The parties agree that California law governs Move’s ability to enforce the Terms as a third-party beneficiary.
4 24-2631 “‘express provisions of the contract,’ considered in light of the ‘relevant
circumstances,’ show that (1) ‘the third party would in fact benefit from the
contract;’ (2) ‘a motivating purpose of the contracting parties was to provide a
benefit to the third party;’ and (3) permitting the third party to enforce the contract
‘is consistent with the objectives of the contract and the reasonable expectations of
the contracting parties.’” Id. (quoting Goonewardene v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PRIESTLEY FAUCETT, individually and No. 24-2631 on behalf of all others similarly situated, D.C. No. 2:22-cv-04948-ODW-AS Plaintiff - Appellee, MEMORANDUM* v.
MOVE, INC., doing business as Realtor.com,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright, II, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 11, 2025** Pasadena, California
Before: BADE and SUNG, Circuit Judges, and SIMON, District Judge.***
Defendant-Appellant Move, Inc. appeals the district court’s order denying
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Michael H. Simon, United States District Judge for the District of Oregon, sitting by designation. Move’s motion to compel arbitration and motion to stay litigation of a putative
class action filed by Plaintiff-Appellee Priestley Faucett, alleging that Move
violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). We have jurisdiction
under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(B), and we affirm.
1. We review a district court’s order denying a motion to compel arbitration
de novo and any underlying factual findings for clear error. See Chabolla v.
ClassPass Inc., 129 F.4th 1147, 1153 (9th Cir. 2025). Move attempts to compel
arbitration pursuant to the terms and conditions (the Terms) of HudHomesUSA.org
(the Website), which include an arbitration provision. Faucett agreed to the Terms
on April 29, 2022, when he registered to use the Website. The Website is owned
and operated by Nations Info Corp., which provides leads to Opcity, Inc., a
subsidiary of Move. While registering with the Website, Faucett also consented to
receive messages from and on behalf of various entities, including Opcity. Neither
Move nor Opcity are a signatory to the Terms.
The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) “allows parties to agree by contract that
an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve threshold arbitrability questions,” but
“there must be clear and unmistakable evidence that the parties agreed to arbitrate
arbitrability.” Caremark, LLC v. Chickasaw Nation, 43 F.4th 1021, 1029 (9th Cir.
2022) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Such delegation is “simply
an additional, antecedent agreement” to the agreement to arbitrate. Rent-A-Ctr.,
2 24-2631 W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 70 (2010).
The Terms do not contain clear and unmistakable evidence that the
contracting parties, Faucett and Nations, agreed to arbitrate arbitrability with
nonsignatories like Move.1 See Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d 1122,
1127 (9th Cir. 2013). The Terms are an agreement between Faucett and Nations,
and that agreement names neither Move nor Opcity. Although some provisions
limit the user’s rights against Nations “and its Affiliates,” which are defined as
“licensors, independent contractors, providers and affiliates,” there is no indication
that Move is an Affiliate. See Ngo v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 23 F.4th 942, 946–47
(9th Cir. 2022) (determining whether a third party demonstrated an actual benefit
based on the language of the arbitration clause). Opcity, not Move, has a
contractual relationship with Nations, and even assuming Move is involved in
Opcity’s business to some extent, the two are separate corporate entities. See
Ahlstrom v. DHI Mortg. Co., LLP, 21 F.4th 631, 635–36 (9th Cir. 2021) (rejecting
a party’s argument that, in the context of an arbitration agreement, a reference to a
1 Here, the arbitration provision incorporates the rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). The parties dispute whether this incorporation provides clear and unmistakable evidence of the delegation of arbitrability. Their arguments partly turn on whether Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 2015), applies to consumer contracts. We have “not yet decided whether Brennan’s holding should extend to arbitration clauses in consumer contracts between a sophisticated entity and an average unsophisticated consumer.” Patrick v. Running Warehouse, LLC, 93 F.4th 468, 481 (9th Cir. 2024). Because Move’s delegation arguments fail for other reasons, we do not decide that issue today.
