1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 EMILY FAIRBAIRN, et al., Case No. 18-cv-04881-JSC Plaintiffs, 8
v. 9 ORDER FOLLOWING PRETRIAL CONFERENCE 10 FIDELITY INVESTMENTS CHARITABLE GIFT FUND, 11 Defendant. 12
13 The Court held a pretrial conference on October 1 and October 2, 2020. This Order 14 records the rulings and logistics set forth on the record at the hearing. 15 I. MOTIONS IN LIMINE 16 A. Plaintiffs’ Motions 17 1. MIL No. 1: Motion Re: Individuals’ Status as Agents/Employees (Dkt. No. 209) 18 Plaintiffs seek an order that the Fidelity Management & Research (FMR) employees who 19 solicited Plaintiffs’ donation, liquidated the stock, and dealt with the aftermath were all acting as 20 agents or employees of Fidelity Charitable (who does not employee anyone itself) for purposes of 21 Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(D). In light of Fidelity’s concession in its opposition that 22 many of these persons were acting as Fidelity Charitable’s agent in certain contexts, the Court 23 declines to enter a blanket ruling at this time. However, at trial it will be Fidelity’s burden to raise 24 the issue as to any particular out-of-court statement. Since the parties are identifying each witness 25 they are calling and the exhibits they intend to offer with that witness four days in advance of the 26 testimony of the witness, Fidelity Charitable shall advise Plaintiffs two days in advance of the 27 witness’s testimony that it intends to object to admission of a particular statement on hearsay 1 grounds. (Dkt. No. 191 at 4.) 2 2. MIL No. 2: Motion to Exclude Benjamin Pierce (Dkt. No. 210) 3 Plaintiffs move to exclude Fidelity’s expert Benjamin Pierce on the grounds that his 4 opinions are not the proper subject of expert testimony. Mr. Pierce is the founding President of 5 the Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program and a leader of a group that developed a set of 6 common operating standards for donor advised funds (DAFs). 7 Under Rule 702(a), an expert’s testimony must be based on “scientific, technical, or other 8 specialized knowledge [that] will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a 9 fact in issue.” “Expert opinion testimony is relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid 10 connection to the pertinent inquiry.” Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 11 United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2006)); Kumho Tire Co. v. 12 Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150 (1999) (“[T]he relevant reliability concerns may focus upon 13 personal knowledge or experience” of the expert). 14 Mr. Pierce may testify as to his own experience with liquidating DAF donations at 15 Vanguard. He may also testify as to what other DAFs publicly say as to their liquidation policies. 16 Plaintiffs’ objections are fodder for cross examination. Mr. Pierce may testify as to why Vanguard 17 adopted whatever policy it did as to the liquidation of donated stock, but he will not be allowed to 18 testify as to whether what other DAFs do is “appropriate.” Mr. Pierce’s testimony as to the 19 relationship between Fidelity Charitable and Fidelity FMR is excluded as irrelevant and not 20 helpful. Any tax or legal testimony is excluded as beyond Mr. Pierce’s expertise, unhelpful and, 21 in many respects, irrelevant for the reasons the Court previously articulated. In so ruling the Court 22 does not intend to allow Mr. Pierce to testify to anything that was not disclosed in his expert 23 report. 24 3. MIL No. 3: Price-Limit Promise (Dkt. No. 214) 25 In their motion, Plaintiffs represent that:
26 Plaintiffs intend to go to trial on the price-limit promise as alleged in the complaint and as this Court described at summary judgment: 27 ‘Fidelity Charitable would allow the Fairbairns to advise on a price Plaintiffs did not intend to alter the meaning of that promise by 1 describing it as a promise ‘that Fidelity would keep Malcolm Fairbairn in the loop and allow him to advise on the liquidation, 2 including price.’ JPTO, ECF No. 191 at 2. 3 (Dkt. No. 214 at 2:16-21.) Plaintiffs clarify that their assertion that Defendant promised to “keep 4 them in the loop” is not a separate promise, but inherent in the promise to advise on a price limit; 5 that is, they would have to be kept in the loop in order to advise on a price limit. Given Plaintiffs’ 6 representation, this motion is a non-issue and no relief is needed. 7 B. Fidelity’s Motions 8 1. MIL No. 1: Motion to Exclude Evidence and Argument Re: PNZ Liquidation 9 (Dkt. No. 205) 10 Fidelity moves to exclude any evidence or argument regarding the liquidation of the PNZ 11 shares as irrelevant, prejudicial, and because it will prolong the trial. The motion is DENIED. 