COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Annunziata, Frank and McClanahan Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
FARUZ RAZZAQ, A/K/A ALONZO C. PEEPLES MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0245-03-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK MARCH 23, 2004 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge
Joseph R. Winston, Special Appellant Counsel (Public Defender Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Stephen R. McCullough, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Faruz Razzaq (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of unlawful concealment, third
offense, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-103 and 18.2-104. On appeal, he contends the trial court
erred in finding that he had been convicted of two prior larceny offenses. Specifically, he argues
the evidence regarding one of the predicate larceny offenses did not prove that he was
represented by or waived counsel. Finding no error, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
During appellant’s trial for unlawful concealment, third offense, the Commonwealth
attempted to introduce two conviction orders of petit larceny, one from Portsmouth and one from
Chesapeake. Appellant objected only to the petit larceny conviction order from Chesapeake.
This conviction order was in the form of a Virginia Uniform Summons, bearing the docket
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. number C00-4613. The summons/order showed an October 23, 2000 conviction of petit larceny,
under Code § 18.2-96, with a suspended sentence of ten days and a fine of $100.1 The preprinted
portion of the summons/order had a block labeled “attorneys present” and blanks for
“prosecuting attorney (name)” and “defendant’s attorney (name).” Under that block were boxes,
labeled “no attorney” and “attorney waived.” None of these blanks or boxes was filled. The
costs assessed against appellant included a $100 “court appointed attorney” fee. An incomplete
notation appeared at the bottom of the certified copy of the summons/order, which the trial court
determined read “C-A-A” and “Shames.”
The Commonwealth attached to the certified copy of the conviction, as part of the
exhibit, a form entitled, “Request for Appointment of a Lawyer,” dated July 31, 2000, with
docket numbers C00-4612 and C00-4613. The form indicated “Steve Shames” was appointed to
represent appellant in these cases. The form did not show the name of the defendant on the
appropriate line, but appellant had signed the form and the docket number matched the
summons/order. The trial court concluded that appellant was represented by counsel and counsel
was present for trial, despite the Chesapeake judge’s failure to fill in the appropriate blanks.
Appellant did not testify regarding this issue nor did his attorney proffer to the trial court
that appellant was not represented by counsel during the trial in Chesapeake.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, appellant contends the Commonwealth did not prove that counsel represented
him when he was convicted of petit larceny in Chesapeake. He concludes, since the proper
blanks were not completed on the summons/order, we should find, as a matter of law, that the
1 The Chesapeake court also imposed two additional conditions on appellant that are not relevant to this appeal.
-2- conviction was uncounseled and, thus, cannot be used as a predicate offense for another crime.
We disagree.2
When a person has been convicted previously of two offenses deemed punishable as
larceny, on a third conviction “he shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.” Code § 18.2-104. The
judge or jury must find that the accused was convicted previously of two predicate offenses. Id.;
see also Calfee v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 253, 255, 208 S.E.2d 740, 741 (1974) (per curium)
(noting that proof of the prior convictions must be introduced). However, in some
circumstances, a predicate conviction cannot be used to enhance the penalty for a later crime.
This Court has held, “[A] previous misdemeanor conviction attended by incarceration . . . may
support . . . guilt []or enhanced punishment for a later offense [only if] the accused either waived
or was represented by counsel in the earlier proceeding.” Nicely v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App.
579, 584, 490 S.E.2d 281, 283 (1997).
When examining the evidence of a prior conviction, the court should presume that the
earlier case was conducted within the regular standards for judicial proceedings. Id.3 As this
Court has explained:
2 The Commonwealth does not argue that, if a trial court suspended the entirety of any incarceration imposed as part of a sentence, then an uncounseled conviction can be used as a predicate offense. Thus, we decline appellant’s suggestion that we address Griswold v. Commonwealth, 252 Va. 113, 472 S.E.2d 789 (1996). 3 Appellant argues this holding is dicta because Nicely addressed the presumption of regularity in a case where the Commonwealth used a Division of Motor Vehicles transcript, not a court order, to prove the prior conviction. This argument has no merit. “‘Dicta are opinions of a judge which do not embody the resolution or determination of the court and, made without argument or full consideration of the point, are not the professed deliberate determinations of the judge himself . . . . Obiter dicta are such opinions uttered by the way, not upon the point . . . .’” Harmon v. Peery, 145 Va. 578, 583, 134 S.E. 701, 702 (1926) (quoting Rohrbach v. Germania Fire Ins. Co., 62 N.Y. 47, 20 Am. Rep. 451 (1875)). In Nicely, the presumption of regularity analysis was integral to determining where the burden of proof lay once the Commonwealth presented evidence of a prior conviction, therefore, the holding is not dicta.
