FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SERGIO FAJARDO SOTELO; PRISCA No. 03-74083 RAMIREZ ALEMAN; YADIRA BETZAVE FAJARDO ALEMAN, Agency Nos. Petitioners, A72-538-378 v. A72-538-379 A72-538-380 ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney AMENDED General, OPINION Respondent. On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted September 16, 2005—Pasadena, California
Filed October 21, 2005 Amended December 7, 2005
Before: Jerome Farris, David R. Thompson, and Jay S. Bybee, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Farris
15855 15858 SOTELO v. GONZALES
COUNSEL
Murray D. Hilts, San Diego, California, for the petitioners- appellants.
S. Nicole Nardone and Leslie McKay, United States Depart- ment of Justice, Civil Division, Office of Immigration Litiga- tion, Washington, D.C., for the respondent-appellee.
OPINION
FARRIS, Circuit Judge:
Petitioners challenge the Board of Immigration Appeals’ denial of their motion to reopen deportation proceedings. Their motion was made in an attempt to avail themselves of the class action settlement approved in Barahona-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 243 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (N.D. Cal. 2002). That settle- ment permitted eligible immigrants to apply for suspension of deportation under the law as it existed prior to the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996), as amended by Pub. L. No. 104-302, 110 Stat. 3656 (1996). Unfortunately for petitioners, they are not Barahona-Gomez class members and therefore not entitled to the relief they seek. The BIA did not err in denying their motion to reopen.
I
Petitioners Sergio Fajardo Sotelo, his wife Prisca Ramirez Aleman, and their daughter Yadira Betzave Fajardo Aleman, SOTELO v. GONZALES 15859 all natives and citizens of Mexico, entered the United States without inspection in August 1989. Less than six years later, on March 10, 1995, they were served with an Order to Show Cause and charged with entering the country without inspec- tion. Deportation proceedings were commenced against them. Petitioners conceded deportability and subsequently applied for asylum and withholding of removal.
Following a November 1995 hearing, an Immigration Judge denied petitioners’ application. A timely appeal was filed with the BIA on December 8, 1995. On February 11, 1998 the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed the appeal. Review of the BIA’s dismissal was not sought; rather petitioners filed, on March 6, 1998, a motion to reopen their deportation proceedings, seeking suspension of deportation based on their accrual of seven years of continuous physical presence in the United States during the pendency of their appeal.
On August 5, 1999 the BIA denied petitioners’ motion to reopen based on section 309(c)(5) of the IIRIRA, which amended the suspension of deportation provisions so that any period of continuous physical presence in the United States is terminated when an alien is served with notice and placed in removal proceedings. This is commonly known as the “stop time” rule.1 Compare 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a) (1996) (repealed 1 “Before IIRIRA, an alien was eligible for suspension of deportation if (1) he or she ‘ha[d] been physically present in the United States for a con- tinuous period of not less than seven years immediately preceding the date of [the] application’ for suspension of deportation; (2) he or she was a ‘person of good moral character’; and (3) deportation would result in ‘extreme hardship’ to the alien or to an immediate family member who was a U.S. citizen or a lawful permanent resident.” Guadalupe-Cruz v. INS, 240 F.3d 1209, 1210 n.2 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Immigration and Nationality Act § 244(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1) (1994)). Furthermore, “[b]efore IIRIRA, aliens accrued time toward the continuous physical presence in the United States requirement until they applied for suspension of deportation. Commencement of deportation proceedings had no effect on this accrual.” Id. at n.3 (internal quotation marks omitted). 15860 SOTELO v. GONZALES 1996) with 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229b(b)(1), 1229b(d)(1). The IIRIRA amendments took effect on April 1, 1997, while peti- tioners’ asylum appeal was pending before the BIA. Since Fajardo Sotelo and his family were placed in deportation pro- ceedings when fewer than six years had passed since their entry from Mexico, the BIA concluded that they were not eli- gible for suspension of deportation under the amended law. The petitioners did not seek review.
