OrtoN, J.
The main facts of this case are as follows.:
At the time of the accident that caused the death of the respondent’s intestate, the appellant company owned and [228]*228operated, and for many years had owned and operated, at Merrill, -in Lincoln county, this state, a very large sawmill, of the capacity to cut or saw 150,000 feet of lumber in one day of eleven hours. In connection with said mill, and necessary to its successful business, there was operated an immense slab burner, constructed of sheet iron riveted together at the joints, and circular in form. The lower section or base had perpendicular sides, and was thirty-five feet in diameter, and about forty feet in height; the second section, riveted to the top ,of the lower section, was cone-shaped, and thirty-two feet in height, reduced-at the top to about seventeen feet in diameter; and the upper or top section was about twenty-one feet in'height, with straight or perpendicular sides, with a wire screen or spark catcher at the top. The whole structure was about ninety-five'feet in height. The top part, alone, weighed 5,000 pounds. The lower part was lined with brick masonry to within a few inches of the cone, and was sixteen inches thick at the bottom, and grew less towards the top. There were no ribs or framework inside to sustain or protect it. The sheets or pieces of sheet iron used in its construction were forty-three inches wide by nine feet in length, and they were riveted or bolted together at the seams. There was a large opening, or door near the top of the lower section, through which the slabs and other refuse entered the burner, and there were two openings or doors near the bottom, on opposite sides, used for kindling and making fires,-and for going into it, and perhaps for draught.
It will be observed that this is a thin and hollow cylinder thirty-five feet in diameter, and nearly 100 feet high, standing and bearing up many tons in weight by its own unsupported strength. The diminishing diameter of the conic section would naturally so compress, the expanding gases and heated air within the lower section as to challenge to its utmost its power of resistance. From its great dimensions, [229]*229it is obvious to any one that this was a very weak and unreliable structure, but sufficient for the prudent use for which it was intended. From the mill to its upper opening or door there was a “ conveyor ” or “ traveler,” as it was called, for conveying all the slabs and other refuse from the mill to the burner as fast as they accumulated. It is necessary that this conveyor should do its work Constantly while the mill runs its saws, or these accumulations would overwhelm the works, and there is no other way of disposing of them. Another thing must be considered: The logs to be sawed are often, if not usually, drawn into the mill from the water, and many of the slabs áre still wet when they reach the burner. They are not only hard to burn, but steam, as well as gases, is generated. The testimony appears to be uncontradicted that, the only safe and proper way to use the burner is to kindle a fire at the bottom early in the morning, before or at the time the mill'starts up, so as to have the slabs consumed as fast as they are received. The mill and the burner, and the conveyor should run together. If the mill and conveyor run before there is a good fire started, the burner becomes filled and packed with wet slabs, which not only retard or prevent the building of the fire, but by the time the fire begins- to consume the slabs there will "be a superincumbent mass of wet slabs nearly to the top of the lower section; and. when they become dry enough to burn, and the whole mass takes fire, it is a scientific certainty that the burner will become so intensely and unusually heated as to greatly injure, if not destroy, the burner itself. The pent-up steam and gases within this burning mass of over thirty feet in diameter and nearly forty feet in height has to be compressed and escape through this cone-shaped cylinder above. The most natural consequence would seem to be that its seams would be opened, its sides twisted and rent, and the whole structure topple to the ground. It never was intended to meet such a trial [230]*230of its strength.- -It- was intended that the- slabs should-be burned as fast as received, and the burner kept open- and clear as possible; and so it would be, if a good fire is started before the mill and'conveyor begin their work. The witness Anderson, who was foreman of the works in 1880, testified “ that during all the period he was there the fire was started up in the morning, and well going - before the mill was started; that was the fact and the rule while he was there.” These fapts were verified by a practical trial and experiment in the summer of 1886. “ There was one day that they didn’t get the fire started promptly in the morning, and the conveyor and mill ran till probably nine o’clock, and filled the burner up, without enough fire in it to burn the slabs. It filled up very nearly to the- opening where the slabs come into it, and we büiit a fire in it through those doors, and tried to get the fire started- in it. The mill kept running. In that way, it was overloaded all day, and wet slabs got to •running into it, and in the evening, after the mill was shut down, the fire got to burning, and it overheated the burner in the top part, where it was red hot, and the draught through there seemed to work the burner in the cone part; and when it cooled off it was shrunk in two places by overheating, and it sank in a couple of places, and the screen sank in, also, and the conveyor caught fire in one spot. Mr. Biron, the millwright, and Mr. Hixon, the secretary of the company, were present.” This was the testimony of Edward Anderson. This witness testified, further, that “ after that all we done was to see that the fire was started in the morning, and be certain of it, before we started up the mill.” After that it seems that the men were instructed not to allow the fuel to get higher in the burner than a certain fixed line; “the danger line,” as it was called by Mr. Graham, the superintendent. The “ dents and sagging ” in the iron remained in plain sight, as a warning not again to so overheat the burner. One- witness saw that the rivets [231]*231were out or broken, and iron sheets loose, as an effect of such overheating in 1886.
