Field, C. J. delivered the opinion of the Court
Cope, J. and Norton, J. concurring.
This is an action for the foreclosure of a mortgage executed on .the twenty-seventh of February, 1856, by David C, Broderick, late [29]*29of the city of San Francisco, upon certain real property situated within' that city, to secure his promissory note of the same date for ten thousand dollars, payable in twelve months, with interest. Broderick died on the sixteenth of September, 1859, and the action is brought against the executors of his last will and testament, and parties claiming some interest in the mortgaged premises as devisees, legatees, purchasers or otherwise, subsequent to the hen of the mortgage. The complaint alleges the probate of the will, and the issuance of letters testamentary to the defendants, Butler and McGlynn, the executors named therein; the presentation of the promissory note, verified as required by statute, to them, as such executors, for the approval and allowance as a claim against the estate of the deceased, and its approval and allowance by them, and subsequently by the Probate Judge of the county; and prays for the usual degree for the sale of the premises, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the amount found due upon the note for principal and interest, and for the costs and per centage stipulated. There is no prayer for judgment or execution for any deficiency which may remain after the application of the proceeds of the sale. The plaintiff obtained a decree pursuant to his prayer.
The objection taken by the appellants is to the jurisdiction of the District Court to entertain the action. It is founded upon certain provisions of the “Act regulating the Settlement of the Estates of Deceased Persons,” and the decisions in this Court in Ellissen v. Halleck, (6 Cal. 386) and Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors, (Id. 412).
The provisions of the act referred to are those which declare that no sale of any property of an estate shall be valid unless made upon an order of the Probate Court (sec. 148); that no action shafi be maintained upon any claim against an estate unless the claim has been presented to the executor or administrator and been rejected by him, or if approved by him, has been rejected by the Probate Judge of the county (secs. 134, 136) ; that a claim allowed by the executor or administrator and Probate Judge shall be ranked among the acknowledged debts of the estate, to be paid in due course of administration (sec. 133) ; and that the effect of a judgment rendered against an executor or administrator upon a claim for money against the estate of the testator or intestate, shall be only to [30]*30establish the claim in the same manner as if it had been allowed by the executor or administrator and Probate Judge (sec. 140). These provisions, it is contended, divest the District Court of jurisdiction to entertain the action for the foreclosure of the mortgage, and place the debt to the plaintiff allowed by the executors and Probate Judge among the simple money demands against the estate of the testator, to be paid in the due course of administration, and the sale of the property mortgaged subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Probate Court. The only advantage which the plaintiff possesses by his mortgage, according to the position of the appellants, over the holder of an unsecured money demand against the estate is this: that in case the funds in the hands of the executors are insufficient to pay all the debts of the testator, he can insist upon an appropriation of the proceeds arising from the sale of the mortgaged premises to the payment of his demand in preference to the claims of other creditors.
In the case of Ellissen v. Halleck there was no presentation of the claim arising upon the personal obligation of the mortgagor to the executors for allowance, and the Court held, that such presentation and the rejection of the claim by them or by the Probate Judge were essential to the maintenance of the action for the foreclosure of the mortgage. In Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors the claim was presented to the executors and allowed by them, and the Court held the allowance gave to the claim “ all the virtues and properties which a judgment against executors can have under our systemand that there was in consequence no necessity for the action. In Ellissen v. Halleck there was a prayer in the complaint, that the executors be adjudged to pay any deficiency, which might remain after the application of the proceeds of the sale, out of other assets of the estate of the deceased. In Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors there was a prayer that such deficiency be classed among the demands against the estate, and the executors be directed to pay the same in the due course of administration. In neither case did the Court distinguish between the claims arising upon the personal obligations of the mortgagors, and the right of the mortgagees to seek the aid of a Court of Equity to enforce them specific hens. Yet the distinction is obvious, and has been, tacitly at least, recognized in later [31]*31cases. The decisions, therefore, of those cases never met the full approbation of the profession, and as titles to property amounting in value to millions rest upon sales under decrees of the District Court in cases instituted for the foreclosure of mortgages made by deceased persons, we are justified in reconsidering the question of the jurisdiction of that Court in such cases.
The provision of the statute declaring that no sale of any property of an estate shall be valid unless made upon an order of the Probate Court, applies only to sales by executors and administrators. It has no reference to judicial sales under the decrees of the District Corals, nor to sales in pursuance of testamentary authority. (Cowell v. Buckelew, 14 Cal. 641; Norris v. Harris, 15 Id. 256; Payne v. Payne, 18 Id. 292.) The question then for considerar tion is, whether a mortgage lien is a “ claim against the estate ” of a deceased person, within the meaning of the Probate Act, so as to preclude an action for its enforcement until the debt secured by it has been presented to the executors and been rejected by them, or by the Probate Judge.
