NAVE, J. —
This is an action brought by the appellants to set aside a reorganization of the Cieneguita Copper Company, a solvent, going corporation organized under the laws of this territory, into the Cieneguita Copper Company, a corporation organized for the purpose under the laws of the state of Nevada, with the same capitalization as the Arizona corporation, pursuant to which all of the assets of the Arizona corporation were conveyed to the Nevada corporation, under an agreement that the Nevada corporation should assume the debts of the Arizona corporation, and that the stock of the Arizona corporation should be replaced, share for share, in the hands of the shareholders by stock of the Nevada corporation. At the annual meeting of the Arizona corporation in December, 1905, this reorganization was proposed. The appellant T. E. Farish was personally present at the meeting, and voted for the' reorganization. The other appellants [239]*239were represented by proxies, who also voted lor the reorganization. The instruments appointing proxies each conferred authority to vote at that annual meeting, and at any adjourned meetings thereof, with the provision that, “I hereby grant my said attorney all the power that I would possess if personally present at such meetings.” In the course of exchanging the stock of the Arizona corporation for stock of the Nevada corporation the Nevada corporation refused to issue its stock to certain stockholders, when presented for exchange, except with certain restrictions upon the right of alienation thereof. Among these was the appellant T. E. Farish, who declined to accept the restrictions, and instituted this suit to annul the reorganization. After the suit had been pending for some months, the remaining appellants obtained leave to intervene in the action to join Farish in the pursuit of the same relief. It does not appear that a purpose to defraud any person lay behind the reorganization, or that the effect of the reorganization, when fully carried out, will be to defraud any person.
At the outset it is to be observed that the reorganization of a corporation into a new corporation is not vulnerable upon the ground that it is ultra vires. It is not a matter of corporate power which is involved, but the matter of the rights of the stockholders under the corporate compact. It is quite clear that, in the absence of statutory authority, such a reorganization of a solvent, going corporation may not be accomplished without the unanimous consent of the stockholders, but this is not because the reorganization is beyond the corporate power, but because it ruptures the corporate compact, which, as in the case of all contracts, can lawfully be broken only by the unanimous agreement of all the parties thereto. By loose usage the term “ultra vires” has been applied to an attempted reorganization without unanimous consent, because it is beyond .the lawful power of the majority thus to break the corporate compact. The converse of the proposition is equally true: That, since the reorganization involves no question of corporate power, it may lawfully be accomplished by the consent of all the stockholders. It appears from the record that this action was dismissed in so far as the appellant T. E. Farish is concerned, upon the ground that, no fraud or deception having been practiced [240]*240upon Rim, he having voted in person for the reorganization, is bound by his action. This conclusion is so evidently well founded that it needs neither elaboration nor the citation of authorities. His acquiescence in the reorganization is supplementally shown by his presentation of his stock for exchange. His grievance does not lie in the reorganization, but in what he contends to be a departure from its conditions. His relief must be sought by an action to compel due performance of those conditions.
The status of the other appellants is different, in that they were not personally present at the stockholders’ meeting, which authorized the reorganization, and do not appear to have presented their stock for exchange. They were, however, as has been stated, represented by proxies, who voted for the reorganization. There is no statute in Arizona which expressly authorizes voting by proxy at corporate meetings; nor does it appear that either the articles of incorporation or the by-laws of the defendant company authorize voting by proxy. Without determining whether, in this state of the public and corporate law, stockholders may lawfully be represented at corporate meetings, by proxies, we hold that a stockholder, who was in fact represented by an authorized proxy, is estopped to contend that his proxy could not lawfully be recognized. We hold, further, that, assuming, but not deciding, that measures which were carried only by the aid of the votes of proxies are voidable at the suit of stockholders who objected to the recognition of proxies, or who did not participate in the meeting, they are not absolutely void, and thus open to the attack of a participating or acquiescing stockholder. These appellants, therefore, having acquiesced in the reception of votes by proxy by sending proxies to the meeting, cannot be heard to assert that the proxies of other stockholders ought not to have been recognized.