On the 28th day of September, 1891, in the morning, before 6 o’clock, there was an attempt to start a fire in the burner before the mill started, but just after the mill started .some small wet Norway slabs came through the conveyor and put it out. At 7 o’clock they broke up an oil barrel, and attempted to start the fire again, and then broke up more oil barrels.; but it burned slowly, and slabs came in incessantly.. They tried to increase the fire by the use of shavings and. kerosene oiL About 9 o’clock, Graham, the superintendent, came, and saw the condition of the fire in the burner. He gave some directions, and went away. About 10:30 o’clock the fire started up a little better. At 11 o’clock, Graham looked down into the burner, and it was full of smoke. He was told that the burner was full of slabs. Some one tried to throw the slabs out of the conveyor as fast as they came, but this could not be done. All this time the mill was running, and the slabs were coming into the burner, and had been coming about five hours before 11 o’clock, when the fire got under headway.
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OrtoN, J.
The main facts of this case are as follows.:
At the time of the accident that caused the death of the respondent’s intestate, the appellant company owned and [228]*228operated, and for many years had owned and operated, at Merrill, -in Lincoln county, this state, a very large sawmill, of the capacity to cut or saw 150,000 feet of lumber in one day of eleven hours. In connection with said mill, and necessary to its successful business, there was operated an immense slab burner, constructed of sheet iron riveted together at the joints, and circular in form. The lower section or base had perpendicular sides, and was thirty-five feet in diameter, and about forty feet in height; the second section, riveted to the top ,of the lower section, was cone-shaped, and thirty-two feet in height, reduced-at the top to about seventeen feet in diameter; and the upper or top section was about twenty-one feet in'height, with straight or perpendicular sides, with a wire screen or spark catcher at the top. The whole structure was about ninety-five'feet in height. The top part, alone, weighed 5,000 pounds. The lower part was lined with brick masonry to within a few inches of the cone, and was sixteen inches thick at the bottom, and grew less towards the top. There were no ribs or framework inside to sustain or protect it. The sheets or pieces of sheet iron used in its construction were forty-three inches wide by nine feet in length, and they were riveted or bolted together at the seams. There was a large opening, or door near the top of the lower section, through which the slabs and other refuse entered the burner, and there were two openings or doors near the bottom, on opposite sides, used for kindling and making fires,-and for going into it, and perhaps for draught.
