Appleton, C. J.
The act of 1861, c. 78, establishing “a police court in the city of Rockland,” approved March 14, 1861, provides in the thirteenth section, that “the judge of said court shall receive from said city, in quarter yearly payments, at the close of each quarter, an annual salary of such amount as the mayor and aldermen shall determine, which shall be in full for all fees pertaining "to said office.”
On the twenty-fifth day of July, 1865, the following vote or order was passed :
“In board of aldermen, July 25, 1865. Alderman Wise presented the following order which was passed; Ordered, that the salary of the police judge of the city of Rockland, be and hereby is established at five hundred dollars a year instead of three hundred as heretofore.”
On the fifth day of March, 1866, the plaintiff was duly elected judge of the police court for the city of Rockland, for the term of four years next following, and was duly qualified, entered upon and continued in the discharge of his official duties during the term for which he was elected.
Shortly after the plaintiff entered upon his official duties, the following vote was passed; viz :
“In board of aldermen, May 22, 1866, the following order was presented by alderman Hall, and was read and passed: Ordered, that the salary of the judge of the police court be, and hereby is [299]*299established at three hundred dollars per annum from the first Monday in March, 1866.”
The plaintiff having served during the term for which he was elected, claims compensation at the rate of five hundred dollars per annum. He has taken under protest the annual salary of three hundred dollars. The question presented for determination is, whether he is entitled, during the whole or any part of his official term, to the salary as established when he accepted the office to which he had been chosen, and entered upon the discharge of its duties.
Public offices established by the legislature are mere agencies for the benefit of the people, not contracts on their part with the office-holder for his benefit. They may be accepted or refused. If accepted, they may be resigned at any moment, and no action is maintainable for such resignation. As offices are created for the public good, the cause for their creation may, in process of time, become a sufficient one for their abolition. The term of official existence may be made longer or shorter, or the office itself may be abolished, as the public necessities may demand. As an office may be abolished, so its emoluments may be increased or diminished, except in the special cases where it is forbidden so to be done by the constitution. In this State it is so forbidden, in reference to the justices of the Supreme' Judicial Court, who by its provisions are “to receive a stated compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.” Except in this special case, the necessary inference is that the legislature have absolute power over the compensation of public officers.
These views have repeatedly received the sanction of judicial tribunals, whose opinions are entitled to the highest consideration. In Taft v. Adams, 3 Gray, 126, it was decided that the legislature had the power to shorten the term of any officer, the tenure of whose office is not fixed by the constitution. In Commonwealth v. Bacon, 6 S. & R., 322, the salary of the mayor was reduced by the city government of Philadelphia, after his acceptance of the office. It was claimed that the reduction was unconstitutional, [300]*300upon the ground that there was a contract between the city and its mayor after his acceptance, which could not be changed or modified, but the court thought otherwise. “These services,” observed Duncan, J., “rendered by public officers, do not in this particular partake of the nature of contracts, nor have they, the remotest affinity thereto. As to a stipulated allowance, that allowance, whether annual, per diem, or particular fees for particular services, depends on the will of the law-makers; and this whether it be the legislature of the State or a municipal body empowered to make laws for the government of a corporation.” In the case of Commonwealth v. Mann, 5 W. & S., 418, the court say “that if the salaries of judges, and their title to office could be put on the ground of a contract, then a most grievous wrong has been done them by the people, by the reduction of a tenure during good behavior to a tenure for a term of years.”
In Barker v. Pittsburg, 4 Burr, 51, the court says, “that there is no contract, express or implied, for the permanence of a salary, is shown by the constitutional provision for the permanence of the salaries of the governor and judges as exceptions.” In Conner v. the City of New York, 2 Sandf., 370, Sandford, J., uses the following language : “We think it must be assumed that there is no contract, express or implied, between a public officer and the government whose agent he is. The latter enters into no agreement, that he shall receive any particular compensation for the time he shall hold office ; nor in the case of a statutory office, that the office itself shall continue any definite period.” These views were fully sustained by the Court of Appeals in a very able opinion in the same case, by Ruggles, C. J., in 1 Selden, 291. In Augusta v. Sweeny, 44 Geo., 463, McCay, J., says; “If the office be created by legislative enactment, the legislature may abolish it; and ¡if it be created by municipal authority, that same authority may abolish it.” In Butler v. Pennsylvania, 10 How. (U. S.,) 403, the court held that the tenure and salaries of all public officers, except when otherwise provided by the constitution, are dependent upon legislative discretion. Indeed, the act creating [301]*301tlie court, of which the plaintiff was elected judge, is an illustration of the principles heretofore advanced, for the court came into existence by the abolition of a preceding one, with substantially the same powers, but with a changed name.
