Peters, C. J.
The principal issue in this case is whether a fugitive may resist extradition by challenging the authentication of rendition documents when their authenticity has been certified by the governor of the state demanding his return. The petitioner, Ricky Lynn Fain, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus alleging that he was being illegally confined pursuant to a rendition warrant issued by the governor of Connecticut in response to a request for extradition from the state of Florida.1 The trial court rendered a judgment granting the petitioner the relief he sought. Upon the trial court’s denial of the respondent’s motion to set this judgment aside, the respondent appealed. We find error.
In the trial court, the petitioner claimed that his extradition was not justified by the supporting documentation tendered by the state of Florida because: (1) the extradition documents on their face were not in order; and (2) the petitioner had not been substan[467]*467tially charged with a crime in the demanding state.2 See General Statutes § 54-159.3 At the hearing, the trial court interpreted the petitioner’s first ground to include the claim that the documents were defective on their face because they lacked proper authentication.4
When the governor of Connecticut issued his rendition warrant, he had before him a demand for extradition from the governor of Florida that certified: that the documents attached thereto were authentic and duly authenticated in accordance with the laws of the state of Florida; that Ricky Lynn Fain stood charged with the crime of grand theft in the second degree committed in that state; that Fain was present in that state [468]*468at the time of the commission of that crime; and that thereafter Fain had fled from the justice of that state. Accompanying the request for extradition were a number of documents, including the following that are of particular importance for this case: (1) an “Application for Requisition” of Fain, dated March 19, 1982, addressed to the governor of the state of Florida and sworn to by a named Florida state’s attorney, stating that Fain was charged by a pending information with the crime of grand theft in the second degree, that Fain was present in Florida at the time he allegedly committed this crime, and that Fain thereafter fled from Florida; (2) a capias, dated September 11,1981, issued by a named clerk of the court for Fain’s detention; (3) an information, dated September 11,1981, signed, notarized and sworn to by a named assistant state’s attorney, charging Fain with the commission of grand theft second degree; (4) a criminal report affidavit in support of the information, dated August 24, 1981, signed, notarized and sworn to by Tampa police officer C. E. Milana; (5) a certification by a named court clerk, dated February 23, 1982, certifying that the enclosed information, capias and criminal report are true and correct copies of the originals on file; the clerk’s signature and his capacity are certified by a named judge whose signature and capacity are in turn certified by the clerk; and (6) an “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition,” dated March 29,1982, signed by Officer Milana, sworn to before'a Florida judge whose signature is illegible, that states that Milana personally investigated the crime with which Fain is charged, and that bears the endorsement of the judge that there is probable cause that Fain committed the offense charged.5
[469]*469In its review of this extensive documentation, the trial court found a fatal defect in the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” because “nowhere among the rendition documents is there any certification of the identity by name of the person who . . . made a finding that ‘there is probable cause to believe that such offense was committed by the accused.’ That person’s signature is illegible, there is contained no statement authenticating that the signature is the signature of a named person who the authenticator certifies to be a magistrate of a Florida court.” The court recognized that the governor of Florida had certified that “copies of Application, Affidavit made before a magistrate of the State of Florida, and Information” are “authentic and duly authenticated in accordance with the laws . . . . ” Nonetheless, the court concluded that the affidavit did not comport with the provision of General Statutes § 54-159 requiring authentication of the information or affidavit substantially charging the person to be extradited with having committed a crime in the demanding state.6 Applying the criteria of General Statutes § 1-36,7 the Uniform Acknowledgment Act, [470]*470the court found the governor’s certification to be insufficient because it contained no statement identifying the person purporting to be the judge who acknowledged the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition,” no statement certifying that he is a judge of the Florida court and no statement of acquaintance with the alleged judge’s handwriting or certification of its genuineness. Since the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” was the only document purporting to make a finding of probable cause that Fain had committed a crime in Florida, its lack of authentication made the extradition documents as a whole defective on their face.8
Having determined that the extradition documents were not in order because of their lack of proper authentication, the trial court then considered whether the petitioner Fain had been substantially charged by the state of Florida as § 54-159 requires. The court [471]*471determined that the petitioner had also established this alternate basis for his writ of habeas corpus. The court agreed with the petitioner that the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” failed to show that he had been substantially charged with the crime of grand theft in the second degree under Florida Statutes § 812.014 (2) (b)9 because the statements in the affidavit failed to charge Fain with wrongfully obtaining or using, or endeavoring to obtain or use, the property of another with intent to deprive him of a right to the property or a benefit therefrom or to appropriate the property to his own use. In the view of the court, the facts alleged would arguably support a civil action for breach of contract but not the commission of the crime of theft.
