SMITH, J.
Habeas corpus to determine custody of a minor child. Julia Helgemoe was a professional nurse, and for several years had been a warm personal friend of, and for more than a year had lived with, the family of Robert Evans, at Watertown, without charge, and quite as a member of the family, when she married plaintiff, Ray P1. Summers. On April 24, 1914, a child!' Neva, was born to them. In ¡May, 1915, the mother, Julia, 'became ill, and at ¡her request -Mrs. Evans took care of the child. The mother died on June 25, 19x5. The father, Ray P. Summers, consented that the child remain with Mrs. Evans. 'She asked himl to give her the baby. He did not consent to this, ¡but told her he would pay for caring- for it. ¡She said she wanted the baby, not pay for keeping it. Por several years before his wife’s death, and at that time, he had employment in Watertown. He remained there for about a year and a half after his wife’s [620]*620death, during which time he visited the Evans hom'e frequently, and paid Mrs. Evans some $20 or $25. At the end of that time, the firm he was with went out of business, and he found it necessary to seek employment elsewhere. Ele found employment in another state as a salesman for a firm of lye manufacturers, whose business was stopped by the war. He then found employ-. ment at Port Pluron, Mich., with a company manufacturing war materials; government agents, supervising' the work, required all employees to take oath that thejr would not leave such employment until their duties ended, and plaintiff was refused permission to return to South Dakota to visit the Evans home and his ohild.
During this time, and without his knowledge, the Evans family had moved to Sioux Falls, and) letters written to them, at Watertown were returned. He ascertained their Sioux Falls residence through attorneys whom he employed for that purpose, and at once wrote Mrs. Evans at Sioux Falls, telling her he had written several letters which had been returned, and had sent two packages, one in November and one in December, 19x8; that he was married again, had a home and wanted his child. In June, 1919, his letter being unanswered, his present wife wrote Mis. Evans, and received a postal card in reply, saying that letters from Ray, had not been received; that she would write him later; that -Neva was wiell. She never wrote him. In December, 1919, he again wrote Mrs. Evans, saying, in substance, that she had treated him unfairly; that he wanted Neva, and unless she answered' his letters he would have to come to Sioux Falls to get her. This- letter was unanswered. But during this tim;e, on March 19, 1919, and without any notice to him, the Evans filed in the county court of Minnehaha county, a petition for adoption of the child, alleging’ that her father had deserted and failed to support her, and the court without his knowledge, on 'March 20, 1919, entered an order of adoption, and directed that the child’s name 'be changed from Neva Summers to Neva Faye Evans.
Immediately upon being advised of these proceedings, plaintiff applied for and obtained this writ. The trial court made and entered findings, conclusions, and' judgment favorable to defendants, and plaintiff appeals. The material questions raised by the [621]*621assignments of error relate to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain findings of fact.
[1] The trial court found that appellant had been guilty of “a course of conduct that amounted to abandonment” of his infant daughter. We are of the view that such finding is contrary to, and is not supported by, the evidence. It is undisputed that appellant obligated himself to pay respondents for the care and maintenance of the child, and he never consented to surrender or abandon 'his right to its custody and control; and although for two years or more he did not visit the evans home or his child, he wrote frequent letters of inquiry, and, failing to receive any reply from respondents, finally employed attorneys to assist him in ascertaining their place of residence, and on every occasion reiterated his desire to have Neva with him, especially after he had married again and had established a home for himself and family. The state of mind thus clearly evidenced negatives the existence of an intent to abandon the child!.
