This case is before this court on appeal from the Court of Common Pleas where the plaintiff below recovered a judgment against the Industrial Commission, establishing by a verdict of the jury and judgment of the court the fact that she is entitled to participate in the State Insurance Fund of the Workmen's
Compensation division of the Industrial Commission of Ohio.
The bill of exceptions is short and there is but little controversy as to the facts in the case.
Walter H. Eyman, husband of the plaintiff, had been employed by W.W. Fisher in the capacity of assistant manager of a store at Gahanna, Franklin county, about ten miles north of Columbus. Eyman lived with his wife at 152 Twelfth avenue, in Columbus. In going to and returning from Gahanna he used his own automobile for his passage and at times used it in making deliveries. There is evidence to the effect that three or four times a week he would haul merchandise from the wholesalers in Columbus to Gahanna. The evidence is not clear as to the frequency with which he delivered the groceries sold at the store to the various purchasers. He sometimes hauled customers of the store in his machine to and from the store. On the morning of October 31, 1934, he left his home at an early hour to pick up supplies for the store from Columbus wholesalers. At ten o'clock in the morning he returned to his own home on account of the illness of his son who was residing with the family at the address above given. While he was there his wife gave him an order for milk and eggs to be purchased from the store at Gahanna and paid for by her when they should be delivered by her husband on his return trip from his place of employment.
W.W. Fisher, the keeper of the store, testified in effect that whenever Eyman needed groceries he was permitted to take them, paying for them as he might wish. Mrs. Eyman testified that she paid for the groceries out of the household money, a part of which arose from a lodger and from board paid by her two children.
On the evening of October 31st Eyman remained at the store longer than was usual, leaving at about ten
o'clock. When he arrived at the corner of Cleveland avenue and Essex street in Columbus his car collided with that of another driver and Eyman was seriously injured and died several weeks after as a result of the injuries. Those who testified in relation to the collision stated that the car gave evidence of having contained eggs which were broken and that there was also an unbroken milk bottle and about a dozen roasting ears. Immediately after the collision Eyman was unconscious, but on regaining consciousness stated that he was on his way home from work and that he was taking the milk, corn and eggs home for their own use. He said nothing about making any deliveries to customers. The intersection of Cleveland avenue and Essex street is somewhat nearer to the center of town than his residence on Twelfth avenue, and there is testimony to the effect that he was traveling northward on Cleveland avenue at the time of the accident. Counsel for plaintiff urge that the fact that he was going northward toward Twelfth avenue, and that his car contained roasting ears would indicate that on coming southward from Gahanna he had passed his own home in order to make deliveries as to other customers of the store. This assumption would not necessarily follow from the position of the car with reference to his home at the time of the accident. What took him down town further than his own home is not disclosed. No question is made but that his death resulted from the accident.
It is urged on behalf of the commission that, admitting his wife had ordered eggs and milk from the grocery store at which he worked and that the same were to be paid for upon delivery, and that he had hauled this material from Gahanna to be delivered to his own home, he still was not performing service for his employer at the time of the accident, but that the hauling of the provisions for his own use in his
own car on his daily trip, returning from his place of employment to his home, was merely incidental and that he was not then in the service of his employer.
Section 1465-61, General Code, provides that the term "employee" shall be construed to mean (subdivision 2) every person in the service of any person employing three or more workmen or operatives regularly in the same business, under any contract for hire.
The case of State, ex rel. Bettman, Atty. Genl., v. Christen,128 Ohio St. 56, 190 N.E. 233, holds that workmen are regular employees within the purview of the sections so long as they are hired to do the work in the usual course of the trade, business, profession or occupation of the employer, and that in order that a person's employment shall be deemed to be in the usual course of trade of the employer, it must be for employment for work of the kind required in the business of the employer and in conformity to the established scheme of his business.
Counsel for the commission have criticized the charge of the court as not correctly stating what is a compensable injury in the course of employment. An objection lodged against the charge is that it is not a correct statement of the law to say that "if he was making the delivery to his wife and not getting paid for it until he made the delivery he would be engaged in his master's business just as if he were delivering it to you or to me." There seem to be no Ohio cases directly in point upon this question.
In the case of Barragar v. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin,205 Wis. 550, 238 N.W. 368, it is held that if it is the employer's trip at the outset an employee is within the scope of employment while en route to, and from, termini, but detours for personal objectives are outside the scope of his employment; if it is the employee's trip at the outset he is without
the scope of his employment while en route, but detours on his master's business are within scope; if the employer's work creates necessity for travel, the trip at the outset is his; if the journey would have proceeded though business were dropped, it is the employee's, and he is not then acting within the scope of his employment.