Upon the respondent’s subsequent motion to open the judgment rendered in the petitioner’s favor, the trial court clarified its position on the issue of whether the petitioner had been substantially charged. The court stated that the finding of probable cause by a nameless judge could not justify the issuance of an arrest warrant described in a capias dated some six months earlier. Under these circumstances, the court found, “the finding of probable cause is not clothed with any presumption of regularity.” Without the benefit of such a presumption, the challenged affidavit, lacking an allegation that the statements made were based on the personal knowledge of the affiant or on information supplied by reliable informers, did not suffice to establish probable cause that Fain had committed the crime [472]*472with which he had been charged. Without a showing of probable cause, the documentation furnished by the state of Florida did not suffice to “substantially charge” Fain with the commission of a crime in the state of Florida, and hence did not justify his extradition.
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Peters, C. J.
The principal issue in this case is whether a fugitive may resist extradition by challenging the authentication of rendition documents when their authenticity has been certified by the governor of the state demanding his return. The petitioner, Ricky Lynn Fain, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus alleging that he was being illegally confined pursuant to a rendition warrant issued by the governor of Connecticut in response to a request for extradition from the state of Florida.1 The trial court rendered a judgment granting the petitioner the relief he sought. Upon the trial court’s denial of the respondent’s motion to set this judgment aside, the respondent appealed. We find error.
In the trial court, the petitioner claimed that his extradition was not justified by the supporting documentation tendered by the state of Florida because: (1) the extradition documents on their face were not in order; and (2) the petitioner had not been substan[467]*467tially charged with a crime in the demanding state.2 See General Statutes § 54-159.3 At the hearing, the trial court interpreted the petitioner’s first ground to include the claim that the documents were defective on their face because they lacked proper authentication.4
When the governor of Connecticut issued his rendition warrant, he had before him a demand for extradition from the governor of Florida that certified: that the documents attached thereto were authentic and duly authenticated in accordance with the laws of the state of Florida; that Ricky Lynn Fain stood charged with the crime of grand theft in the second degree committed in that state; that Fain was present in that state [468]*468at the time of the commission of that crime; and that thereafter Fain had fled from the justice of that state. Accompanying the request for extradition were a number of documents, including the following that are of particular importance for this case: (1) an “Application for Requisition” of Fain, dated March 19, 1982, addressed to the governor of the state of Florida and sworn to by a named Florida state’s attorney, stating that Fain was charged by a pending information with the crime of grand theft in the second degree, that Fain was present in Florida at the time he allegedly committed this crime, and that Fain thereafter fled from Florida; (2) a capias, dated September 11,1981, issued by a named clerk of the court for Fain’s detention; (3) an information, dated September 11,1981, signed, notarized and sworn to by a named assistant state’s attorney, charging Fain with the commission of grand theft second degree; (4) a criminal report affidavit in support of the information, dated August 24, 1981, signed, notarized and sworn to by Tampa police officer C. E. Milana; (5) a certification by a named court clerk, dated February 23, 1982, certifying that the enclosed information, capias and criminal report are true and correct copies of the originals on file; the clerk’s signature and his capacity are certified by a named judge whose signature and capacity are in turn certified by the clerk; and (6) an “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition,” dated March 29,1982, signed by Officer Milana, sworn to before'a Florida judge whose signature is illegible, that states that Milana personally investigated the crime with which Fain is charged, and that bears the endorsement of the judge that there is probable cause that Fain committed the offense charged.5