12 Fidelity’s arguments all go to the weight the Court should give the evidence and since this is a 13 bench trial there no risk of prejudice. Fidelity mistakenly argues that this evidence has no 14 probative value to the jury and that there is a likelihood of juror confusion, but both are non-issues 15 in this bench trial. See United States v. De Anda, No. 18-CR-00538-TSH-1, 2019 WL 2863602, at 16 *4 (N.D. Cal. July 2, 2019) (finding Rule 403 inapplicable to bench trials and collecting cases re: 17 same). 18 2. MIL No. 2: Motion to Exclude Evidence of Financial Payments (Dkt. No. 206) 19 Fidelity moves to exclude evidence or argument regarding financial payments made by 20 Fidelity Charitable to other Fidelity entities as well as evidence of compensation of individual 21 employees. At oral argument, Plaintiffs agreed not to offer evidence of any bonuses received 22 unless and until such bonus becomes relevant to a hearsay objection. In addition, Fidelity clarified 23 that it does not object to “evidence of the contractual or operational relationship between Fidelity 24 Charitable and other entities or even the financial relationship between them.” (Dkt. No. 224 at 25 18.) However, it does object to evidence as to the particular dollar amounts as irrelevant. 26 Plaintiffs shall not offer or mention any dollar amounts in open court unless the amounts 27 are already publicly disclosed and available. The Court will decide in context if any of the offered 1 3. MIL No. 3: Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs’ Expert Professor Galle (Dkt. No. 207) 2 Fidelity moves to exclude portions of Plaintiffs’ Expert Professor Galle’s opinion. 3 Professor Galle is a tax professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Professor Galle 4 submitted two reports and Fidelity has moved to exclude portions of his second report offered in 5 rebuttal to Mr. Pierce’s opinion. In particular, Fidelity seek to exclude paragraphs 7-11, 17, and 6 24-32, which directly rebut portions of Mr. Pierce’s report regarding (1) donor influence over 7 DAFs (¶¶ 7-11, 25-26); (2) paragraph 17 which states “In sum, the allegation in the Complaint that 8 Fidelity Charitable sought and agreed to follow plaintiffs’ preferences with respect to the timing of 9 liquidation of WATT stock is consistent with industry practices and long-standing charity law”; 10 and (3) the portions of the report which discuss Mr. Pierce’s opinions regarding the rapid 11 liquidation. 12 Professor Galle will be allowed to rebut whatever testimony is allowed as to Mr. Pierce. 13 His legal and tax opinions, however, are excluded as not relevant or helpful. He will be allowed to 14 testify as to what other DAFs publicly say as to how they handle donations, just as Mr. Pierce is 15 allowed to so testify. 16 4. MIL No. 4: Motion to Preclude Testimony of Dr. Harris (Dkt. No.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 EMILY FAIRBAIRN, et al., Case No. 18-cv-04881-JSC Plaintiffs, 8
v. 9 ORDER FOLLOWING PRETRIAL CONFERENCE 10 FIDELITY INVESTMENTS CHARITABLE GIFT FUND, 11 Defendant. 12
13 The Court held a pretrial conference on October 1 and October 2, 2020. This Order 14 records the rulings and logistics set forth on the record at the hearing. 15 I. MOTIONS IN LIMINE 16 A. Plaintiffs’ Motions 17 1. MIL No. 1: Motion Re: Individuals’ Status as Agents/Employees (Dkt. No. 209) 18 Plaintiffs seek an order that the Fidelity Management & Research (FMR) employees who 19 solicited Plaintiffs’ donation, liquidated the stock, and dealt with the aftermath were all acting as 20 agents or employees of Fidelity Charitable (who does not employee anyone itself) for purposes of 21 Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(D). In light of Fidelity’s concession in its opposition that 22 many of these persons were acting as Fidelity Charitable’s agent in certain contexts, the Court 23 declines to enter a blanket ruling at this time. However, at trial it will be Fidelity’s burden to raise 24 the issue as to any particular out-of-court statement. Since the parties are identifying each witness 25 they are calling and the exhibits they intend to offer with that witness four days in advance of the 26 testimony of the witness, Fidelity Charitable shall advise Plaintiffs two days in advance of the 27 witness’s testimony that it intends to object to admission of a particular statement on hearsay 1 grounds. (Dkt. No. 191 at 4.) 2 2. MIL No. 2: Motion to Exclude Benjamin Pierce (Dkt. No. 210) 3 Plaintiffs move to exclude Fidelity’s expert Benjamin Pierce on the grounds that his 4 opinions are not the proper subject of expert testimony. Mr. Pierce is the founding President of 5 the Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program and a leader of a group that developed a set of 6 common operating standards for donor advised funds (DAFs). 