In the case of Ridout v. Rose's Stores, Inc., 205 N.C. 423,171 S.E. 642, it is held that where the death of employees of a store occurred in an automobile accident when they drove a privately owned car primarily for personal reasons and only incidentally to obtain goods for the store, that such death did not arise out of and in the course of employment.
In the case of Eby v. Industrial Accident Commission ofCalifornia, 75 Cal.App. 280, 242 P. 901, it is held that to prove service was being rendered in the course of employment at the time of injury, received while traveling to work, the mission for employer must be the major factor in the journey or movement, and not merely incidental.
In the case of Marks' Dependents v. Gray, 251 N.Y. 90,167 N.E. 181
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This case is before this court on appeal from the Court of Common Pleas where the plaintiff below recovered a judgment against the Industrial Commission, establishing by a verdict of the jury and judgment of the court the fact that she is entitled to participate in the State Insurance Fund of the Workmen's
Compensation division of the Industrial Commission of Ohio.
The bill of exceptions is short and there is but little controversy as to the facts in the case.
Walter H. Eyman, husband of the plaintiff, had been employed by W.W. Fisher in the capacity of assistant manager of a store at Gahanna, Franklin county, about ten miles north of Columbus. Eyman lived with his wife at 152 Twelfth avenue, in Columbus. In going to and returning from Gahanna he used his own automobile for his passage and at times used it in making deliveries. There is evidence to the effect that three or four times a week he would haul merchandise from the wholesalers in Columbus to Gahanna. The evidence is not clear as to the frequency with which he delivered the groceries sold at the store to the various purchasers. He sometimes hauled customers of the store in his machine to and from the store. On the morning of October 31, 1934, he left his home at an early hour to pick up supplies for the store from Columbus wholesalers. At ten o'clock in the morning he returned to his own home on account of the illness of his son who was residing with the family at the address above given. While he was there his wife gave him an order for milk and eggs to be purchased from the store at Gahanna and paid for by her when they should be delivered by her husband on his return trip from his place of employment.
W.W. Fisher, the keeper of the store, testified in effect that whenever Eyman needed groceries he was permitted to take them, paying for them as he might wish. Mrs. Eyman testified that she paid for the groceries out of the household money, a part of which arose from a lodger and from board paid by her two children.
On the evening of October 31st Eyman remained at the store longer than was usual, leaving at about ten
o'clock. When he arrived at the corner of Cleveland avenue and Essex street in Columbus his car collided with that of another driver and Eyman was seriously injured and died several weeks after as a result of the injuries. Those who testified in relation to the collision stated that the car gave evidence of having contained eggs which were broken and that there was also an unbroken milk bottle and about a dozen roasting ears. Immediately after the collision Eyman was unconscious, but on regaining consciousness stated that he was on his way home from work and that he was taking the milk, corn and eggs home for their own use. He said nothing about making any deliveries to customers. The intersection of Cleveland avenue and Essex street is somewhat nearer to the center of town than his residence on Twelfth avenue, and there is testimony to the effect that he was traveling northward on Cleveland avenue at the time of the accident. Counsel for plaintiff urge that the fact that he was going northward toward Twelfth avenue, and that his car contained roasting ears would indicate that on coming southward from Gahanna he had passed his own home in order to make deliveries as to other customers of the store. This assumption would not necessarily follow from the position of the car with reference to his home at the time of the accident. What took him down town further than his own home is not disclosed. No question is made but that his death resulted from the accident.
It is urged on behalf of the commission that, admitting his wife had ordered eggs and milk from the grocery store at which he worked and that the same were to be paid for upon delivery, and that he had hauled this material from Gahanna to be delivered to his own home, he still was not performing service for his employer at the time of the accident, but that the hauling of the provisions for his own use in his
own car on his daily trip, returning from his place of employment to his home, was merely incidental and that he was not then in the service of his employer.
Section 1465-61, General Code, provides that the term "employee" shall be construed to mean (subdivision 2) every person in the service of any person employing three or more workmen or operatives regularly in the same business, under any contract for hire.
The case of State, ex rel. Bettman, Atty. Genl., v. Christen,128 Ohio St. 56, 190 N.E. 233, holds that workmen are regular employees within the purview of the sections so long as they are hired to do the work in the usual course of the trade, business, profession or occupation of the employer, and that in order that a person's employment shall be deemed to be in the usual course of trade of the employer, it must be for employment for work of the kind required in the business of the employer and in conformity to the established scheme of his business.
Counsel for the commission have criticized the charge of the court as not correctly stating what is a compensable injury in the course of employment. An objection lodged against the charge is that it is not a correct statement of the law to say that "if he was making the delivery to his wife and not getting paid for it until he made the delivery he would be engaged in his master's business just as if he were delivering it to you or to me." There seem to be no Ohio cases directly in point upon this question.