These appellants contend that the authority conferred by them upon their proxies, broad and comprehensive though it is, did not extend beyond the authority to represent them in such business as might, in the ordinary course of corporate affairs, be expected to come before the annual meeting; that it cannot be construed as authorizing their proxies to destroy the business of the corporation, and make their [241]*241principals parties to the incorporation of a new corporate entity and stockholders therein. There is force in this contention. Comprehensive though the instruments are in conferring “all the power that” the principals “would possess if personally present at such meeting,” it is quite manifest that the authority is not unlimited. The principals, while present at the annual meeting, would, in their individual capacities, have all their ordinary powers. They could as individuals execute promissory notes, release mortgages, and accomplish any other of their ordinary activities. The wording of the instruments, if broadly construed, authorizes the proxies to do all of these ordinary acts. Literally included within the terms of the authority though such general power is, it cannot be contended that such acts of the agents so authorized would have validity as being within the scope of their authority. Moore v. Ensley, 111 Ala. 228, 20 South. 744. The quoted expression of the instruments must be limited, in the light of the earlier expression therein that “I, the undersigned, do hereby appoint A. B. to vote as my proxy ... at the annual meeting, ... on the stock then standing in my name.” The authority conferred cannot reasonably be held to extend beyond the transaction, with “all the power that” the stockholders themselves “would possess if personally present,” of any business which might properly come before that meeting; that is to say, of corporate business. The incorporation of a new company, the changing of the stockholders’ status from that of stockholders in the present company to stockholders in a new company, is not within the normal scope of the business of the stockholders’ meeting. It is not business of, or pertaining to, the corporation until and unless the corporate compact is changed by unanimous consent, as above pointed out.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NAVE, J. —
This is an action brought by the appellants to set aside a reorganization of the Cieneguita Copper Company, a solvent, going corporation organized under the laws of this territory, into the Cieneguita Copper Company, a corporation organized for the purpose under the laws of the state of Nevada, with the same capitalization as the Arizona corporation, pursuant to which all of the assets of the Arizona corporation were conveyed to the Nevada corporation, under an agreement that the Nevada corporation should assume the debts of the Arizona corporation, and that the stock of the Arizona corporation should be replaced, share for share, in the hands of the shareholders by stock of the Nevada corporation. At the annual meeting of the Arizona corporation in December, 1905, this reorganization was proposed. The appellant T. E. Farish was personally present at the meeting, and voted for the' reorganization. The other appellants [239]*239were represented by proxies, who also voted lor the reorganization. The instruments appointing proxies each conferred authority to vote at that annual meeting, and at any adjourned meetings thereof, with the provision that, “I hereby grant my said attorney all the power that I would possess if personally present at such meetings.” In the course of exchanging the stock of the Arizona corporation for stock of the Nevada corporation the Nevada corporation refused to issue its stock to certain stockholders, when presented for exchange, except with certain restrictions upon the right of alienation thereof. Among these was the appellant T. E. Farish, who declined to accept the restrictions, and instituted this suit to annul the reorganization. After the suit had been pending for some months, the remaining appellants obtained leave to intervene in the action to join Farish in the pursuit of the same relief. It does not appear that a purpose to defraud any person lay behind the reorganization, or that the effect of the reorganization, when fully carried out, will be to defraud any person.
At the outset it is to be observed that the reorganization of a corporation into a new corporation is not vulnerable upon the ground that it is ultra vires. It is not a matter of corporate power which is involved, but the matter of the rights of the stockholders under the corporate compact. It is quite clear that, in the absence of statutory authority, such a reorganization of a solvent, going corporation may not be accomplished without the unanimous consent of the stockholders, but this is not because the reorganization is beyond the corporate power, but because it ruptures the corporate compact, which, as in the case of all contracts, can lawfully be broken only by the unanimous agreement of all the parties thereto. By loose usage the term “ultra vires” has been applied to an attempted reorganization without unanimous consent, because it is beyond .the lawful power of the majority thus to break the corporate compact. The converse of the proposition is equally true: That, since the reorganization involves no question of corporate power, it may lawfully be accomplished by the consent of all the stockholders. It appears from the record that this action was dismissed in so far as the appellant T. E. Farish is concerned, upon the ground that, no fraud or deception having been practiced [240]*240upon Rim, he having voted in person for the reorganization, is bound by his action. This conclusion is so evidently well founded that it needs neither elaboration nor the citation of authorities. His acquiescence in the reorganization is supplementally shown by his presentation of his stock for exchange. His grievance does not lie in the reorganization, but in what he contends to be a departure from its conditions. His relief must be sought by an action to compel due performance of those conditions.
The status of the other appellants is different, in that they were not personally present at the stockholders’ meeting, which authorized the reorganization, and do not appear to have presented their stock for exchange. They were, however, as has been stated, represented by proxies, who voted for the reorganization. There is no statute in Arizona which expressly authorizes voting by proxy at corporate meetings; nor does it appear that either the articles of incorporation or the by-laws of the defendant company authorize voting by proxy. Without determining whether, in this state of the public and corporate law, stockholders may lawfully be represented at corporate meetings, by proxies, we hold that a stockholder, who was in fact represented by an authorized proxy, is estopped to contend that his proxy could not lawfully be recognized. We hold, further, that, assuming, but not deciding, that measures which were carried only by the aid of the votes of proxies are voidable at the suit of stockholders who objected to the recognition of proxies, or who did not participate in the meeting, they are not absolutely void, and thus open to the attack of a participating or acquiescing stockholder. These appellants, therefore, having acquiesced in the reception of votes by proxy by sending proxies to the meeting, cannot be heard to assert that the proxies of other stockholders ought not to have been recognized.