[2] The trial court also found that—
“The petitioner by reason of neglect and failure to provide for said dhild, and by reason of the other circumstances appearing in connection with this case, is not a suitable and proper person to have the care, custody, and control of said child. * * *”
A most careful consideration of the record compels the conclusion that this finding is not supported by the evidence. The undisputed evidence discloses that appellant is sober and industrious, and has no vicious or immoral habits or associations. Practically the only criticism sustained by the evidence is that he failed to pay respondents for the care and maintenance of the child; but that fact does not establish the conclusion that he is not a suitable and proper person to have the care, custody and control of his own child. It is undisputed that the insurance money which came to him upon his wife’s death was expended in payment of expenses incident to her illness and death and his own illness and 'because of 'his inability to work for a considerable time because of eye trouble. He appears to have held, in recent years, various positions involving important responsibilities, in which no failures are recorded against him.
[3] The adoption proceedings are not in the record, ‘but the findings made by the trial court disclose that no notice of such pro[622]*622ceedings was given, and no claim is made thereunder by respondents, save that the}'’ evidence good faith in their interest in the welfare of the child. The trial court also found that—
“’Tire affections of the child and its foster parents have now became so engaged * * * a state of affairs has arisen which cannot now be altered without risking the happiness and general welfare of the child.”
In Re Wilson (N. J. Ch.) 55 Atl. 160, the court said:
“The permanent happiness of a child under eight years of age is not likely to be affected by a change of custody from one person who loves her to another who will naturally treat her with kindly- consideration until association shall have developed her affection for her new caretaker.”
And in Parker v. Wiggins (Tex. Civ. App.) 86 S. W. 788, the court said:
“Nor will the attachment of the child to its foster parents, by reason of kind treatment and association, be given serious consideration, unless the effort to reclaim it has been delayed until the child has reached that age where the presumption may be indulged that it is .capable of forming and has formed' a lasting affection for those to whom' it is indebted for reciprocal love and maintenance, and that the sundering of such ties will subject to serious hazard its interest and happiness.”
In Wilcox v. Wilcox, 14 N. Y. 575, a child less than a year old was placed with the father’s father and remained there until she was nine years old; the father died, and, the mother then having ample means, the child was awarded to her. The court said:
“The fact that the child prefers her grandfather to her own mother and her own sister is an argument for changing her home, that her affections may be restored to their natural channel.”
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SMITH, J.
Habeas corpus to determine custody of a minor child. Julia Helgemoe was a professional nurse, and for several years had been a warm personal friend of, and for more than a year had lived with, the family of Robert Evans, at Watertown, without charge, and quite as a member of the family, when she married plaintiff, Ray P1. Summers. On April 24, 1914, a child!' Neva, was born to them. In ¡May, 1915, the mother, Julia, 'became ill, and at ¡her request -Mrs. Evans took care of the child. The mother died on June 25, 19x5. The father, Ray P. Summers, consented that the child remain with Mrs. Evans. 'She asked himl to give her the baby. He did not consent to this, ¡but told her he would pay for caring- for it. ¡She said she wanted the baby, not pay for keeping it. Por several years before his wife’s death, and at that time, he had employment in Watertown. He remained there for about a year and a half after his wife’s [620]*620death, during which time he visited the Evans hom'e frequently, and paid Mrs. Evans some $20 or $25. At the end of that time, the firm he was with went out of business, and he found it necessary to seek employment elsewhere. Ele found employment in another state as a salesman for a firm of lye manufacturers, whose business was stopped by the war. He then found employ-. ment at Port Pluron, Mich., with a company manufacturing war materials; government agents, supervising' the work, required all employees to take oath that thejr would not leave such employment until their duties ended, and plaintiff was refused permission to return to South Dakota to visit the Evans home and his ohild.