[469]*469In its review of this extensive documentation, the trial court found a fatal defect in the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” because “nowhere among the rendition documents is there any certification of the identity by name of the person who . . . made a finding that ‘there is probable cause to believe that such offense was committed by the accused.’ That person’s signature is illegible, there is contained no statement authenticating that the signature is the signature of a named person who the authenticator certifies to be a magistrate of a Florida court.” The court recognized that the governor of Florida had certified that “copies of Application, Affidavit made before a magistrate of the State of Florida, and Information” are “authentic and duly authenticated in accordance with the laws . . . . ” Nonetheless, the court concluded that the affidavit did not comport with the provision of General Statutes § 54-159 requiring authentication of the information or affidavit substantially charging the person to be extradited with having committed a crime in the demanding state.6 Applying the criteria of General Statutes § 1-36,7 the Uniform Acknowledgment Act, [470]*470the court found the governor’s certification to be insufficient because it contained no statement identifying the person purporting to be the judge who acknowledged the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition,” no statement certifying that he is a judge of the Florida court and no statement of acquaintance with the alleged judge’s handwriting or certification of its genuineness. Since the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” was the only document purporting to make a finding of probable cause that Fain had committed a crime in Florida, its lack of authentication made the extradition documents as a whole defective on their face.8
Having determined that the extradition documents were not in order because of their lack of proper authentication, the trial court then considered whether the petitioner Fain had been substantially charged by the state of Florida as § 54-159 requires. The court [471]*471determined that the petitioner had also established this alternate basis for his writ of habeas corpus. The court agreed with the petitioner that the “Affidavit in Aid of Extradition” failed to show that he had been substantially charged with the crime of grand theft in the second degree under Florida Statutes § 812.014 (2) (b)9 because the statements in the affidavit failed to charge Fain with wrongfully obtaining or using, or endeavoring to obtain or use, the property of another with intent to deprive him of a right to the property or a benefit therefrom or to appropriate the property to his own use. In the view of the court, the facts alleged would arguably support a civil action for breach of contract but not the commission of the crime of theft.
Upon the respondent’s subsequent motion to open the judgment rendered in the petitioner’s favor, the trial court clarified its position on the issue of whether the petitioner had been substantially charged. The court stated that the finding of probable cause by a nameless judge could not justify the issuance of an arrest warrant described in a capias dated some six months earlier. Under these circumstances, the court found, “the finding of probable cause is not clothed with any presumption of regularity.” Without the benefit of such a presumption, the challenged affidavit, lacking an allegation that the statements made were based on the personal knowledge of the affiant or on information supplied by reliable informers, did not suffice to establish probable cause that Fain had committed the crime [472]*472with which he had been charged. Without a showing of probable cause, the documentation furnished by the state of Florida did not suffice to “substantially charge” Fain with the commission of a crime in the state of Florida, and hence did not justify his extradition.
In his appeal, the respondent claims that the trial court erred in finding that the documents from the state of Florida were not properly authenticated and in finding that the petitioner had not been substantially charged with the crime of larceny in that state for lack of probable cause. We agree with both of these claims of error.
The scope of the inquiry that an asylum state is authorized to make in a contest over extradition is a limited one. In accordance with constitutional principles of comity and the provisions of the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, General Statutes § 54-157 et seq., proceedings in the asylum state must recognize that proceedings in the demanding state are clothed with the traditional presumption of regularity. Michigan v. Doran, 439 U.S. 282, 289-90, 99 S. Ct. 530, 58 L. Ed. 2d 521 (1978); Parks v. Bourbeau, 193 Conn. 270, 276, 477 A.2d 636 (1984); Wentworth v. Bourbeau, 188 Conn. 364, 370-71, 449 A.2d 1015 (1982). It is from this perspective that we must determine whether extradition documents “on their face are in order” and whether the petitioner has been “substantially charged” in the demanding state.