The right to fix the salary of a police judge, which is given by statute to the defendants, involves the right to change, by increasing or diminishing it. The vote of July 25, 1865, was an alteration of a previously existing yate of compensation during the official existence of the plaintiff’s predecessor.
If, as is argued, the vote of May 22, 1866, is invalid because it does not distinctly appear that the mayor was present, the vote of July 25,1865, must be regarded as of no effect for the same reason, for the fact of his presence is no more apparent in the last vote than in the first. If both are void for this cause, then there is no salary shown to have been established, and the plaintiff must entirely fail; for while the report states the salary was established at a certain sum, it further sets forth the vote by which it was so established, and if that was void, then there was no salary established.
But when the vote of May 22, 1866, was passed, fixing the salary of the police judge thereafter, the plaintiff had been performing judicial- services from the day he was qualified up to that time at a stipulated rate of compensation. For those services at that rate, he could not be deprived of compensation. The vote prospectively is binding. Retrospectively it is void. If the plaintiff was not satisfied with the salary then established, he might have resigned.
It is urged that assumpsit is not maintainable.
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Appleton, C. J.
The act of 1861, c. 78, establishing “a police court in the city of Rockland,” approved March 14, 1861, provides in the thirteenth section, that “the judge of said court shall receive from said city, in quarter yearly payments, at the close of each quarter, an annual salary of such amount as the mayor and aldermen shall determine, which shall be in full for all fees pertaining "to said office.”
On the twenty-fifth day of July, 1865, the following vote or order was passed :
“In board of aldermen, July 25, 1865. Alderman Wise presented the following order which was passed; Ordered, that the salary of the police judge of the city of Rockland, be and hereby is established at five hundred dollars a year instead of three hundred as heretofore.”
On the fifth day of March, 1866, the plaintiff was duly elected judge of the police court for the city of Rockland, for the term of four years next following, and was duly qualified, entered upon and continued in the discharge of his official duties during the term for which he was elected.
Shortly after the plaintiff entered upon his official duties, the following vote was passed; viz :
“In board of aldermen, May 22, 1866, the following order was presented by alderman Hall, and was read and passed: Ordered, that the salary of the judge of the police court be, and hereby is [299]*299established at three hundred dollars per annum from the first Monday in March, 1866.”
The plaintiff having served during the term for which he was elected, claims compensation at the rate of five hundred dollars per annum. He has taken under protest the annual salary of three hundred dollars. The question presented for determination is, whether he is entitled, during the whole or any part of his official term, to the salary as established when he accepted the office to which he had been chosen, and entered upon the discharge of its duties.
Public offices established by the legislature are mere agencies for the benefit of the people, not contracts on their part with the office-holder for his benefit. They may be accepted or refused. If accepted, they may be resigned at any moment, and no action is maintainable for such resignation. As offices are created for the public good, the cause for their creation may, in process of time, become a sufficient one for their abolition. The term of official existence may be made longer or shorter, or the office itself may be abolished, as the public necessities may demand. As an office may be abolished, so its emoluments may be increased or diminished, except in the special cases where it is forbidden so to be done by the constitution. In this State it is so forbidden, in reference to the justices of the Supreme' Judicial Court, who by its provisions are “to receive a stated compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.” Except in this special case, the necessary inference is that the legislature have absolute power over the compensation of public officers.