During this time, and without his knowledge, the Evans family had moved to Sioux Falls, and) letters written to them, at Watertown were returned. He ascertained their Sioux Falls residence through attorneys whom he employed for that purpose, and at once wrote Mrs. Evans at Sioux Falls, telling her he had written several letters which had been returned, and had sent two packages, one in November and one in December, 19x8; that he was married again, had a home and wanted his child. In June, 1919, his letter being unanswered, his present wife wrote Mis. Evans, and received a postal card in reply, saying that letters from Ray, had not been received; that she would write him later; that -Neva was wiell. She never wrote him. In December, 1919, he again wrote Mrs. Evans, saying, in substance, that she had treated him unfairly; that he wanted Neva, and unless she answered' his letters he would have to come to Sioux Falls to get her. This- letter was unanswered. But during this tim;e, on March 19, 1919, and without any notice to him, the Evans filed in the county court of Minnehaha county, a petition for adoption of the child, alleging’ that her father had deserted and failed to support her, and the court without his knowledge, on 'March 20, 1919, entered an order of adoption, and directed that the child’s name 'be changed from Neva Summers to Neva Faye Evans.
Immediately upon being advised of these proceedings, plaintiff applied for and obtained this writ. The trial court made and entered findings, conclusions, and' judgment favorable to defendants, and plaintiff appeals. The material questions raised by the [621]*621assignments of error relate to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain findings of fact.
[1] The trial court found that appellant had been guilty of “a course of conduct that amounted to abandonment” of his infant daughter. We are of the view that such finding is contrary to, and is not supported by, the evidence. It is undisputed that appellant obligated himself to pay respondents for the care and maintenance of the child, and he never consented to surrender or abandon 'his right to its custody and control; and although for two years or more he did not visit the evans home or his child, he wrote frequent letters of inquiry, and, failing to receive any reply from respondents, finally employed attorneys to assist him in ascertaining their place of residence, and on every occasion reiterated his desire to have Neva with him, especially after he had married again and had established a home for himself and family. The state of mind thus clearly evidenced negatives the existence of an intent to abandon the child!.
[2] The trial court also found that—
“The petitioner by reason of neglect and failure to provide for said dhild, and by reason of the other circumstances appearing in connection with this case, is not a suitable and proper person to have the care, custody, and control of said child. * * *”
A most careful consideration of the record compels the conclusion that this finding is not supported by the evidence. The undisputed evidence discloses that appellant is sober and industrious, and has no vicious or immoral habits or associations. Practically the only criticism sustained by the evidence is that he failed to pay respondents for the care and maintenance of the child; but that fact does not establish the conclusion that he is not a suitable and proper person to have the care, custody and control of his own child. It is undisputed that the insurance money which came to him upon his wife’s death was expended in payment of expenses incident to her illness and death and his own illness and 'because of 'his inability to work for a considerable time because of eye trouble. He appears to have held, in recent years, various positions involving important responsibilities, in which no failures are recorded against him.
[3] The adoption proceedings are not in the record, ‘but the findings made by the trial court disclose that no notice of such pro[622]*622ceedings was given, and no claim is made thereunder by respondents, save that the}'’ evidence good faith in their interest in the welfare of the child. The trial court also found that—
“’Tire affections of the child and its foster parents have now became so engaged * * * a state of affairs has arisen which cannot now be altered without risking the happiness and general welfare of the child.”
In Re Wilson (N. J. Ch.) 55 Atl. 160, the court said:
“The permanent happiness of a child under eight years of age is not likely to be affected by a change of custody from one person who loves her to another who will naturally treat her with kindly- consideration until association shall have developed her affection for her new caretaker.”
And in Parker v. Wiggins (Tex. Civ. App.) 86 S. W. 788, the court said:
“Nor will the attachment of the child to its foster parents, by reason of kind treatment and association, be given serious consideration, unless the effort to reclaim it has been delayed until the child has reached that age where the presumption may be indulged that it is .capable of forming and has formed' a lasting affection for those to whom' it is indebted for reciprocal love and maintenance, and that the sundering of such ties will subject to serious hazard its interest and happiness.”
In Wilcox v. Wilcox, 14 N. Y. 575, a child less than a year old was placed with the father’s father and remained there until she was nine years old; the father died, and, the mother then having ample means, the child was awarded to her. The court said:
“The fact that the child prefers her grandfather to her own mother and her own sister is an argument for changing her home, that her affections may be restored to their natural channel.”