-3- Because every final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is presumed “to have been rightly done,” a “final” criminal conviction is entitled to a “presumption of regularity” when challenged collaterally, even on the ground that it was constitutionally invalid. See Nicely v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 579, 584-86, 587, 490 S.E.2d 281, 283-84, 284 (1997); see also James v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 746, 750-51, 446 S.E.2d 900, 903 (1994) (citing Parke [v. Raley], 506 U.S. [20,] 30, 113 S. Ct. [517,] 523 [(1992)]). Thus, if the Commonwealth offers evidence sufficient to prove the existence of a defendant’s prior criminal conviction, a presumption arises that the prior conviction was obtained in compliance with the defendant’s right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment. See Nicely, 25 Va. App. at 587, 490 S.E.2d at 284 (stating that “the record of a prior misdemeanor conviction, silent with respect to related incarceration or representation of the accused by counsel, is entitled to a presumption of regularity on collateral attack . . .” (emphasis added)). Unless the defendant rebuts this presumption with evidence that the prior conviction is constitutionally invalid, the prior conviction may be used for sentence enhancement in the current proceeding.
Harris v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 794, 803-04, 497 S.E.2d 165, 169-70 (1998).
We believe Samuels v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Annunziata, Frank and McClanahan Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
FARUZ RAZZAQ, A/K/A ALONZO C. PEEPLES MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0245-03-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK MARCH 23, 2004 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge
Joseph R. Winston, Special Appellant Counsel (Public Defender Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Stephen R. McCullough, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Faruz Razzaq (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of unlawful concealment, third
offense, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-103 and 18.2-104. On appeal, he contends the trial court
erred in finding that he had been convicted of two prior larceny offenses. Specifically, he argues
the evidence regarding one of the predicate larceny offenses did not prove that he was
represented by or waived counsel. Finding no error, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
During appellant’s trial for unlawful concealment, third offense, the Commonwealth
attempted to introduce two conviction orders of petit larceny, one from Portsmouth and one from
Chesapeake. Appellant objected only to the petit larceny conviction order from Chesapeake.
This conviction order was in the form of a Virginia Uniform Summons, bearing the docket
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. number C00-4613. The summons/order showed an October 23, 2000 conviction of petit larceny,
under Code § 18.2-96, with a suspended sentence of ten days and a fine of $100.1 The preprinted
portion of the summons/order had a block labeled “attorneys present” and blanks for
“prosecuting attorney (name)” and “defendant’s attorney (name).” Under that block were boxes,
labeled “no attorney” and “attorney waived.” None of these blanks or boxes was filled. The
costs assessed against appellant included a $100 “court appointed attorney” fee. An incomplete
notation appeared at the bottom of the certified copy of the summons/order, which the trial court
determined read “C-A-A” and “Shames.”
The Commonwealth attached to the certified copy of the conviction, as part of the
exhibit, a form entitled, “Request for Appointment of a Lawyer,” dated July 31, 2000, with
docket numbers C00-4612 and C00-4613. The form indicated “Steve Shames” was appointed to
represent appellant in these cases. The form did not show the name of the defendant on the
appropriate line, but appellant had signed the form and the docket number matched the
summons/order. The trial court concluded that appellant was represented by counsel and counsel
was present for trial, despite the Chesapeake judge’s failure to fill in the appropriate blanks.
Appellant did not testify regarding this issue nor did his attorney proffer to the trial court
that appellant was not represented by counsel during the trial in Chesapeake.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, appellant contends the Commonwealth did not prove that counsel represented
him when he was convicted of petit larceny in Chesapeake. He concludes, since the proper
blanks were not completed on the summons/order, we should find, as a matter of law, that the
1 The Chesapeake court also imposed two additional conditions on appellant that are not relevant to this appeal.
-2- conviction was uncounseled and, thus, cannot be used as a predicate offense for another crime.
We disagree.2
When a person has been convicted previously of two offenses deemed punishable as
larceny, on a third conviction “he shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.” Code § 18.2-104. The
judge or jury must find that the accused was convicted previously of two predicate offenses. Id.;
see also Calfee v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 253, 255, 208 S.E.2d 740, 741 (1974) (per curium)
(noting that proof of the prior convictions must be introduced). However, in some
circumstances, a predicate conviction cannot be used to enhance the penalty for a later crime.
This Court has held, “[A] previous misdemeanor conviction attended by incarceration . . . may
support . . . guilt []or enhanced punishment for a later offense [only if] the accused either waived
or was represented by counsel in the earlier proceeding.” Nicely v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App.
579, 584, 490 S.E.2d 281, 283 (1997).