These appellants contend that the authority conferred by them upon their proxies, broad and comprehensive though it is, did not extend beyond the authority to represent them in such business as might, in the ordinary course of corporate affairs, be expected to come before the annual meeting; that it cannot be construed as authorizing their proxies to destroy the business of the corporation, and make their [241]*241principals parties to the incorporation of a new corporate entity and stockholders therein. There is force in this contention. Comprehensive though the instruments are in conferring “all the power that” the principals “would possess if personally present at such meeting,” it is quite manifest that the authority is not unlimited. The principals, while present at the annual meeting, would, in their individual capacities, have all their ordinary powers. They could as individuals execute promissory notes, release mortgages, and accomplish any other of their ordinary activities. The wording of the instruments, if broadly construed, authorizes the proxies to do all of these ordinary acts. Literally included within the terms of the authority though such general power is, it cannot be contended that such acts of the agents so authorized would have validity as being within the scope of their authority. Moore v. Ensley, 111 Ala. 228, 20 South. 744. The quoted expression of the instruments must be limited, in the light of the earlier expression therein that “I, the undersigned, do hereby appoint A. B. to vote as my proxy ... at the annual meeting, ... on the stock then standing in my name.” The authority conferred cannot reasonably be held to extend beyond the transaction, with “all the power that” the stockholders themselves “would possess if personally present,” of any business which might properly come before that meeting; that is to say, of corporate business. The incorporation of a new company, the changing of the stockholders’ status from that of stockholders in the present company to stockholders in a new company, is not within the normal scope of the business of the stockholders’ meeting. It is not business of, or pertaining to, the corporation until and unless the corporate compact is changed by unanimous consent, as above pointed out. It creates an entirely new contractual relation on the part of the individual stockholders, and is as foreign to the business of the stockholders’ meeting as is the release of the mortgage which is the subject matter of the case of Moore v. Ensley, supra. No rights of third parties can be predicated upon such an action of the proxies; for, in accordance with the fundamental law of agency, those dealing with an agent are bound to ascertain the extent of the agent’s authority, and, subject to easily recognized exceptions, may not hold the principal estopped by the action of his [242]*242agent beyond tbe scope of that authority. Hence we hold that these latter appellants are unaffected by the action of their proxies in voting for this reorganization. McKee v. Home Sav. etc. Co., 122 Iowa, 731, 98 N. W. 609; Smith v. Smith, 3 Desaus. (S. C.) 557.
The appellee contends that these appellants are estopped by laches to complain. It appears that no notice or intimation was given to the stockholders that such a proposition would be presented at the stockholders’ meeting, and that the intervenors Wilson and Williams were without knowledge that such a reorganization had been attempted until immediately prior to the institution of this suit by T. E. Farish, Until they had acquired knowledge that their rights were being infringed they could not take legal proceedings to protect themselves. The suit by T. E. Farish was instituted “on-behalf of himself and other stockholders similarly situated.” His action brought into litigation the substance of their rights in the matter, in their interest as well as in his. Therefore the period of several months which elapsed between the institution of the suit and their appearance in it as inter-veno-rs cannot be counted against them as evidencing laches.
