Connor, J.,
after stating the case. In the view which we take of the case it becomes unnecessary to pass upon the defendant’s exceptions to his Honor’s charge upon the first issue. Assuming that, as found by the jury, the piping had been delivered to the defendant company and that the defendant was in default in not having, as was its duty, a sufficient number of cars to send it within a reasonable time to Granite Falls, we are of the opinion that the defendant was entitled to the instruction asked, and his Honor should not have given the instruction asked by the plaintiff. The defendant, by its failure to ship within a reasonable time, became liable for such damages as naturally and proximately resulted from such breach of contract or duty.
Lindley v. Railroad,
88 N. C., 549.
Pearson, J.,
in
Ashe v. DeRossett,
50 N. C., 299, 72 Am. Dec., 552, says: “When one violates
bis Contract be is liable only for such damages as are caused by tbe breach, or such as being incidental to tbe act of omission or commission, as a natural consequence thereof, may reasonably be presumed to have been in contemplation of tbe parties when tbe contract was made. This rule of law is well settled, but tbe difficulty arises in making its application.” In that case a quantity of rice was sent to the mill of defendant’s intestate pursuant'to a contract that it was to be worked in its “turn.” Tbe rice was not worked in its “turn.” The mill with its contents was thereafter burned. In an action on tbe contract for failure to have tbe rice beaten in its “turn” tbe plaintiff claimed tbe value of tbe rice as tbe measure of tbe damage to which be was entitled. This Court held that, in tbe absence of any evidence of negligence in respect to the burning of the mill, be was not entitled to recover tbe value of tbe rice. Tbe Court said: “There is nothing to show that tbe contingency that tbe rice might be burned if left in tbe mill was in tbe contemplation of tbe parties. On tbe contrary, its being burnt was an accident unlooked for and unforeseen, and can in no sense be considered as having been caused by tbe fact that it was not beat in tbe turn promised by the defendant’s intestate; consequently tbe damages were too remote.”
Wells v. Railroad,
51 N. C., 49, 72 Am. Dec., 556, in which tbe principle was applied to a contract of carriage. IJpon tbe second trial of
Ashe v. DeRossett, supra
(53 N. C., 240), tbe Court below submitted the question to tbe jury to say whether tbe promise was made in contemplation of tbe imminent risk from fire, etc., and they so found. This Court held that there was no evidence to sustain the finding, saying: “So, notwithstanding tbe opinion of tbe jury, as it is a mere matter of opinion and there is no evidence in regard to it, we are disposed to adhere to tbe opinion previously expressed by us.” In
Whitford v. Foy,
65 N. C., 265, tbe case is approved and tbe distinction pointed
out wherein a bailee misuses the property or by conduct converts it to his own use, in which case, if the property is lost or destroyed, he is liable for its value, without regard to the cause of such loss, in an action of trover under the former system, or for a conversion now. The Court says: “But such a rule has never been applied to other contracts, still less to a mere neglect by a trustee, when no- fraud is imputed.” In
Sledge v.
Reid, 73 N. C., 440, the principle was applied to the case of a wrongful taking by a sheriff of a mule — tire Court refusing to give damages for loss of plaintiff’s crop. The Court cite
Ashe v. DeRosseit, supra,
and
Hadley v. Baxendale,
the leading case on the subject.
Edmundson v. Fort,
75 N. C., 404;
Ford v. Railroad,
53 N. C., 235, 78 Am. Dec., 277. The principle has been frequently applied in other courts to cases against carriers negligently delaying the shipment of freight. In
Morrison v. Davis,
20 Penn., 171, 57 Am. Dec., 695, the defendant’s common carriers by water received the plaintiff’s goods for shipment by way of canal. They used a lame horse and thereby the boat was delayed. When the boat reached the Juanita division of the canal it struck an unprecedented flood and the plaintiff’s property was injured. In an action for the negligent delay it was sought to recover the value of the property. The Court said that the proximate cause of the disaster was the flood; the fault of having a lame horse was a remote one, which, by concurring with the extraordinary flood, caused the injury. “In any other than a carrier’s case the question would present no difficulty. The general rule is that a man is answerable for the consequences of a fault only so far as the same are natural and proximate, and as may on this account be foreseen by ordinary forecast, and not those which arise from a conjunction of his fault with other circumstances of an extraordinary nature.” After discussing the question at some length the Court say: “Now there is nothing in the
policy of tbe law relating to common carriers that calls for any different rule as to consequential damages to be applied to them. They are answerable for the ordinary and proximate consequences of their negligence and not for those that are remote and extraordinary; and this liability includes all those consequences which may have arisen from the neglect to make provision for those damages which ordinary skill and foresight is bound to anticipate.”