When examining the evidence of a prior conviction, the court should presume that the
earlier case was conducted within the regular standards for judicial proceedings. Id.3 As this
Court has explained:
2 The Commonwealth does not argue that, if a trial court suspended the entirety of any incarceration imposed as part of a sentence, then an uncounseled conviction can be used as a predicate offense. Thus, we decline appellant’s suggestion that we address Griswold v. Commonwealth, 252 Va. 113, 472 S.E.2d 789 (1996). 3 Appellant argues this holding is dicta because Nicely addressed the presumption of regularity in a case where the Commonwealth used a Division of Motor Vehicles transcript, not a court order, to prove the prior conviction. This argument has no merit. “‘Dicta are opinions of a judge which do not embody the resolution or determination of the court and, made without argument or full consideration of the point, are not the professed deliberate determinations of the judge himself . . . . Obiter dicta are such opinions uttered by the way, not upon the point . . . .’” Harmon v. Peery, 145 Va. 578, 583, 134 S.E. 701, 702 (1926) (quoting Rohrbach v. Germania Fire Ins. Co., 62 N.Y. 47, 20 Am. Rep. 451 (1875)). In Nicely, the presumption of regularity analysis was integral to determining where the burden of proof lay once the Commonwealth presented evidence of a prior conviction, therefore, the holding is not dicta.
-3- Because every final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is presumed “to have been rightly done,” a “final” criminal conviction is entitled to a “presumption of regularity” when challenged collaterally, even on the ground that it was constitutionally invalid. See Nicely v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 579, 584-86, 587, 490 S.E.2d 281, 283-84, 284 (1997); see also James v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 746, 750-51, 446 S.E.2d 900, 903 (1994) (citing Parke [v. Raley], 506 U.S. [20,] 30, 113 S. Ct. [517,] 523 [(1992)]). Thus, if the Commonwealth offers evidence sufficient to prove the existence of a defendant’s prior criminal conviction, a presumption arises that the prior conviction was obtained in compliance with the defendant’s right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment. See Nicely, 25 Va. App. at 587, 490 S.E.2d at 284 (stating that “the record of a prior misdemeanor conviction, silent with respect to related incarceration or representation of the accused by counsel, is entitled to a presumption of regularity on collateral attack . . .” (emphasis added)). Unless the defendant rebuts this presumption with evidence that the prior conviction is constitutionally invalid, the prior conviction may be used for sentence enhancement in the current proceeding.
Harris v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 794, 803-04, 497 S.E.2d 165, 169-70 (1998).
We believe Samuels v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 119, 497 S.E.2d 873 (1998), is
dispositive here. In a trial for driving under the influence, third offense, the trial court admitted a
misdemeanor conviction from Arlington as a predicate offense for the enhanced penalty. Id. at
121, 497 S.E.2d at 874. The summons/order form documenting the conviction contained a
handwritten notation, “Joe Duvall.” Id. at 122, 497 S.E.2d at 874. To prove Mr. Duvall
represented Samuels, the Commonwealth introduced a copy of a continuance form from the
same court, which also contained the notation, “attorney Joe Duvall.” Id. at 122, 497 S.E.2d at
875. Samuels asserted that evidence was insufficient because no attorney’s name was listed on
the summons/order under the preprinted language “Attorney for the Accused” nor was the
preprinted section showing “Attorney(s) Present” completed. Id. We held the evidence in
Samuels supported “the inference, which the trial judge drew as fact finder, that Duvall made an
appearance in the case on behalf of the defendant.” Id. at 124, 497 S.E.2d at 876. We further
-4- noted that nothing in the record indicated Duvall had been relieved as counsel. Id. at 124-25,
497 S.E.2d at 876.
In the instant case, we also find the evidence supports the trial court’s factual
determination that appellant was represented by counsel during his trial. Although the blanks for
listing the prosecuting and defending attorneys are empty, the summons/order includes a fee on
the line for “court appointed attorney.” Additionally, the notation “C.A.A. S. Shames” appears
on the bottom of the form. A “Request for Appointment of a Lawyer” form and a
“Determination of Indigency” form both bear appellant’s signature and the same docket number
as the conviction. Finally, the request form specifically lists “Steve Shames” as the
court-appointed lawyer for the Chesapeake case. This evidence supports the trial court’s finding
that appellant had counsel for his prior petit larceny conviction, and appellant offered no
evidence to rebut the presumption of regularity.
Appellant suggests Rose v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 430, 578 S.E.2d 758 (2003), has
bearing on our decision in this case. However, Rose addressed whether an element of an offense
was proven, not whether the presumption of regularity was rebutted. In Rose, the format of the
prior order, finding Rose a habitual offender, included a box to indicate his sentence included the
mandatory revocation of driving privileges. Id. at 435, 578 S.E.2d at 760-61. The box was not
marked, and the conviction did not indicate elsewhere that the revocation was ordered. Id. at
435-36, 578 S.E.2d at 760-61. The Supreme Court found the Commonwealth had not met its
prima facie burden to prove each element of driving while those privileges have been revoked.
Id. at 436, 578 S.E.2d at 761. Here, the fact of the prior conviction is not in question; the
Commonwealth has met its prima facie burden. Instead, we are asked to decide whether the
procedures used to obtain that conviction were proper. Rose does not apply.
-5- The trial court made a factual finding, supported by the evidence, that the appellant was
represented by counsel on his Chesapeake conviction. Finding no error, we affirm the
conviction.
Affirmed.
-6-