As we have seen, the statute declares, that a claim allowed shall be ranked among the acknowledged debts of the estate, to be paid in the due course of administration. (Sec. 133.) Other provisions treat a claim as synonymous with a debt, or a legal demand for money. Notice is to be given “ to creditors of the deceased requiring all persons having claims against the deceased to exhibit them.” (Sec. 128.) “ Every claim presented to the administrator shall be supported by the affidavit of the claimant, that the amount is justly due, that no payments have been made thereon, and that there are no offsets to the same to the knowledge of the claimant.” (Sec. 131.) When any claim is only allowed in part by the administrator, executor, or Probate Judge, “ he shall state in his indoi’sement the amount he is willing to allow.” (Sec. 139.) “ If the executor or administrator is himself a creditor of the testator or intestate ” his claim shall be presented, duly authenticated, for allowance or rejection to the Probate Judge. (Sec. 145.) In the statements to be returned by the executor or administrator, “ he shall designate the names of the creditors, the nature of each claim, when it became due, or will become drne,
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Field, C. J. delivered the opinion of the Court
Cope, J. and Norton, J. concurring.
This is an action for the foreclosure of a mortgage executed on .the twenty-seventh of February, 1856, by David C, Broderick, late [29]*29of the city of San Francisco, upon certain real property situated within' that city, to secure his promissory note of the same date for ten thousand dollars, payable in twelve months, with interest. Broderick died on the sixteenth of September, 1859, and the action is brought against the executors of his last will and testament, and parties claiming some interest in the mortgaged premises as devisees, legatees, purchasers or otherwise, subsequent to the hen of the mortgage. The complaint alleges the probate of the will, and the issuance of letters testamentary to the defendants, Butler and McGlynn, the executors named therein; the presentation of the promissory note, verified as required by statute, to them, as such executors, for the approval and allowance as a claim against the estate of the deceased, and its approval and allowance by them, and subsequently by the Probate Judge of the county; and prays for the usual degree for the sale of the premises, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the amount found due upon the note for principal and interest, and for the costs and per centage stipulated. There is no prayer for judgment or execution for any deficiency which may remain after the application of the proceeds of the sale. The plaintiff obtained a decree pursuant to his prayer.
The objection taken by the appellants is to the jurisdiction of the District Court to entertain the action. It is founded upon certain provisions of the “Act regulating the Settlement of the Estates of Deceased Persons,” and the decisions in this Court in Ellissen v. Halleck, (6 Cal. 386) and Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors, (Id. 412).
The provisions of the act referred to are those which declare that no sale of any property of an estate shall be valid unless made upon an order of the Probate Court (sec. 148); that no action shafi be maintained upon any claim against an estate unless the claim has been presented to the executor or administrator and been rejected by him, or if approved by him, has been rejected by the Probate Judge of the county (secs. 134, 136) ; that a claim allowed by the executor or administrator and Probate Judge shall be ranked among the acknowledged debts of the estate, to be paid in due course of administration (sec. 133) ; and that the effect of a judgment rendered against an executor or administrator upon a claim for money against the estate of the testator or intestate, shall be only to [30]*30establish the claim in the same manner as if it had been allowed by the executor or administrator and Probate Judge (sec. 140). These provisions, it is contended, divest the District Court of jurisdiction to entertain the action for the foreclosure of the mortgage, and place the debt to the plaintiff allowed by the executors and Probate Judge among the simple money demands against the estate of the testator, to be paid in the due course of administration, and the sale of the property mortgaged subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Probate Court. The only advantage which the plaintiff possesses by his mortgage, according to the position of the appellants, over the holder of an unsecured money demand against the estate is this: that in case the funds in the hands of the executors are insufficient to pay all the debts of the testator, he can insist upon an appropriation of the proceeds arising from the sale of the mortgaged premises to the payment of his demand in preference to the claims of other creditors.
In the case of Ellissen v. Halleck there was no presentation of the claim arising upon the personal obligation of the mortgagor to the executors for allowance, and the Court held, that such presentation and the rejection of the claim by them or by the Probate Judge were essential to the maintenance of the action for the foreclosure of the mortgage. In Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors the claim was presented to the executors and allowed by them, and the Court held the allowance gave to the claim “ all the virtues and properties which a judgment against executors can have under our systemand that there was in consequence no necessity for the action. In Ellissen v. Halleck there was a prayer in the complaint, that the executors be adjudged to pay any deficiency, which might remain after the application of the proceeds of the sale, out of other assets of the estate of the deceased. In Faulkner v. Folsom's Executors there was a prayer that such deficiency be classed among the demands against the estate, and the executors be directed to pay the same in the due course of administration. In neither case did the Court distinguish between the claims arising upon the personal obligations of the mortgagors, and the right of the mortgagees to seek the aid of a Court of Equity to enforce them specific hens. Yet the distinction is obvious, and has been, tacitly at least, recognized in later [31]*31cases. The decisions, therefore, of those cases never met the full approbation of the profession, and as titles to property amounting in value to millions rest upon sales under decrees of the District Court in cases instituted for the foreclosure of mortgages made by deceased persons, we are justified in reconsidering the question of the jurisdiction of that Court in such cases.