3 24-2631 company also encompassed the company’s subsidiaries based on “the fundamental
principle that corporations, including parent companies and their subsidiaries, are
treated as distinct entities”). Also, while several provisions of the Terms mention
Affiliates, the arbitration provision does not. At most, the arbitration provision’s
mandate to arbitrate “any and all disputes relating to these Terms” is ambiguous as
to its intent to bind nonsignatories; therefore, it is insufficient. See First Options of
Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995).
2. Move is not entitled to enforce the Terms as a third-party beneficiary.
“[A] litigant who is not a party to an arbitration agreement may invoke arbitration
under the FAA if the relevant state contract law allows the litigant to enforce the
agreement.” Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1128 (citing Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle,
556 U.S. 624, 632 (2009)).
Under California law,2 an arbitration agreement “may be enforced” by a
“third party beneficiary of the agreement.” Murphy v. DirecTV, Inc., 724 F.3d
1218, 1233 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Nguyen v. Tran, 68 Cal. Rptr. 3d 906, 909 (Ct.
App. 2007)). “[A] non-signatory is a third-party beneficiary only to a contract
‘made expressly for [its] benefit.’” Ngo, 23 F.4th at 946 (alteration in original)
(quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1559). The nonsignatory must demonstrate that
2 The parties agree that California law governs Move’s ability to enforce the Terms as a third-party beneficiary.
4 24-2631 “‘express provisions of the contract,’ considered in light of the ‘relevant
circumstances,’ show that (1) ‘the third party would in fact benefit from the
contract;’ (2) ‘a motivating purpose of the contracting parties was to provide a
benefit to the third party;’ and (3) permitting the third party to enforce the contract
‘is consistent with the objectives of the contract and the reasonable expectations of
the contracting parties.’” Id. (quoting Goonewardene v. ADP, LLC, 434 P.3d 124,
133 (Cal. 2019)).
First, the Terms only incidentally benefit Move by requiring users to provide
accurate information when registering, thereby minimizing the number of false
leads Nations provides to its subsidiary Opcity. See id. (explaining that a “third
party that ‘only incidentally or remotely benefit[s]’ from a contract” is not a third-
party beneficiary (alteration in original) (quoting Lucas v. Hamm, 364 P.2d 685,
689 (Cal. 1961))). Because a user may register with the Website without
consenting to communications from third parties like Opcity, Move’s argument
that the Terms shield it from TCPA liability is unavailing. Although several
provisions of the Terms provide benefit Affiliates, as discussed above, Move
provides no evidence that it is an Affiliate.3
Second, there is no evidence that benefitting Move was a motivating purpose
3 Also, the arbitration provision does not expressly apply to Affiliates. See Ngo, 23 F.4th at 946–47.
5 24-2631 of the Terms. The contractual language does not clearly manifest an intent to make
the obligations of the Terms inure to the benefit of Move (or a class of entities that
includes Move) such that the promisor would have understood that the promisee
had such intent. See Levy v. Only Cremations for Pets, Inc., 271 Cal. Rptr. 3d 250,
257–58 (Ct. App. 2020). Faucett’s consent to be contacted by and on behalf of
Opcity, Move’s subsidiary, does not demonstrate that the Terms were intended to
benefit Move. Cf. Goonewardene, 434 P.3d at 133 (rejecting an employee’s
argument that the motivating purpose of her employer’s contract with a payroll
company was to benefit employees).
Third, Move has not shown that permitting it to enforce the arbitration
provision is consistent with the “objectives of the enterprise embodied” in the
Terms or the reasonable expectations of Faucett and Nations. Ngo, 23 F.4th at 948
(quoting Goonewardene, 434 P.3d at 133). The enterprise embodied in the Terms
is Faucett’s use of the Website. Neither the language of the Terms nor the
circumstances of the transaction suggests that allowing Move to compel arbitration
as a third-party beneficiary “will effectuate the contracting parties’ performance
objectives” under the Terms. Id.
Because the Terms do not expressly benefit Move, it may not enforce them
as a third-party beneficiary under California law. The district court correctly
declined to compel arbitration.
6 24-2631 AFFIRMED.
7 24-2631