7 Under Rule 702(a), an expert’s testimony must be based on “scientific, technical, or other 8 specialized knowledge [that] will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a 9 fact in issue.” “Expert opinion testimony is relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid 10 connection to the pertinent inquiry.” Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 11 United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2006)); Kumho Tire Co. v. 12 Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150 (1999) (“[T]he relevant reliability concerns may focus upon 13 personal knowledge or experience” of the expert). 14 Mr. Pierce may testify as to his own experience with liquidating DAF donations at 15 Vanguard. He may also testify as to what other DAFs publicly say as to their liquidation policies. 16 Plaintiffs’ objections are fodder for cross examination. Mr. Pierce may testify as to why Vanguard 17 adopted whatever policy it did as to the liquidation of donated stock, but he will not be allowed to 18 testify as to whether what other DAFs do is “appropriate.” Mr. Pierce’s testimony as to the 19 relationship between Fidelity Charitable and Fidelity FMR is excluded as irrelevant and not 20 helpful. Any tax or legal testimony is excluded as beyond Mr. Pierce’s expertise, unhelpful and, 21 in many respects, irrelevant for the reasons the Court previously articulated. In so ruling the Court 22 does not intend to allow Mr. Pierce to testify to anything that was not disclosed in his expert 23 report. 24 3. MIL No. 3: Price-Limit Promise (Dkt. No. 214) 25 In their motion, Plaintiffs represent that:
26 Plaintiffs intend to go to trial on the price-limit promise as alleged in the complaint and as this Court described at summary judgment: 27 ‘Fidelity Charitable would allow the Fairbairns to advise on a price Plaintiffs did not intend to alter the meaning of that promise by 1 describing it as a promise ‘that Fidelity would keep Malcolm Fairbairn in the loop and allow him to advise on the liquidation, 2 including price.’ JPTO, ECF No. 191 at 2. 3 (Dkt. No. 214 at 2:16-21.) Plaintiffs clarify that their assertion that Defendant promised to “keep 4 them in the loop” is not a separate promise, but inherent in the promise to advise on a price limit; 5 that is, they would have to be kept in the loop in order to advise on a price limit. Given Plaintiffs’ 6 representation, this motion is a non-issue and no relief is needed. 7 B. Fidelity’s Motions 8 1. MIL No. 1: Motion to Exclude Evidence and Argument Re: PNZ Liquidation 9 (Dkt. No. 205) 10 Fidelity moves to exclude any evidence or argument regarding the liquidation of the PNZ 11 shares as irrelevant, prejudicial, and because it will prolong the trial. The motion is DENIED. 12 Fidelity’s arguments all go to the weight the Court should give the evidence and since this is a 13 bench trial there no risk of prejudice. Fidelity mistakenly argues that this evidence has no 14 probative value to the jury and that there is a likelihood of juror confusion, but both are non-issues 15 in this bench trial. See United States v. De Anda, No. 18-CR-00538-TSH-1, 2019 WL 2863602, at 16 *4 (N.D. Cal. July 2, 2019) (finding Rule 403 inapplicable to bench trials and collecting cases re: 17 same). 18 2. MIL No. 2: Motion to Exclude Evidence of Financial Payments (Dkt. No. 206) 19 Fidelity moves to exclude evidence or argument regarding financial payments made by 20 Fidelity Charitable to other Fidelity entities as well as evidence of compensation of individual 21 employees. At oral argument, Plaintiffs agreed not to offer evidence of any bonuses received 22 unless and until such bonus becomes relevant to a hearsay objection. In addition, Fidelity clarified 23 that it does not object to “evidence of the contractual or operational relationship between Fidelity 24 Charitable and other entities or even the financial relationship between them.” (Dkt. No. 224 at 25 18.) However, it does object to evidence as to the particular dollar amounts as irrelevant. 26 Plaintiffs shall not offer or mention any dollar amounts in open court unless the amounts 27 are already publicly disclosed and available. The Court will decide in context if any of the offered 1 3. MIL No. 3: Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs’ Expert Professor Galle (Dkt. No. 207) 2 Fidelity moves to exclude portions of Plaintiffs’ Expert Professor Galle’s opinion. 3 Professor Galle is a tax professor at Georgetown University Law Center. Professor Galle 4 submitted two reports and Fidelity has moved to exclude portions of his second report offered in 5 rebuttal to Mr. Pierce’s opinion. In particular, Fidelity seek to exclude paragraphs 7-11, 17, and 6 24-32, which directly rebut portions of Mr. Pierce’s report regarding (1) donor influence over 7 DAFs (¶¶ 7-11, 25-26); (2) paragraph 17 which states “In sum, the allegation in the Complaint that 8 Fidelity Charitable sought and agreed to follow plaintiffs’ preferences with respect to the timing of 9 liquidation of WATT stock is consistent with industry practices and long-standing charity law”; 10 and (3) the portions of the report which discuss Mr. Pierce’s opinions regarding the rapid 11 liquidation. 