In U. S. v. Sauvage (C. C.) 91 Fed. 490, the court said:
“It will be noted that the first and principal inquiry * * * by which the courts are guided is, ‘What is for the best interests of the child?’ The several rights of the parent and foster parent are secondary to this principal question. That the welfare of the child, rather than the supposed absolute right of the parent, is the end the court seeks.”
And this view was approved by this court in Haglund v. [623]*623Egge, 41 S. D. 433, 171 N. W. 212. Respondents in this case appear to' 'be people of excellent character and kindly impulses, and no doubt have become attached to the child by ties of association and affection from early infancy, arid it seems the child’s physical and moral well-being would be safe in their hands. But it also appears that the father is of good moral character and habits, and is capable of giving his child a suitable home and support. Under such circumstances, we are of the view' that the parental right should prevail.
The rights of the natural parent are not to- be set aside, except for strong and compelling reasons. As w'as said by the court in Verser v. Ford, 37 Ark. 27:
“It is one of the cardinal principles of nature and of law that, as against strangers, the father, however, poor and humble, if able to- support the child in his own style of life, and of good moral character, cannot, without the most shocking injustice, be deprived of the privilege by any one whatever, however brilliant the advantage he may offer. It is not enough to consider the interests of the child alone. * * * The preference is conceded to the ties of duty and affection, and attends the primary obligation of the father to maintain, educate and promote the happiness of the child, according to his own best judgment and the means within his power. Any system of jurisprudence which would enable the courts, in their discretion and with a view solely to the child’s best interests, to take from, him that right and interfere with those duties, would be intolerably tyrannical, as well as Utopian.”
A father who had remarried after the death of his wife was held entitled to the custody of his child which by his consent had been given to the wife’s mother shortly after the birth of the child. State ex rel. Lehman v. Martin, 95 Minn. 121, 103 N. W. 888. The court said:
“His right, as the child’s father, both under the statute and at common law, is paramount and superior to that of any other person, and prima facie entitles him to the judgment of the court, unless the evidence shows that the child’s welfare demands and requires that she remain with relator. The burden to establish his unfitness is therefore upon relator.”
[624]*624In Giffin v. Gascoigne, 60 N. J. Eq. 256, 47 Atl. 25, the court said:
“The true view * * * is that the custody of the child should remain with his parents, irrespective of greater benefits which the custody of another might secure for him, unless the character of the parents and the environment to which the child would, in their charge, be subjected, is such as actually to endanger his life, health, morals or permanent happiness.”
In Herrick v. Richardson, 40 N. H. 272, it was held that the unfitness of the parent who claims the custody of his child must 'be shown by clear and satisfactory proof. We are of the view that this case comes clearly within the reason of the rule announced in Haglund v. Egge, supra, wherein this court said:
“Where it appears, as it does in this case, that the father is a person of good' character, and where no reason or circumstance is shown to exist why he should not have the custody and control of his own child, we must hold, under the circumstances in this case, that his right is paramount to that of respondents.”
In Jamison v. Gilbert, 38 Okl. 751, 135 Pac. 342, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1133, a case analogous in many of its facts to the case at bar, reversing the order of the trial court awarding the custody of a minor child to its grandparents, the court used language which we deem apposite in this case:
“The aid defendants in error have rendered the father in caring for this child at a time when his -circumstances were such that he was unable to give it personal attention is highly commenable, and -m|ay seem to them to merit their further custody and control of the child; but in calmer moments, when they have fully considered the matter and remember the love and affection for their own children and the pleasure and pride they took in rearing them, and realizing what a loss it would be to them to have surrendered their own children to others permanently, we think they will then conclude that they should do as they would be done by, and be willing that this father should have -given to him that which is his owta.”
The order and judgment o-f the trial court are reversed, and the cause remanded for new trial. N'o costs to be taxed.