It is no longer debatable that a presumption of regularity ordinarily attaches to a determination of probable cause by a neutral judicial officer in the demanding state. Michigan v. Doran, supra, 290. The question that divides the parties is whether this presumption is fatally undermined when the signature of [473]*473the judicial officer is illegible and is not specifically authenticated by other underlying documentation furnished by the demanding state.
General Statutes § 54-159, which establishes the documentary requirements for a valid extradition request, states that “[t]he indictment, information or affidavit made before the magistrate must substantially charge the person demanded with having committed a crime under the law of that state; and the copy of indictment, information, [or] affidavit . . . must be authenticated by the executive authority making the demand.” (Emphasis added.) The petitioner argues, as the trial court held, that an acknowledgment is an integral part of any affidavit, and that the requirements of § 54-159 must therefore be read in conjunction with those of the Uniform Acknowledgment Act, General Statutes § 1-36. The respondent, while conceding that the affidavit does not comply with § 1-36, urges that those statutory requirements are inapplicable to extradition documentation because § 54-159 provides for authentication by the executive authority. The governor of the state of Florida in this case expressly certified that the documents attached to the rendition warrant were authentic and duly authenticated in accordance with the laws of the state of Florida.
We agree with the respondent’s construction of § 54-159. In the context of extradition proceedings, in which considerable deference is afforded to the proceedings of the demanding state, we should not superimpose general Connecticut authentication requirements upon the specific provisions for authentication contained in the extradition statute itself. Courts in other jurisdictions have similarly concluded that a demanding governor’s certification of authentication is binding upon the courts of an asylum state. See Clark v. Leach, 200 Colo. 151, 153, 612 P.2d 1130 (1980); People ex rel. Dimas v. Shimp, 83 Ill. App. 3d 150, 155, [474]*474403 N.E.2d 750 (1980); Austin v. Brumbaugh, 186 Neb. 815, 818-19, 186 N.W.2d 723 (1971); Ex Parte Paulson, 168 Or. 457, 472-73, 124 P.2d 297 (1942); Ex Parte Posey, 453 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 1970); State ex rel. Clayton v. Wolke, 69 Wis. 2d 363, 368-69, 230 N.W.2d 869 (1975); see also 1 Wharton, Criminal Procedure (12th Ed. Torcia 1974) § 116. Unless there is a defect on the face of extradition papers other than a lack of individualized authentication, the certificate of the demanding governor forecloses further judicial scrutiny.
Our resolution of the question of authentication against the petitioner requires us to conclude that the trial court also erred in finding that the petitioner had not been “substantially charged” with the crime of larceny. The test for whether a person has been “substantially charged” is whether the charge of which he has been formally accused is based upon probable cause. Parks v. Bourbeau, supra, 276; Wentworth v. Bourbeau, supra, 368. While this case was pending on appeal, we have, on two occasions, determined that “once the demanding state submits documents that facially satisfy the requirements of the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act; General Statutes § 54-157 et seq., esp. § 54-159; it is the demanding state rather than the custodial state which must determine whether an arrest is constitutionally defective for lack of probable cause.” Knight v. Bourbeau, 194 Conn. 702, 703, 485 A.2d 919 (1984); Parks v. Bourbeau, supra, 276-77. In light of these precedents, it is the Florida courts, and not those of Connecticut, that must decide whether the documents charging the petitioner with grand theft in the second degree properly allege the elements required for commission of that crime under Florida law.
[475]*475There is error, the judgment is vacated and the trial court is directed to enter a judgment denying the petitioner a writ of habeas corpus.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.