These views have repeatedly received the sanction of judicial tribunals, whose opinions are entitled to the highest consideration. In Taft v. Adams, 3 Gray, 126, it was decided that the legislature had the power to shorten the term of any officer, the tenure of whose office is not fixed by the constitution. In Commonwealth v. Bacon, 6 S. & R., 322, the salary of the mayor was reduced by the city government of Philadelphia, after his acceptance of the office. It was claimed that the reduction was unconstitutional, [300]*300upon the ground that there was a contract between the city and its mayor after his acceptance, which could not be changed or modified, but the court thought otherwise. “These services,” observed Duncan, J., “rendered by public officers, do not in this particular partake of the nature of contracts, nor have they, the remotest affinity thereto. As to a stipulated allowance, that allowance, whether annual, per diem, or particular fees for particular services, depends on the will of the law-makers; and this whether it be the legislature of the State or a municipal body empowered to make laws for the government of a corporation.” In the case of Commonwealth v. Mann, 5 W. & S., 418, the court say “that if the salaries of judges, and their title to office could be put on the ground of a contract, then a most grievous wrong has been done them by the people, by the reduction of a tenure during good behavior to a tenure for a term of years.”
In Barker v. Pittsburg, 4 Burr, 51, the court says, “that there is no contract, express or implied, for the permanence of a salary, is shown by the constitutional provision for the permanence of the salaries of the governor and judges as exceptions.” In Conner v. the City of New York, 2 Sandf., 370, Sandford, J., uses the following language : “We think it must be assumed that there is no contract, express or implied, between a public officer and the government whose agent he is. The latter enters into no agreement, that he shall receive any particular compensation for the time he shall hold office ; nor in the case of a statutory office, that the office itself shall continue any definite period.” These views were fully sustained by the Court of Appeals in a very able opinion in the same case, by Ruggles, C. J., in 1 Selden, 291. In Augusta v. Sweeny, 44 Geo., 463, McCay, J., says; “If the office be created by legislative enactment, the legislature may abolish it; and ¡if it be created by municipal authority, that same authority may abolish it.” In Butler v. Pennsylvania, 10 How. (U. S.,) 403, the court held that the tenure and salaries of all public officers, except when otherwise provided by the constitution, are dependent upon legislative discretion. Indeed, the act creating [301]*301tlie court, of which the plaintiff was elected judge, is an illustration of the principles heretofore advanced, for the court came into existence by the abolition of a preceding one, with substantially the same powers, but with a changed name.
The right to fix the salary of a police judge, which is given by statute to the defendants, involves the right to change, by increasing or diminishing it. The vote of July 25, 1865, was an alteration of a previously existing yate of compensation during the official existence of the plaintiff’s predecessor.
If, as is argued, the vote of May 22, 1866, is invalid because it does not distinctly appear that the mayor was present, the vote of July 25,1865, must be regarded as of no effect for the same reason, for the fact of his presence is no more apparent in the last vote than in the first. If both are void for this cause, then there is no salary shown to have been established, and the plaintiff must entirely fail; for while the report states the salary was established at a certain sum, it further sets forth the vote by which it was so established, and if that was void, then there was no salary established.
But when the vote of May 22, 1866, was passed, fixing the salary of the police judge thereafter, the plaintiff had been performing judicial- services from the day he was qualified up to that time at a stipulated rate of compensation. For those services at that rate, he could not be deprived of compensation. The vote prospectively is binding. Retrospectively it is void. If the plaintiff was not satisfied with the salary then established, he might have resigned.
It is urged that assumpsit is not maintainable. But it was the duty of the defendant corporation to pay the plaintiff the salary which they had voted to pay as long as that vote remained in full force. - It may be that the plaintiff might successfully have resorted to mandamus. But however that may be, we have no doubt he can maintain assumpsit. The same question arose in The People v. Mayor, &c., of New York, 23 Wend., 685, in which Nelson, C. J., says: “Here is a legal duty enjoined by competent author[302]*302ity, which the corporation is bound to discharge. It is as binding upon them as if entered into under their corporate seal. Full consideration has been rendered in the services of the officer for the liability thus imposed. An action on the case or assumpsit will lie for a neglect of corporate duty.”
The plaintiff is entitled to receive compensation at the rate of JS500 per annum, from March 7, 1866, up to May 22, 1866, deducting therefrom whatever has been received, with interest upon the sum thus ascertained from the expiration of his first quarter to the date of judgment. Defendants defaulted.
Dickerson, Barrows, Virgin and Peters, <LL, concurred.