A. J. WALKER, C. J.
Tbe president of tbe Confederate States made a requisition upon tbe executive of tbis State, for séven thousand of'the militia, to serve within tbe State, for six months from tbe first of August. Tbe petitioner was, on tbe 25th July, drafted as a mihtia-man under that requisition. Having been previously enrolled as a conscript, be was, on tbe 29th January l#ist, discharged because be bad furnished a substitute. Tbe question of tbe case thus stated is, whether tbis discharge exempts him from liability to serve tbe Confederate States as a militia-man; and for tbe reasons which we proceed to state, we decide it in tbe negative.
Tbe mihtary strength of tbe Confederate States is divided into two departments: tbe army proper, embracing tbe provisional and permanent organization, and tbe mihtia. Tbe army proper has been created by virtue of an authority, bestowed in tbe constitution, “to raise and support armies.” Tbe government employs tbe mihtia under tbe separate and distinct constitutional power “to provide for calling forth the mihtia, to execute tbe laws of tbe Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.” Tbe service of tbe citizen in these two different departments is exacted by tbe authority of distinct powers, granted in distinct clauses of tbe constitution.
Tbe government may exercise those different powers for different purposes, and may impose upon citizens, in tbe two distinct departments, duties altogether variant in them character and objects. There is no restriction upon tbe employment of tbe army proper, except such as may be imphed from tbe hmited powers of our Confederate government. It may be reqtdred to serve in an aggressive war in foreign countries, or in braiding or garrisoning fortifications in times of peace; or to do any other mihtary duty, which tbe government may legitimately impose. Tbe mihtia, however, can be cahed forth only for tbe three purposes [109]*109specified in the constitution, of executing the laws, suppressing insurrections, and repelling invasion. It may happen, that the soldier in the army proper, and the militia-man, may be engaged in the same service; but the obligations of the former, and the scope of his duties, are by far the more extensive, and his service may be more perilous and arduous, more distant and protracted.
The same citizen can not render actual service, simultaneously, in both the military departments; and, therefore, the government can not require it. But it has the constitutional authority to exercise, in reference to any citizen, of the proper capacity and age, either of its distinct powers, and to require his service in either of its military departments. The forbearance of the government to reach and take any citizen, or given class of citizens, by the exercise of the more enlarged power, can not imply an obligation, or commit its faith, to abstain from the exercise of the other more restricted power. Nor can the cessation of the exercise of the power, whereby the citizen is made to. serve in the army proper, bind it not to exercise the other power of calling forth the same citizen, as a militia-man, to do the particular duty specified in the constitution. A discharge from the operation of one governmental power can not be a discharge from another, differing in the extent of the obligations imposed.
Neither the intention of the government to discharge from militia duty, nor the desire of the citizen to be so discharged, can be inferred from the granting of a discharge, when asked, from the army proper. Guided by considerations of clemency, or public policy, the government may yield to solicitations for discharges from the army proper, or define conditions upon which they might be granted, for the reason that, in an emergency, the services of the discharged soldier may still be made available for local defense, the suppression of social disturbances, and the enforcement of the laws; and the citizen may well be supposed to have reconciled his sense of patriotism with the act of leaving the army, by the reflection that he could still serve the country as a militia-man. It can not, therefore, be successfully contended, that the discharge was contemplated, either by the-[110]*110government or by tbe citizen, as an emancipation from the restricted and specific duties which may be devolved upon the militia. A discharge from the army proper alone can have no effect upon the obligation to render service as a part of the militia.
It may be said, that the petitioner’s discharge was not simply from the army as a conscript, but was a general and comprehensive discharge from the military service of the Confederate States; and that, therefore, the argument which we have made has no application to the case. The discharge was granted under the authority of the ninth section of the act of congress, approved April 16th, 1862.— That act simply provides, “that persons not liable for duty may be received as substitutes for those who are, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the secretary of war.” Interpreting the transaction between the government and the petitioner in the light of the act, it amounts only to this : that the petitioner, by virtue of the law owing service in the army proper, tenders a man to render it in his place; the government accepts him, relieves the petitioner from that particular service, and remits him to his original status. He is discharged only from the service which another renders in his place. The government exempts from no duty except that which another binds himself to render as a substitute. It discharges from duty in the army proper, which the law authorized it to. exact, and not from the mili-, tia service, in which he had no substitute.