Daniels v. Ballentine,
23 Ohio St., 532, 13 Am. Rep., 264;
Denny v. Railroad,
79 Mass., 481, 74 Am. Dec., 645. The Oourt cites with approval
Morrison v. Davis, supra,
saying: “The defendants failed to exercise due care and diligence in not being possessed of a sufficient number of efficient working engines to transport the plaintiff’s wool with the usual ordinary and reasonable speed. The consequence of this failure on their part was that the wool was detained six days at Syracuse. This was the full and entire effect of their negligence, and for this they are clearly responsible.” The property was burned in defendant’s warehouse after its arrival at the point of destination. It was held that the defendant was not liable.
Railroad v. Burrows,
33 Mich., 6;
Hoadley v. Transportation Co.,
115 Mass., 305, 15 Am. Rep., 106;
Railroad v.
Reeves, 77 U. S., 176. The contract with the plaintiff by which the defendant carried the freight “released” relieved it by its common law liability as insurer, but not against injury resulting from its own negligence.
Smith v. Railroad,
64 N. C., 235; 6 Cyc., 393. As his Honor properly told the jury, the burden was therefore on the plaintiff to show that the piping was destroyed by the negligence of the defendant. Of course, in view of the law as we have seen, such negligence, if any, referred to the burning of the warehouse — either in respect to the origin of the fire or the facilities for controlling it. His Honor told the jury that the measure of duty in this respect was ordinary care, or the care of the prudent man.
There is no suggestion as to the origin of the fire; it may, so far as it appears, have been caused by rats, matches, incendiary or any other of the unaccountable causes from which human experience teaches it is next to impossible to provide.
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Connor, J.,
after stating the case. In the view which we take of the case it becomes unnecessary to pass upon the defendant’s exceptions to his Honor’s charge upon the first issue. Assuming that, as found by the jury, the piping had been delivered to the defendant company and that the defendant was in default in not having, as was its duty, a sufficient number of cars to send it within a reasonable time to Granite Falls, we are of the opinion that the defendant was entitled to the instruction asked, and his Honor should not have given the instruction asked by the plaintiff. The defendant, by its failure to ship within a reasonable time, became liable for such damages as naturally and proximately resulted from such breach of contract or duty.
Lindley v. Railroad,
88 N. C., 549.
Pearson, J.,
in
Ashe v. DeRossett,
50 N. C., 299, 72 Am. Dec., 552, says: “When one violates
bis Contract be is liable only for such damages as are caused by tbe breach, or such as being incidental to tbe act of omission or commission, as a natural consequence thereof, may reasonably be presumed to have been in contemplation of tbe parties when tbe contract was made. This rule of law is well settled, but tbe difficulty arises in making its application.” In that case a quantity of rice was sent to the mill of defendant’s intestate pursuant'to a contract that it was to be worked in its “turn.” Tbe rice was not worked in its “turn.” The mill with its contents was thereafter burned. In an action on tbe contract for failure to have tbe rice beaten in its “turn” tbe plaintiff claimed tbe value of tbe rice as tbe measure of tbe damage to which be was entitled. This Court held that, in tbe absence of any evidence of negligence in respect to the burning of the mill, be was not entitled to recover tbe value of tbe rice. Tbe Court said: “There is nothing to show that tbe contingency that tbe rice might be burned if left in tbe mill was in tbe contemplation of tbe parties. On tbe contrary, its being burnt was an accident unlooked for and unforeseen, and can in no sense be considered as having been caused by tbe fact that it was not beat in tbe turn promised by the defendant’s intestate; consequently tbe damages were too remote.”
Wells v. Railroad,
51 N. C., 49, 72 Am. Dec., 556, in which tbe principle was applied to a contract of carriage. IJpon tbe second trial of
Ashe v. DeRossett, supra
(53 N. C., 240), tbe Court below submitted the question to tbe jury to say whether tbe promise was made in contemplation of tbe imminent risk from fire, etc., and they so found. This Court held that there was no evidence to sustain the finding, saying: “So, notwithstanding tbe opinion of tbe jury, as it is a mere matter of opinion and there is no evidence in regard to it, we are disposed to adhere to tbe opinion previously expressed by us.” In
Whitford v. Foy,
65 N. C., 265, tbe case is approved and tbe distinction pointed
out wherein a bailee misuses the property or by conduct converts it to his own use, in which case, if the property is lost or destroyed, he is liable for its value, without regard to the cause of such loss, in an action of trover under the former system, or for a conversion now. The Court says: “But such a rule has never been applied to other contracts, still less to a mere neglect by a trustee, when no- fraud is imputed.” In
Sledge v.
Reid, 73 N. C., 440, the principle was applied to the case of a wrongful taking by a sheriff of a mule — tire Court refusing to give damages for loss of plaintiff’s crop. The Court cite
Ashe v. DeRosseit, supra,
and
Hadley v. Baxendale,
the leading case on the subject.