In June 2003 petitioners again moved to reopen their depor- tation proceedings claiming they were entitled to apply for “renewed suspension” of deportation under pre-IIRIRA rules as eligible class beneficiaries of the class action settlement approved in Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d 1029. On October 10, 2003 the BIA concluded that petitioners were not eligible for relief under the Barahona-Gomez settlement and denied their second motion to reopen. Petitioners seek review of this decision.
II
Although we originally had jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1105(a) (INA § 106(a)) as amended by the IIRIRA’s transi- tional rules, we now have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252 under the REAL ID Act of 2005. See REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-13, § 106(d), 119 Stat. 231, 311 (2005) (“A petition for review filed under former section 106(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act . . . shall be treated as if it had been filed as a petition for review under section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252), as amended by [REAL ID Act § 106].”). We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discre- tion, “although de novo review applies to the BIA’s determi- nation of purely legal questions.” Mejia v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 2002). Our review of the interpretation of settlement agreements is also de novo and is governed by principles of state contract law. See Botefur v. City of Eagle Point, Or., 7 F.3d 152, 156-57 (9th Cir. 1993). Whether peti- SOTELO v. GONZALES 15861 tioners are entitled to relief under the Barahona-Gomez settle- ment is a question of law. Our review is de novo.
III
[1] The Barahona-Gomez settlement was reached to resolve a dispute over two directives issued by the BIA Chair- man and Chief Immigration Judge in anticipation of the IIRIRA amendments. These directives instructed Immigration Judges and the BIA not to issue decisions or consider appeals resulting in suspension of deportation between February 13 and April 1, 1997, the effective date of IIRIRA. See Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 167 F.3d 1228, 1232 (9th Cir. 1999), supplemented by 236 F.3d 1115, 1117 (9th Cir.
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FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SERGIO FAJARDO SOTELO; PRISCA No. 03-74083 RAMIREZ ALEMAN; YADIRA BETZAVE FAJARDO ALEMAN, Agency Nos. Petitioners, A72-538-378 v. A72-538-379 A72-538-380 ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney AMENDED General, OPINION Respondent. On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted September 16, 2005—Pasadena, California
Filed October 21, 2005 Amended December 7, 2005
Before: Jerome Farris, David R. Thompson, and Jay S. Bybee, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Farris
15855 15858 SOTELO v. GONZALES
COUNSEL
Murray D. Hilts, San Diego, California, for the petitioners- appellants.
S. Nicole Nardone and Leslie McKay, United States Depart- ment of Justice, Civil Division, Office of Immigration Litiga- tion, Washington, D.C., for the respondent-appellee.
OPINION
FARRIS, Circuit Judge:
Petitioners challenge the Board of Immigration Appeals’ denial of their motion to reopen deportation proceedings. Their motion was made in an attempt to avail themselves of the class action settlement approved in Barahona-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 243 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (N.D. Cal. 2002). That settle- ment permitted eligible immigrants to apply for suspension of deportation under the law as it existed prior to the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996), as amended by Pub. L. No. 104-302, 110 Stat. 3656 (1996). Unfortunately for petitioners, they are not Barahona-Gomez class members and therefore not entitled to the relief they seek. The BIA did not err in denying their motion to reopen.
I
Petitioners Sergio Fajardo Sotelo, his wife Prisca Ramirez Aleman, and their daughter Yadira Betzave Fajardo Aleman, SOTELO v. GONZALES 15859 all natives and citizens of Mexico, entered the United States without inspection in August 1989. Less than six years later, on March 10, 1995, they were served with an Order to Show Cause and charged with entering the country without inspec- tion. Deportation proceedings were commenced against them. Petitioners conceded deportability and subsequently applied for asylum and withholding of removal.
Following a November 1995 hearing, an Immigration Judge denied petitioners’ application. A timely appeal was filed with the BIA on December 8, 1995. On February 11, 1998 the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed the appeal. Review of the BIA’s dismissal was not sought; rather petitioners filed, on March 6, 1998, a motion to reopen their deportation proceedings, seeking suspension of deportation based on their accrual of seven years of continuous physical presence in the United States during the pendency of their appeal.