Appellee contends still further that, by paragraph 772 of the Civil Code of 1901, it is provided that a corporation may be dissolved by a majority vote of its members; that the reorganization here attempted is equivalent to a dissolution, and therefore was properly accomplished by a majority vote of the stockholders. This position is untenable. “Dissolution” of a corporation denotes its complete destruction, and con-notates the liquidation and distribution of its assets. The reorganization here attempted did not contemplate the termination of the corporate business, nor liquidation and distribution. It was an attempt to continue the corporate business under a new corporate entity, in a foreign jurisdiction. This is not a dissolution. Mason v. Pewabic M. Co., 133 U. S. 50, 10 Sup. Ct. 224, 33 L. Ed. 524. Appellee contends, further, that this reorganization is valid by reason of the provisions of Act No. 82 of the Laws of 1903, providing for the judicial dissolution of a corporation, “whenever at any general or special meeting of the stockholders of any such corporation, the holders of the majority of its outstanding stock represented or voting at any such meeting shall have directed [243]*243the disposal of all corporate assets or that the corporation he dissolved, or that it cease to use or exercise its corporate franchise; or whenever the directors or officers or managing hoard of any such corporation being thereto authorized or directed hy a majority of the outstanding stock thereof, represented or voting at any general or special meeting thereof, shall have disposed of all the corporate assets or dissolved or attempted to dissolve or secure the dissolution of such corporation, or shall have done or attempted to do any of the aforesaid.” Passing, without consideration, the question whether that act can affect the right of stockholders in a corporation incorporated, as this corporation was, prior to its enactment, and passing also the question whether the act may properly he construed as conferring authority upon a majority of the stockholders to dispose of all the corporate assets except as a part of the process of dissolution, liquidation, and distribution, it is sufficient to point out that manifestly the act does not authorize the majority of the stockholders to give away the corporate assets, or to place upon nonassenting stockholders the necessity of being parties to a continuation of the corporate business under a new corporate franchise. Mason v. Pewabic M. Co., supra; Theis v. Spokane etc. Co., 34 Wash. 23, 74 Pac. 1004; Forrester v. Consolidated Co., 21 Mont. 544, 55 Pac. 230, 353. The disposal of the assets here attempted was not a disposal in the sense of a sale for a consideration, but was an attempted transfer of all of the corporate assets, without any consideration whatsoever accruing to the transferring corporation. Such consideration as appears in the transaction is in the form of an exchange of stock of the new corporation for the stock of the old corporation in the hands of the stockholders.
Finally, however, it is contended by the appellee that the appellants must fail because the Nevada corporation is not a party to this litigation. The sustaining of this contention would involve the impaling of appellants on the horn of one of two dilemmas in the pursuit of relief. If in the pursuit of a remedy in this jurisdiction, he can be met successfully by the objection that the Nevada corporation is an essential party in interest, and that, the relief sought being personal in its nature, the Nevada corporation cannot be brought within the jurisdiction of the decree unless it voluntarily appears in [244]*244the suit, they will more effectually be met in.the pursuit of relief in the Nevada court by the defense that the appellee is a necessary party, that for the same reason jurisdiction cannot be obtained of it in Nevada, and that the appellants cannot be heard to sue in Nevada in the name of, or in behalf of, the appellee, because they are suing in their own interest, for relief from the unauthorized act of their own corporation. East Tenn. etc. Co. v. Grayson, 119 U. S. 240, 244, 7 Sup. Ct. 190, 30 L. Ed. 382. It is well to repeat that this reorganization is not on its face void. For reasons adequately pointed out, it is not void, but voidable. It would be unassailable if based on prior consent of all the stockholders, or if subsequently ratified by acquiescence. Hence to avoid and set aside the reorganization, the interest of those who brought it about and formally consented to it, and of the corporate entity which, acting through its directors, made the transfer of the assets pursuant to the plan of reorganization, must be foreclosed. This can be done only by a suit to which the corporation itself is a party. It seems preposterous that the consummation of the unauthorized act shall effectually bar the parties injured from the pursuit of relief. Under such circumstances courts will be astute to find an available remedy. It is evident that unless there be, precedent to, or contemporaneous with, a judgment compelling the Nevada corporation to make restitution of the assets of the Arizona corporation, a decree nullifying the transfer of those assets to the Nevada corporation, the decree of restitution may not be had. Since, by reason of the. absence of the Nevada corporation, which is a necessary party to a decree of restitution, that decree cannot be had in this suit, it follows that at the most the relief which can be afforded by this court is the annulling of the apparent authority of the board of directors to make that transfer, which annulment, when accomplished, paves the way for an action by appellee or by appellants on behalf of the appellee in a Nevada court to procure such restitution. While in the nature of things such judgment of this court cannot be conclusive of the rights of the Nevada corporation, nor controlling of the decision of the Nevada court, it would serve at least the purpose of paving a way for an inquiry by a Nevada court into the merits of any defense which the Nevada corporation may have to [245]*245interpose to a suit for the restitution by it of the transferred assets. It seems to ns that we need not impale the appellants upon the horn of either of the dilemmas presented by the contention of the appellee, but that we may award to them that modicum of relief which will remove the obstacles which now stand between them and a right to be heard in a Nevada court.
The trial court dismissed the action of the interveners without prejudice to such rights as they might have to institute proceedings in courts of Nevada. The dismissal should be set aside, and by judgment entered in this court the action of the stockholders’ meeting, in attempted authorization of the transfer of the assets of the appellee, and the action of the directors and officers pursuant' thereto, should be decreed null and void. It is so ordered.
SLOAN, DOAN, and CAMPBELL, JJ., concur.