Whenever only a portion of those within the militia age are placed in the army proper, the substitutes will be found to consist, to a large extent, of men belonging to the militia. The history of the war now pending will show many instances of the substitution of militia-men. If the petitioner’s claim to exemption is well founded, whenever a substitute and the principal belong to the militia, two men are lost to the militia service; the principal, because he has a substitute in the army; and the substitute, because he is in fact in the army. If the government were to take one-half the militia as conscripts, and they were to employ the other half as substitutes, there would, upon the argument for petitioner, be no militia, notwithstanding half of them were [111]*111at borne following their accustomed vocations. The argument leads to the absurd and shocking conclusion, that a law, simply extending the privilege of substitution to the people; had converted all those who might, by the aid of friendship or money, procure substitutes, into a privileged class, free from the constitutional obligation to serve the Confederate States in the militia, even though every other person belonging to that arm of the public service was in the army. Such an argument can not be sound.
It is contended, that he who has furnished a substitute, is constructively in the army proper, and that he can not be required to render the incompatible service of the militiaman. In certain cases, the law from given premises infers facts, without regard to their actual existence. These facts are called constructive. Thus, we have in the law constructive fraud, constructive notice, constructive housebreaking, and thejike. The inference of these facts is made upon principles and policy which can not apply here, and their application would lead to the most glaring absurdities.
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A. J. WALKER, C. J.
Tbe president of tbe Confederate States made a requisition upon tbe executive of tbis State, for séven thousand of'the militia, to serve within tbe State, for six months from tbe first of August. Tbe petitioner was, on tbe 25th July, drafted as a mihtia-man under that requisition. Having been previously enrolled as a conscript, be was, on tbe 29th January l#ist, discharged because be bad furnished a substitute. Tbe question of tbe case thus stated is, whether tbis discharge exempts him from liability to serve tbe Confederate States as a militia-man; and for tbe reasons which we proceed to state, we decide it in tbe negative.
Tbe mihtary strength of tbe Confederate States is divided into two departments: tbe army proper, embracing tbe provisional and permanent organization, and tbe mihtia. Tbe army proper has been created by virtue of an authority, bestowed in tbe constitution, “to raise and support armies.” Tbe government employs tbe mihtia under tbe separate and distinct constitutional power “to provide for calling forth the mihtia, to execute tbe laws of tbe Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.” Tbe service of tbe citizen in these two different departments is exacted by tbe authority of distinct powers, granted in distinct clauses of tbe constitution.
Tbe government may exercise those different powers for different purposes, and may impose upon citizens, in tbe two distinct departments, duties altogether variant in them character and objects. There is no restriction upon tbe employment of tbe army proper, except such as may be imphed from tbe hmited powers of our Confederate government. It may be reqtdred to serve in an aggressive war in foreign countries, or in braiding or garrisoning fortifications in times of peace; or to do any other mihtary duty, which tbe government may legitimately impose. Tbe mihtia, however, can be cahed forth only for tbe three purposes [109]*109specified in the constitution, of executing the laws, suppressing insurrections, and repelling invasion. It may happen, that the soldier in the army proper, and the militia-man, may be engaged in the same service; but the obligations of the former, and the scope of his duties, are by far the more extensive, and his service may be more perilous and arduous, more distant and protracted.
The same citizen can not render actual service, simultaneously, in both the military departments; and, therefore, the government can not require it. But it has the constitutional authority to exercise, in reference to any citizen, of the proper capacity and age, either of its distinct powers, and to require his service in either of its military departments. The forbearance of the government to reach and take any citizen, or given class of citizens, by the exercise of the more enlarged power, can not imply an obligation, or commit its faith, to abstain from the exercise of the other more restricted power. Nor can the cessation of the exercise of the power, whereby the citizen is made to. serve in the army proper, bind it not to exercise the other power of calling forth the same citizen, as a militia-man, to do the particular duty specified in the constitution. A discharge from the operation of one governmental power can not be a discharge from another, differing in the extent of the obligations imposed.
Neither the intention of the government to discharge from militia duty, nor the desire of the citizen to be so discharged, can be inferred from the granting of a discharge, when asked, from the army proper. Guided by considerations of clemency, or public policy, the government may yield to solicitations for discharges from the army proper, or define conditions upon which they might be granted, for the reason that, in an emergency, the services of the discharged soldier may still be made available for local defense, the suppression of social disturbances, and the enforcement of the laws; and the citizen may well be supposed to have reconciled his sense of patriotism with the act of leaving the army, by the reflection that he could still serve the country as a militia-man. It can not, therefore, be successfully contended, that the discharge was contemplated, either by the-[110]*110government or by tbe citizen, as an emancipation from the restricted and specific duties which may be devolved upon the militia. A discharge from the army proper alone can have no effect upon the obligation to render service as a part of the militia.
It may be said, that the petitioner’s discharge was not simply from the army as a conscript, but was a general and comprehensive discharge from the military service of the Confederate States; and that, therefore, the argument which we have made has no application to the case. The discharge was granted under the authority of the ninth section of the act of congress, approved April 16th, 1862.— That act simply provides, “that persons not liable for duty may be received as substitutes for those who are, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the secretary of war.” Interpreting the transaction between the government and the petitioner in the light of the act, it amounts only to this : that the petitioner, by virtue of the law owing service in the army proper, tenders a man to render it in his place; the government accepts him, relieves the petitioner from that particular service, and remits him to his original status. He is discharged only from the service which another renders in his place. The government exempts from no duty except that which another binds himself to render as a substitute. It discharges from duty in the army proper, which the law authorized it to. exact, and not from the mili-, tia service, in which he had no substitute.