On August 5, 1999 the BIA denied petitioners’ motion to reopen based on section 309(c)(5) of the IIRIRA, which amended the suspension of deportation provisions so that any period of continuous physical presence in the United States is terminated when an alien is served with notice and placed in removal proceedings. This is commonly known as the “stop time” rule.1 Compare 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a) (1996) (repealed 1 “Before IIRIRA, an alien was eligible for suspension of deportation if (1) he or she ‘ha[d] been physically present in the United States for a con- tinuous period of not less than seven years immediately preceding the date of [the] application’ for suspension of deportation; (2) he or she was a ‘person of good moral character’; and (3) deportation would result in ‘extreme hardship’ to the alien or to an immediate family member who was a U.S. citizen or a lawful permanent resident.” Guadalupe-Cruz v. INS, 240 F.3d 1209, 1210 n.2 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Immigration and Nationality Act § 244(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1) (1994)). Furthermore, “[b]efore IIRIRA, aliens accrued time toward the continuous physical presence in the United States requirement until they applied for suspension of deportation. Commencement of deportation proceedings had no effect on this accrual.” Id. at n.3 (internal quotation marks omitted). 15860 SOTELO v. GONZALES 1996) with 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229b(b)(1), 1229b(d)(1). The IIRIRA amendments took effect on April 1, 1997, while peti- tioners’ asylum appeal was pending before the BIA. Since Fajardo Sotelo and his family were placed in deportation pro- ceedings when fewer than six years had passed since their entry from Mexico, the BIA concluded that they were not eli- gible for suspension of deportation under the amended law. The petitioners did not seek review.
In June 2003 petitioners again moved to reopen their depor- tation proceedings claiming they were entitled to apply for “renewed suspension” of deportation under pre-IIRIRA rules as eligible class beneficiaries of the class action settlement approved in Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d 1029. On October 10, 2003 the BIA concluded that petitioners were not eligible for relief under the Barahona-Gomez settlement and denied their second motion to reopen. Petitioners seek review of this decision.
II
Although we originally had jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1105(a) (INA § 106(a)) as amended by the IIRIRA’s transi- tional rules, we now have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252 under the REAL ID Act of 2005. See REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-13, § 106(d), 119 Stat. 231, 311 (2005) (“A petition for review filed under former section 106(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act . . . shall be treated as if it had been filed as a petition for review under section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252), as amended by [REAL ID Act § 106].”). We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discre- tion, “although de novo review applies to the BIA’s determi- nation of purely legal questions.” Mejia v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 2002). Our review of the interpretation of settlement agreements is also de novo and is governed by principles of state contract law. See Botefur v. City of Eagle Point, Or., 7 F.3d 152, 156-57 (9th Cir. 1993). Whether peti- SOTELO v. GONZALES 15861 tioners are entitled to relief under the Barahona-Gomez settle- ment is a question of law. Our review is de novo.
III
[1] The Barahona-Gomez settlement was reached to resolve a dispute over two directives issued by the BIA Chair- man and Chief Immigration Judge in anticipation of the IIRIRA amendments. These directives instructed Immigration Judges and the BIA not to issue decisions or consider appeals resulting in suspension of deportation between February 13 and April 1, 1997, the effective date of IIRIRA. See Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 167 F.3d 1228, 1232 (9th Cir. 1999), supplemented by 236 F.3d 1115, 1117 (9th Cir. 2001). As a result, some immigrants who would have had their sus- pension of deportation claims heard under pre-IIRIRA law during this period were rendered ineligible by the stop time rule when their cases were heard after April 1, 1997. As a class these immigrants challenged the delay caused by the two directives and the parties eventually agreed to settle the claim by permitting eligible class members to reapply for suspen- sion of deportation under the law as it existed before the stop time amendment. See Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1033.