In the case of Barragar v. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin,205 Wis. 550, 238 N.W. 368, it is held that if it is the employer's trip at the outset an employee is within the scope of employment while en route to, and from, termini, but detours for personal objectives are outside the scope of his employment; if it is the employee's trip at the outset he is without
the scope of his employment while en route, but detours on his master's business are within scope; if the employer's work creates necessity for travel, the trip at the outset is his; if the journey would have proceeded though business were dropped, it is the employee's, and he is not then acting within the scope of his employment.
In the case of Ridout v. Rose's Stores, Inc., 205 N.C. 423,171 S.E. 642, it is held that where the death of employees of a store occurred in an automobile accident when they drove a privately owned car primarily for personal reasons and only incidentally to obtain goods for the store, that such death did not arise out of and in the course of employment.
In the case of Eby v. Industrial Accident Commission ofCalifornia, 75 Cal.App. 280, 242 P. 901, it is held that to prove service was being rendered in the course of employment at the time of injury, received while traveling to work, the mission for employer must be the major factor in the journey or movement, and not merely incidental.
In the case of Marks' Dependents v. Gray, 251 N.Y. 90,167 N.E. 181, it was held that the death of a plumber's helper in a collision while making a journey in his own automobile at the end of his day's work to call for his wife was not the result of an accident "arising out of and in the course of employment," notwithstanding he had been requested by his employer to take his tools to perform a small job on arriving at his destination.
The opinion is by Cardozo, C.J., now of the United States Supreme Court. In the opinion the judge states that "unquestionably injury through collision is a risk of travel on a highway. What concerns us here is whether the risks of travel are also risks of the employment. In that view, the decisive test must be whether it is the employment or something else that
has sent the traveler forth upon the journey * * *." Under the circumstances of that case the court states:
"We think the perils of the highway were unrelated to the service. We do not say that service to the employer must be the sole cause of the journey, but at least it must be a concurrent cause. To establish liability, the inference must be permissible that the trip would have been made though the private errand had been canceled. * * * The test in brief is this: If the work of the employee creates the necessity for travel, he is in the course of his employment, though he is serving at the same time some purpose of his own. * * * If, however, the work has had no part in creating the necessity for travel, if the journey would have gone forward though the business errand had been dropped, and would have been canceled upon failure of the private purpose, though the business errand was undone, the travel is then personal and personal the risk."
The case of Standard Oil Co. v. Clark, 44 Ohio App. 211,184 N.E. 861, cited by counsel for plaintiff, related to an employment of one at a filling station where he received money in payment for goods sold and where he was instructed to take this money home with him for safekeeping rather than leave it at the station. It was held that such employee having been killed en route to his home and in charge of the money, his widow was entitled to participate in the State Compensation Fund. It was said:
"When killed, he was in the performance of a duty enjoined upon him by his employment. His care for the funds while en route from the filling station to his home was as much a part of his duty as his work at the filling station. The case is directly within the principle decided by the Supreme Court in Inglish v. IndustrialCommission, 125 Ohio St. 494, 182 N.E. 31."
This latter case holds:
"Where a school teacher, after school hours, while traveling by the usual, direct and necessary route from his school to his home, carrying examination papers, which he was expected by his county superintendent to grade at his home, such being the general practice, there being no opportunity nor facilities to perform such work at the schoolhouse, was struck and killed by an automobile, such accident arose out of and in the course of decedent's employment."
It seems to us that these two cases and other supporting authorities do not involve the same situation as presented in the case at bar. In each the parties injured were in the continuous employment of their employer and were performing services upon behalf of and for the benefit of their employer.
Under the facts in this case, where the decedent, being employed at such a distance from his home that it was necessary for him, for his own convenience, to use an automobile owned by himself in traveling back and forth to his place of employment, we are constrained to the view that the fact that his wife may have given him an order as the agent of his employer for the milk and eggs to be used by her household and paid for when delivered, which milk and eggs were being carried in his automobile upon his return from his place of employment, upon which trip he was injured, does not justify the conclusion that the injury arose out of and in the course of his employment. He was obliged to go to and from his home. Notwithstanding the fact that he sometimes carried goods in his automobile to and from the store and was at the time of his injury engaged in carrying goods to his own home, we are of the opinion that the evidence does not establish the fact that the accident arose out of and occurred while he was in the course of his employment.
The majority of the court is of the opinion that the
court below erred in not sustaining the motion of the defendant, interposed after all the evidence was introduced, directing the jury to return a verdict for defendant.
The court coming now to render the judgment that should have been rendered by the court below, finds in favor of the defendant.
Judgment reversed.
BARNES, P.J., concurs.