Whenever only a portion of those within the militia age are placed in the army proper, the substitutes will be found to consist, to a large extent, of men belonging to the militia. The history of the war now pending will show many instances of the substitution of militia-men. If the petitioner’s claim to exemption is well founded, whenever a substitute and the principal belong to the militia, two men are lost to the militia service; the principal, because he has a substitute in the army; and the substitute, because he is in fact in the army. If the government were to take one-half the militia as conscripts, and they were to employ the other half as substitutes, there would, upon the argument for petitioner, be no militia, notwithstanding half of them were [111]*111at borne following their accustomed vocations. The argument leads to the absurd and shocking conclusion, that a law, simply extending the privilege of substitution to the people; had converted all those who might, by the aid of friendship or money, procure substitutes, into a privileged class, free from the constitutional obligation to serve the Confederate States in the militia, even though every other person belonging to that arm of the public service was in the army. Such an argument can not be sound.
It is contended, that he who has furnished a substitute, is constructively in the army proper, and that he can not be required to render the incompatible service of the militiaman. In certain cases, the law from given premises infers facts, without regard to their actual existence. These facts are called constructive. Thus, we have in the law constructive fraud, constructive notice, constructive housebreaking, and thejike. The inference of these facts is made upon principles and policy which can not apply here, and their application would lead to the most glaring absurdities. The constructive facts are not presumed to exist for a single purpose; but the law adopts them, and follows them in their consequences. If, then, the principal is constructively in the army for one purpose, the law must accept that fact with all that is consequent upon it. The principal should receive the pay, and all the privileges and exemptions provided by the law for the soldier in service; and he should suffer for the desertion, or other misconduct, of the substitute. It can not be necessary to argue this point. Erom the very nature of the thing, the doctrine of construction is incapable of any application to the case. Qui facit per alium, facit per se, is a maxim of the law; but it has no pertinency to the question. He who furnishes a substitute, does not serve through his substitute. The latter, on the contrary, serves in his place — is mustered into service, and discharges all the offices of a soldier, as an independent, distinct person, and not as the representative or agent of another. There can be no such thing as doing military duty through an agent. The nature of the service, and the constancy, fortitude, and heroic qualities which it requires, are such as to exclude the idea of any representation by an [112]*112agent in tbe army. Tbe principal is always entitled to tbe agent’s earnings in tbe business of tbe agency; and, therefore, if tbe substitute were but an agent, tbe principal should receive tbe pecuniary compensation, and tbe higher rewards of honor, and fame, and gratitude, which await tbe faithful and gallant soldier, and stimulate him to exhibitions of valor.
These reasons, we think, justify the conclusion which we announced at the outset, and which was attained as the result of a consultation, in which all the judges of the court participated.
The petition must be overruled, and the petitioner must pay the costs of the proceeding.
STONE, J.
As I understand the term militia, found in the 15th and 16th clauses of section 8, article I, of the Confederate constitution, it does not mean that body of men, organized under State authority, who are known as State militia. The State might fail to make, or even to provide for, an organization of the militia; and still the right and power of the Confederate government to “call forth the militia, to execute the laws of the Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions,” would remain unimpaired. Clause 16 reserves “to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by congressbut all other powers are to be exercised by or under Confederate authority. I will not say the State authorities may not, if they will, be employed and aid in calling forth the militia; but such assistance is not necessary to the exercise of this power by the Confederate government. The State is armed with no power to defeat the call, by refusing to respond to it; but congress may disregard State agency altogether in the execution of this power, and provide for a direct call on the people, when either of the exigencies mentioned in the fifteenth clause arises. Congress has, also, the clear right to define and declare what persons shall be subject to militia duty, under the call of the Confederate government; a right which was frequently exercised under the government of the United States.— See Brightly’s Digest, tit. “Militia.”
[113]*113My construction of tbe word militia, as found in tbe constitution, is, that it is not confined to any organization; but tbat its true and exact import is, that portion of the people ivho are capable of bearing arms — the arms-bearing population. This definition of tbe term will f acibtate tbe solution of many of tbe disputed questions wbicb have arisen on tbe construction of tbat part of tbe constitution wbicb provides for calling forth tbe mibtia.
Having thus set myself right on tbe question of tbe construction of tbe term “militia,” it is not my intention to offer any comments on tbe opinion of- my brothers supra, some portions of wbicb do not meet my approbation.