[2] Petitioners are not persons entitled to relief under the terms of the Barahona-Gomez settlement. The settlement con- tains two provisions that define persons entitled to relief — a “Definition of the Class” and a “Definition of ‘Eligible class members.’ ” Both parties expend most of their efforts arguing whether Fajardo Sotelo and his family are “Eligible class members” entitled to relief, but this emphasis overlooks a necessary preliminary determination of class membership. Under the plain meaning of the settlement no person can be a “class member[ ] . . . eligible for the relief provided . . . by this agreement” if they do not first fall within the “Definition of the Class.” Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1030-31; see Cal. Civ. Code § 1638 (“The language of a contract is to 15862 SOTELO v. GONZALES govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and explicit, and does not involve an absurdity.”); Botefur, 7 F.3d at 156 (“The interpretation of a settlement agreement is governed by principles of state contract law. This is so even where a fed- eral cause of action is settled or released.” (internal citations and quotations omitted)). Only if petitioners are class mem- bers can we then decide whether they are class members eligi- ble for relief.
[3] In Section I(B) the Barahona-Gomez settlement defines the class as follows:
all persons who have had (or would have had) sus- pension of deportation hearings conducted before April 1, 1997, within the jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, and who were served an Order to Show Cause within seven years after enter- ing the United States, where:
(a) the immigration judge reserved or withheld granting suspension of deportation on the basis of the . . . directive from Defendant Chief Immigration Judge . . . ; or
(b) the suspension of deportation hearing was con- cluded prior to April 1, 1997, the INS has appealed or will appeal, at any time, on a basis that includes the applicability of [the IIRIRA], and the case was affected by the . . . directive[s] . . . ; or
(c) the Board of Immigration Appeals . . . has or had jurisdiction but withheld granting suspension of deportation (or reopening or remanding a case for consideration of an application for suspension of deportation) before April 1, 1997 on the basis of the . . . directive from Defendant Board Chairman . . . .
Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1030-31 (emphasis added). This definition makes plain that to be a member of the SOTELO v. GONZALES 15863 Barahona-Gomez class an immigrant must show that 1) he or she had a suspension of deportation hearing before April 1, 1997 (or would have had a hearing but for the directives at issue), and 2) where a case was before the BIA, that before April 1, 1997 the BIA withheld granting suspension of depor- tation (or a motion to reopen or remand for the purpose of hearing an application for suspension of deportation) because of a challenged directive.
[4] Petitioners fail to meet either “Definition of the Class” element and are not members of this class. They did not have a suspension of deportation hearing before April 1, 1997, nor would they have had a hearing if the challenged directives had not been issued. Petitioners did not seek suspension of depor- tation until their March 6, 1998 motion to reopen deportation proceedings. They also failed to meet Section I(B)(c) of the settlement. The BIA did not “withhold” reopening petitioners deportation proceedings before April 1, 1997 — petitioners did not file their motion until March 1998. Nor did the BIA “withhold” any consideration of (1) the motion to reopen or (2) petitioners’ eligibility for suspension of deportation on the basis of either directive. The BIA denied petitioners’ motions to reopen on the ground that they failed to accrue seven years of continuous presence in the United States under the IIRIRA’s stop time rule, which had taken effect before the motion was made.2 Thus, the BIA made a decision on the merits of petitioners’ motion, not a decision to “withhold” relief based on any directive challenged in Barahona-Gomez. Since petitioners are not members of the Barahona-Gomez class, they are not entitled to any relief contained in the settle- ment agreement. 2 We also reject petitioners argument that the BIA erred in applying the IIRIRA’s stop time rule under Guadalupe-Cruz v. INS, 240 F.3d 1209 (9th Cir. 2001). In Guadalupe-Cruz an Immigration Judge applied the stop time rule before the IIRIRA took effect on April 1, 1997. Here, petitioners first moved to reopen deportation proceedings in March 1998 and the BIA denied the motion in August 1999, well after the stop time rule became law. There was no error. 15864 SOTELO v. GONZALES This interpretation is consistent with the purpose of the Barahona-Gomez settlement. The plaintiffs in that case suf- fered harm as a result of the delay caused by the directives of the Chief Immigration Judge and BIA Chairman. See Barahona-Gomez, 167 F.3d at 1233. The remedy won in the settlement is simply the opportunity to have their applications for suspension of deportation heard under the law which would have governed but for the delay. See Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1033.
[5] Since petitioners are not entitled to relief based on class membership they are not “Eligible class members” under the settlement agreement.
AFFIRMED