It will be observed that this is a thin and hollow cylinder thirty-five feet in diameter, and nearly 100 feet high, standing and bearing up many tons in weight by its own unsupported strength. The diminishing diameter of the conic section would naturally so compress, the expanding gases and heated air within the lower section as to challenge to its utmost its power of resistance. From its great dimensions, [229]*229it is obvious to any one that this was a very weak and unreliable structure, but sufficient for the prudent use for which it was intended. From the mill to its upper opening or door there was a “ conveyor ” or “ traveler,” as it was called, for conveying all the slabs and other refuse from the mill to the burner as fast as they accumulated. It is necessary that this conveyor should do its work Constantly while the mill runs its saws, or these accumulations would overwhelm the works, and there is no other way of disposing of them. Another thing must be considered: The logs to be sawed are often, if not usually, drawn into the mill from the water, and many of the slabs áre still wet when they reach the burner. They are not only hard to burn, but steam, as well as gases, is generated. The testimony appears to be uncontradicted that, the only safe and proper way to use the burner is to kindle a fire at the bottom early in the morning, before or at the time the mill'starts up, so as to have the slabs consumed as fast as they are received. The mill and the burner, and the conveyor should run together. If the mill and conveyor run before there is a good fire started, the burner becomes filled and packed with wet slabs, which not only retard or prevent the building of the fire, but by the time the fire begins- to consume the slabs there will "be a superincumbent mass of wet slabs nearly to the top of the lower section; and. when they become dry enough to burn, and the whole mass takes fire, it is a scientific certainty that the burner will become so intensely and unusually heated as to greatly injure, if not destroy, the burner itself. The pent-up steam and gases within this burning mass of over thirty feet in diameter and nearly forty feet in height has to be compressed and escape through this cone-shaped cylinder above. The most natural consequence would seem to be that its seams would be opened, its sides twisted and rent, and the whole structure topple to the ground. It never was intended to meet such a trial [230]*230of its strength.- -It- was intended that the- slabs should-be burned as fast as received, and the burner kept open- and clear as possible; and so it would be, if a good fire is started before the mill and'conveyor begin their work. The witness Anderson, who was foreman of the works in 1880, testified “ that during all the period he was there the fire was started up in the morning, and well going - before the mill was started; that was the fact and the rule while he was there.” These fapts were verified by a practical trial and experiment in the summer of 1886. “ There was one day that they didn’t get the fire started promptly in the morning, and the conveyor and mill ran till probably nine o’clock, and filled the burner up, without enough fire in it to burn the slabs. It filled up very nearly to the- opening where the slabs come into it, and we büiit a fire in it through those doors, and tried to get the fire started- in it. The mill kept running. In that way, it was overloaded all day, and wet slabs got to •running into it, and in the evening, after the mill was shut down, the fire got to burning, and it overheated the burner in the top part, where it was red hot, and the draught through there seemed to work the burner in the cone part; and when it cooled off it was shrunk in two places by overheating, and it sank in a couple of places, and the screen sank in, also, and the conveyor caught fire in one spot. Mr. Biron, the millwright, and Mr. Hixon, the secretary of the company, were present.” This was the testimony of Edward Anderson. This witness testified, further, that “ after that all we done was to see that the fire was started in the morning, and be certain of it, before we started up the mill.” After that it seems that the men were instructed not to allow the fuel to get higher in the burner than a certain fixed line; “the danger line,” as it was called by Mr. Graham, the superintendent. The “ dents and sagging ” in the iron remained in plain sight, as a warning not again to so overheat the burner. One- witness saw that the rivets [231]*231were out or broken, and iron sheets loose, as an effect of such overheating in 1886.
On the 28th day of September, 1891, in the morning, before 6 o’clock, there was an attempt to start a fire in the burner before the mill started, but just after the mill started .some small wet Norway slabs came through the conveyor and put it out. At 7 o’clock they broke up an oil barrel, and attempted to start the fire again, and then broke up more oil barrels.; but it burned slowly, and slabs came in incessantly.. They tried to increase the fire by the use of shavings and. kerosene oiL About 9 o’clock, Graham, the superintendent, came, and saw the condition of the fire in the burner. He gave some directions, and went away. About 10:30 o’clock the fire started up a little better. At 11 o’clock, Graham looked down into the burner, and it was full of smoke. He was told that the burner was full of slabs. Some one tried to throw the slabs out of the conveyor as fast as they came, but this could not be done. All this time the mill was running, and the slabs were coming into the burner, and had been coming about five hours before 11 o’clock, when the fire got under headway. About 12 o’clock the fire seems to have ignited the whole mass within the burner, and it became an intensely hot fire, and the heat and flames shot up into the air above the burner; and, between 12 and 1 o’clock, Louis Knudson, the deceased, who was ordered to do certain work as a carpenter, which required him to go in a pathway along by and near the burner, happened to be at that time in the very spot where he came to his death. Just as he was passing by the burner, it suddenly eollapsed or broke to pieces, and the third or highest section came to the ground head-foremost, and fell upon the ill-fated Knudson, and, of course, killed him instantly.