Edmundson v. Fort,
75 N. C., 404;
Ford v. Railroad,
53 N. C., 235, 78 Am. Dec., 277. The principle has been frequently applied in other courts to cases against carriers negligently delaying the shipment of freight. In
Morrison v. Davis,
20 Penn., 171, 57 Am. Dec., 695, the defendant’s common carriers by water received the plaintiff’s goods for shipment by way of canal. They used a lame horse and thereby the boat was delayed. When the boat reached the Juanita division of the canal it struck an unprecedented flood and the plaintiff’s property was injured. In an action for the negligent delay it was sought to recover the value of the property. The Court said that the proximate cause of the disaster was the flood; the fault of having a lame horse was a remote one, which, by concurring with the extraordinary flood, caused the injury. “In any other than a carrier’s case the question would present no difficulty. The general rule is that a man is answerable for the consequences of a fault only so far as the same are natural and proximate, and as may on this account be foreseen by ordinary forecast, and not those which arise from a conjunction of his fault with other circumstances of an extraordinary nature.” After discussing the question at some length the Court say: “Now there is nothing in the
policy of tbe law relating to common carriers that calls for any different rule as to consequential damages to be applied to them. They are answerable for the ordinary and proximate consequences of their negligence and not for those that are remote and extraordinary; and this liability includes all those consequences which may have arisen from the neglect to make provision for those damages which ordinary skill and foresight is bound to anticipate.”
Daniels v. Ballentine,
23 Ohio St., 532, 13 Am. Rep., 264;
Denny v. Railroad,
79 Mass., 481, 74 Am. Dec., 645. The Oourt cites with approval
Morrison v. Davis, supra,
saying: “The defendants failed to exercise due care and diligence in not being possessed of a sufficient number of efficient working engines to transport the plaintiff’s wool with the usual ordinary and reasonable speed. The consequence of this failure on their part was that the wool was detained six days at Syracuse. This was the full and entire effect of their negligence, and for this they are clearly responsible.” The property was burned in defendant’s warehouse after its arrival at the point of destination. It was held that the defendant was not liable.
Railroad v. Burrows,
33 Mich., 6;
Hoadley v. Transportation Co.,
115 Mass., 305, 15 Am. Rep., 106;
Railroad v.
Reeves, 77 U. S., 176. The contract with the plaintiff by which the defendant carried the freight “released” relieved it by its common law liability as insurer, but not against injury resulting from its own negligence.
Smith v. Railroad,
64 N. C., 235; 6 Cyc., 393. As his Honor properly told the jury, the burden was therefore on the plaintiff to show that the piping was destroyed by the negligence of the defendant. Of course, in view of the law as we have seen, such negligence, if any, referred to the burning of the warehouse — either in respect to the origin of the fire or the facilities for controlling it. His Honor told the jury that the measure of duty in this respect was ordinary care, or the care of the prudent man.
There is no suggestion as to the origin of the fire; it may, so far as it appears, have been caused by rats, matches, incendiary or any other of the unaccountable causes from which human experience teaches it is next to impossible to provide. In regard to keeping a watchman at the depot, we are not prepared, in the absence of any evidence that it is usual to do so, to say that it was the duty of defendant to do so. It would seem that if the defendant used the same precaution used by citizens of Lincolnton it would discharge its duty. AWiile it is true that this Court has, following the Supreme Court of the United States, and probably a majority of the State Supreme Courts, held that, except in very rare and exceptional cases, negligence is a question of fact and the measure of duty is the conduct of the prudent man, we think that it is still the duty of the judge to explain to the jury the law in the light of the testimony.
Russell v. Railroad,
118 N. C., 1098;
Hinshaw v. Railroad,
118 N. C., 1047. We have no purpose to question or shake the doctrines as laid down in those and later cases. In the application of the rule the most careful and anxious attention and desire to keep true to the line cannot always secure results satisfactory to minds approaching cases from opposite points of view and often preconceived mental bias. In this case there was no conflicting evidence. The jury had a full and intelligent description of the conditions, a judge of marked ability and clearness of judgment heard the testimony, and if there had been no evidence of the way in which owners of property in the same town protected their houses from fire the jury would have had nothing save their own experiences and their individual opinions as to what a prudent man would have done in respect to property situated as was the defendant’s to protect it from fire, other than the damage incident to the passing of engines. What may have been the duty of the Court in instructing the jury in such condition of the evidence is not presented in this case.
We axe of tbe opinion that the defendant was entitled to bave the jury told that the measure of duty was the care taken by prudent citizens of Lincolnton in that respect to their property. Defendant’s exception in that respect must be sustained. His Honor should have told the jury that there was no evidence showing that the delay in shipping was the proximate cause of the destruction of the property. The inquiry would thus have been narrowed to the question of negligence in respect to the means provided for “fighting fire.” What would have been the liability of the defendant if the freight had been delayed beyond the number of days fixed by the statute it is unnecessary to suggest. We have not considered the exceptions directed to the first issue. There must be a
New Trial.