12 Professor Galle will be allowed to rebut whatever testimony is allowed as to Mr. Pierce. 13 His legal and tax opinions, however, are excluded as not relevant or helpful. He will be allowed to 14 testify as to what other DAFs publicly say as to how they handle donations, just as Mr. Pierce is 15 allowed to so testify. 16 4. MIL No. 4: Motion to Preclude Testimony of Dr. Harris (Dkt. No. 208) 17 Fidelity moves to exclude testimony from Dr. Harris regarding the impact of Fidelity’s 18 trading on the price of WATT shares as unreliable. 19 In determining whether expert testimony is admissible, the trial court acts as a gatekeeper 20 and “must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence is not only relevant, but 21 reliable.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589 (1993). However, “the Daubert 22 gatekeeping obligation is less pressing in connection with a bench trial,” because “the ‘gatekeeper’ 23 and the trier of fact [are] one and the same.” Volk v. United States, 57 F. Supp. 2d 888, 896 n.5 24 (N.D. Cal. 1999); see also FTC v. BurnLounge, Inc., 753 F.3d 878, 888 (9th Cir. 2014) (“When 25 we consider the admissibility of expert testimony, we are mindful that there is less danger that a 26 trial court will be unduly impressed by the expert’s testimony or opinion in a bench trial.”). 27 Ultimately, courts “are entitled to broad discretion when discharging their gatekeeping function.” 1 Fidelity does not contend that Dr. Harris, the former Chief Economist for the Securities 2 and Exchange Commission, is unqualified. Nor does it challenge his opinion that Fidelity’s 3 actions caused the price of WATT shares to fall. Instead, Fidelity maintains that his reasoning 4 with respect to the WATT share pricing is unreliable in two respects: (1) his high/low estimates 5 for the WATT share prices absent Fidelity’s trades, and (2) his estimate that the overall price 6 impact was .50¢/1000-share price. Plaintiffs counter that Fidelity mischaracterizes Dr. Harris’ 7 methodology and that the Court should assess his methodology and credibility at trial on a full 8 record. 9 Generally, an expert’s “assumptions” “and his failure to account for other costs and 10 contingencies—go to the probative weight, rather than the admissibility, of the evidence and were 11 properly the subjects of ‘[v]igorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and 12 careful instruction on the burden of proof.’” United States v. Hirokawa, 342 F. App’x 242, 246 13 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596). So too here. It is not that Dr. Harris fails to 14 offer any methodology for this pricing of the WATT shares, just that Fidelity does not believe that 15 the methodology is good enough and that it is ends driven rather than driven by mathematics. To 16 the extent that Fidelity contends that Dr. Harris’s rationale is unpersuasive or flawed, that point 17 can be tested through cross-examination and presentation of contrary testimony. 18 Likewise, Fidelity’s contention that Dr. Harris’s price impact analysis lacks statistical 19 significance goes to the weight of this evidence rather than its admissibility. See In re High-Tech 20 Employee Antitrust Litig., No. 11-CV-02509-LHK, 2014 WL 1351040, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 4, 21 2014). Fidelity can cross-examine Dr. Harris on his explanation and the Court will weigh the 22 evidence. 23 5. MIL No. 5: Plaintiffs’ Request for Damages to the DAF (Dkt. No. 216) 24 Fidelity moves to preclude Plaintiffs from pursuing a claim for damages to the DAF fund. 25 As discussed at the pretrial conference, Plaintiffs may submit a supplemental brief, not to exceed 26 five pages, on or before October 9, 2020, and Defendant may submit a response, again not to 27 exceed five pages, on or before October 16, 2020. The Court will take the matter under 1 II. TRIAL LOGISTICS 2 A. Trial by Zoom Webinar will commence on Monday, October 19 and will continue on 3 October 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, and 28 as needed. Trial will run from 8:30 a.m. to 4 approximately 1:30 p.m. (depending on where we are with a witness) with two 5 approximately 20-minute breaks. 