This action is brought by the administrator of his estate to recover damages for the benefit of. his estate, according [232]*232to the statute, on the ground that his death was caused by the culpable negligence of the defendant company. The jury returned á verdict for the plaintiff for the sum of $5,000, and the defendant has appealed from the judgment. The defendant moved to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial therein, on the grounds that the verdict is contrary to the law and to the evidence, and the damages excessive.
1. The main question in this case is upon it's merits, on the exception to denying the said motion for a new trial. The third contention in the brief of the learned counsel of the appellant is headed as follows: “ The proximate cause of the falling of the burner was clearly shown to have been the excessive heat suddenly generated by the Cessation of fresh fuel falling upon the fire, upon the mill shutting down for the noon hour. No negligence, unless it be that of a fellow-servant, is shown by the evidence, but it was an unforeseen and unexpected accident.” This is an admission that the proximate cause of the falling of the burner was the excessive heat suddenly generated. It is too clear for question that the same cause that produced the excessive heat that caused the burner to shrink and bulge out, and to open its seams and tear out the rivets, and to nearly collapse it, in 1886, produced the excessive heat that caused it to fall at the time of this fatal accident. It was certainly not the stopping of the mill at noon, but it was not stopping the mill in the morning, and all along the' forenoon, until the fire was sufficient to consume the slabs as fast as they came in. The witnesses all agree that this was the only safe and proper rule. It is obvious, and a natural consequence, that when such a mass of material was all on fire at once it would produce just such excessive heat as the learned counsel admit caused the burner to fall. It was all on fire, and the heat most intense, and the flames rising above the top * before the mill was stopped. The [233]*233mischief had been done. It was the negligence of the company, all along that forenoon, in not stopping the mill so as to allow the burner to clear itself and consume the slabs as fast as they came, and in starting up the mill in the morning before there was any fire to consume the slabs, that prepared the way and laid the train for the catastrophe that was sure to follow. The company had an experimental knowledge of such a consequence following such a cause, and they heeded it not, but repeated the experiment. Mr. Graham, the superintendent, when he looked into the top of the burner and found it packed full of slabs and many of them wet, must have known that when that whole mass became on fire the heat would be intense beyond all calculation, and that there was great and imminent danger that the burner would collapse and tumble to pieces, as it did. It was a frail structure at best, and after it had been weakened by seven years’ constant use, and injured by excessive heat in 1886, any one might have known that it could not withstand this last most dangerous trial. The negligence of the company appears to have been established beyond a question or doubt.
2. The second error assigned is allowing the witness Shank to answer the question whether one man could take off from the conveyor all the slabs as fast as they came. This was not a question for an expert. It could be intelligently answered by any one acquainted with the business, and it was not material. It is sufficient that the slabs were not taken off as fast as they came. The efficient remedy was apparent, and that was to stop the mill and making slabs, until thej7 could be disposed of safely by burning in the usual way. The usual way was the safe way, and those two extraordinary instances — the last one followed by such a fatal result — were the most careless and dangerous ways of using the burner, and the company had abundant reason to know it.
[234]*2343. It is contended that the hypothetical question put to the expert witness was imperfect in stating the facts. They appear to have been, very fully and correctly stated. Rut there is no place for expert testimony in this case. The causes of this injury are as clear as light to any one of ordinary intelligence and observation.
4. The refusal to allow the witness Worden to testify that this burner was built like other approved burners used in other mills of like capacity was not error. The injury was not caused by any defect in the construction of the burner, but by its negligent and improper use.' The question was therefore immaterial.
5. The knowledge of all the material facts which constitute the negligence in this case was sufficiently brought home to the company by seven years’ experience, so that we need not inquire whether the acts or knowledge of the superintendent or others in its employment bind the company. But there can be no doubt that Graham, superintendent, had full charge of the burner and its management on that last day, and that his negligence bound the company, and the charge of the court to the jury on that subject was clearly correct.
6. The remarks of the counsel of the respondent in his argument to the jury, charging the company with being actuated by motives of parsimony in neglecting to repair dr replace the burner upon its injury in 1886, appear to have been within the license of forensic debate.
The ease was ably tried on both sides, and the rulings and instructions of the court appear to have been fair and considerate, and the .verdict is sustained by the evidence, and just, and we find no cause for disturbing it.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.