The provision of the statute declaring that no sale of any property of an estate shall be valid unless made upon an order of the Probate Court, applies only to sales by executors and administrators. It has no reference to judicial sales under the decrees of the District Corals, nor to sales in pursuance of testamentary authority. (Cowell v. Buckelew, 14 Cal. 641; Norris v. Harris, 15 Id. 256; Payne v. Payne, 18 Id. 292.) The question then for considerar tion is, whether a mortgage lien is a “ claim against the estate ” of a deceased person, within the meaning of the Probate Act, so as to preclude an action for its enforcement until the debt secured by it has been presented to the executors and been rejected by them, or by the Probate Judge.
As we have seen, the statute declares, that a claim allowed shall be ranked among the acknowledged debts of the estate, to be paid in the due course of administration. (Sec. 133.) Other provisions treat a claim as synonymous with a debt, or a legal demand for money. Notice is to be given “ to creditors of the deceased requiring all persons having claims against the deceased to exhibit them.” (Sec. 128.) “ Every claim presented to the administrator shall be supported by the affidavit of the claimant, that the amount is justly due, that no payments have been made thereon, and that there are no offsets to the same to the knowledge of the claimant.” (Sec. 131.) When any claim is only allowed in part by the administrator, executor, or Probate Judge, “ he shall state in his indoi’sement the amount he is willing to allow.” (Sec. 139.) “ If the executor or administrator is himself a creditor of the testator or intestate ” his claim shall be presented, duly authenticated, for allowance or rejection to the Probate Judge. (Sec. 145.) In the statements to be returned by the executor or administrator, “ he shall designate the names of the creditors, the nature of each claim, when it became due, or will become drne, and whether it was allowed [32]*32or rejected by him.” (Sec. 147.) "If claims against the estate have been allowed, and a sale of property shall be necessary for then.' payment, or of the expenses of the administration,” the executor or administrator may apply for an order to sell so much of the personal property as may be necessary. (Sec. 150.) If an executor or administrator “ shall have paid any claim for less than its nominal value,” he shall only be entitled to charge in his account so much as he shall have actually paid. (Sec. 220.) Other provisions equally pertinent might be cited. Whatever signification then may be attached to the term “ claims,” standing by itself, it is evident that in the Probate Act it only has reference to such debts or demands against the decedent as might have been enforced against him in his lifetime by personal actions for the recovery of money, and upon which only a money judgment could have been rendered. In this sense a mortgage lien is not a claim against the estate. In its enforcement a money judgment is not sought, but a subjection of the property to sale and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the debt secured. The debt secured may or may not be a personal liability. Whether it be so or not it is distinct from the mortgage lien. In the present case the debt is evidenced by the promissory note of the mortgagor, and the complaint alleges, as we have stated, its presentation and allowance as a claim against the estate. Such presentation and allowance were necessary to secure the -payment of the debt out of the general estate, if that were desired, and perhaps also to prevent the debt from being barred by the statute, and thus to uphold the mortgage. But no judgment is asked against the estate either for the debt, or any part of it. The sole object sought is to reach the property mortgaged, and subject it to sale, and have the proceeds applied to the payment of the debt. The action is in the nature of a proceeding in rem. “A bill of foreclosure,” says Mr. Chancellor Kent, “ is for a specific performance of the mortgage contract, by passing the whole title of the mortgagor to the plaintiff, or the purchaser under the decree, and it is precisely a suit in rem. The whole object of the suit is the remedy by foreclosure or sale of the mortgaged premises, and it is therefore within the reason of the cases which speak of a suit concerning the title and possession of the [33]*33land itself.” (Kershaw v. Thompson, 4 Johns. 616; see also Nagle v. Macy, 9 Cal. 429.)
If the position of the appellants—that a mortgage lien is a claim within the meaning of the Prohate Act, and cannot therefore be enforced by action when the demand secured by it is allowed by the executor or administrator and Probate Judge—were tenable, great inconvenience and, in numerous instances, manifest injustice would follow. If it be tenable at all it must hold good, as counsel observes, in all cases, for the statute makes no exceptions. If true, it applies not merely to a case where the mortgagor is deceased, but where the equity of redemption was owned by the decedent, and to the case of a dry, naked mortgage with no personal liability. Thus, to adopt the illustrations given by counsel, if a mortgagor convey the equity of redemption and then die, no action can be maintained to foreclose the mortgage, because the representatives of the deceased mortgagor can only be proceeded against in the Probate Court. Or, if the lands of the decedent are incumbered by a mortgage of his grantor, no action will lie for the foreclosure of the mortgage, because the right to subject the real property of the deceased to sale is a claim against the estate. Numerous other instances might be given showing equal inconvenience following the position asserted. It is clear to our minds that the Legislature never intended to give to the statute such an extended operation; but that in the use of the term “ claims ” it intended to embrace only such demands or liabilities as might by action be reduced to simple money judgments, and to leave the enforcement of specific liens and equitable rights to the ordinary proceedings in the District Courts. In the case of mortgages it must often happen—where there are subsequent incumbrancers, or the property has gone through numerous transfers—that complete justice can only be done to the different parties asserting interests, or a good title given upon the sale, through an equitable action.
Judgment affirmed.