6 B. The Court will hold a trial practice run at 9:00 a.m. on Thursday, October 15, 2020 via 7 the Zoom webinar link. The plan is that for any event (opening statements, witness 8 testimony, etc.) only the speaking participants will be viewable on the screen. The 9 Court, the Courtroom Deputy, and the Court Reporter will also be viewable, although 10 at the practice session we will explore having the Court Reporter, and perhaps the 11 Courtroom Deputy, as hidden non-video participants so they do not “take up” a square 12 on the screen even if their video is off, but they can be heard if needed. At the practice 13 session, the parties shall be prepared to practice screen sharing and offering of exhibits, 14 among other things. The parties are welcome to have any IT consultants involved in the 15 practice session. The Court’s Director of IT, Buz Rico, will be joining the session at 16 9:30 a.m. 17 C. Each side is limited to 14 hours of direct and cross-examination. This will not include 18 any time spent adjudicating Fed. R. of Evid. 801(d)(2) objections. Direct testimony 19 offered by declaration will be debited two minutes per page. 20 D. The Court assumes the parties will begin the trial with opening statements and should 21 exchange any demonstratives they intend to offer during openings by 5:00 p.m. three 22 days before the first day of trial.1 Any objections to demonstratives shall be made two 23 days prior to the first day of trial. The parties shall meet and confer the following day 24 and raise any unresolved issues with the Court October 19 prior to the start of trial. 25 This same process applies to any exhibits the parties intend to use in their opening 26 statements. 27 1 E. The parties shall exchange a list of witnesses for each trial day that a party intends to 2 call—together with the exhibits and demonstratives that will be used during direct 3 examination (other than for impeachment of an adverse witness)—at 5:00 p.m. four 4 days before that trial day. At 5:00 p.m. two days before the anticipated day of 5 testimony, counsel will provide objections to the exhibits and demonstratives that were 6 disclosed for use on direct, together with a list of all exhibits and demonstratives to be 7 used with the same witness on cross examination (other than for impeachment). 8 Counsel will then meet and confer telephonically regarding unresolved objections to 9 the exhibits for that witness. To the extent any objections to exhibits remain 10 unresolved, the parties will present those to the Court prior to the witness’s testimony. 11 F. To the extent that any party seeks to present a witness’s direct examination by 12 declaration, the party shall serve the declaration on the opposing party seven days 13 before the first day of trial. The opposing party must raise any objections to the 14 declaration testimony by 5:00 p.m. three days before the first day of trial and the 15 parties shall meet and confer to attempt to resolve the objections. If they are unable to 16 do so, the objections shall be set forth on the declaration in an agreed upon format prior 17 to its submission to the Court. The declaration must be lodged with Court 18 electronically and in paper form by noon the day before the party seeks to offer the 19 testimony. 20 G. To the extent that any party seeks to offer testimony by deposition, the parties will 21 identify witnesses expected to testify by deposition at 5:00 p.m. four days before the 22 day during which that deposition testimony is expected to be played or proffered in 23 court. At the same time, the calling party will advise the opposing party (i) whether the 24 deposition video will be played during the trial and (ii) whether the calling party will 25 proffer all previously designated testimony for that witness (including all identified 26 exhibits), and if not, which portions of testimony the calling party intends to proffer. 27 The parties will meet and confer to address previously disclosed objections to 1 testimony and exhibits. If good faith efforts to resolve the objections fail, the objecting 2 party will raise the objections with the Court before the testimony is played. 3 H. For purposes of the trial, the parties shall make the exhibits available through a cloud 4 platform in witness specific binders as previously discussed. At the close of evidence 5 on the liability phase, the parties shall submit two (2) binders of the exhibits that were 6 actually admitted to the Court in hardcopy. 7 I. Fidelity has designated Pamela Norley as its party representative. Ms. Norley and the 8 Fairbairns are permitted to observe any portion of the trial. All other witnesses are 9 prohibited from observing, reading, watching, or discussing any other witnesses’ 10 testimony in advance of their own testimony. 11 J. The Court welcomes any additional suggestions by the parties. 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 13 Dated: October 7, 2020
15 16 JAC QUELINE SCOTT CORL United States Magistrate Judge
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