BURGESS, J.
Catherine Linze died at the city of St. Louis, leaving surviving her her husband, Henry Linze. In November, 1901, letters testamentary were duly granted by the probate court of said city upon her estate, to the St. Louis Trust Company, in pursuance of her will duly admitted to probate by said court.
On October 11,1902, the petitioner in this case, Alfred Gfeller, was arrested and held in custody by the sheriff: of the city of St. Louis, under a commitment issued prior thereto by one Augustus M. Wood, a notary public within and for the city of St. Louis. On the same day Gfeller presented his petition to the Honorable Thomas A. Sherwood, one of the judges of this court, praying for his discharge under and by virtue of the habeas corpus act. -The petition was duly verified, and the petitioner, being brought before Judge Sherwood, in chambers at St. Louis, a writ of habeas corpus was ordered to issue, returnable to this court in term.
The facts are as follows: The estate of one Catherine Linze, being in course of administration in the probate court of the city of St. Louis, the St. Louis Trust Company being executor, the widower, Henry H. Linze, filed in said court two affidavits, in one of which he charged “that he had good cause to believe, and does believe, that Alfred Gfeller has concealed or embezzled various goods, chattels, wares, merchandise, notes, certificates of deposit, bonds, stock in corporations, and other property, evidences of debt and choses in action of the deceased, amounting in the aggregate to between $40,000 and $70,000, and constituting the bulk of her estate and the said Alfred Gfeller has such property in his possession, or under his control, and refuses to deliver it up to the St. Louis Trust Company, executor of Catherine Linze, deceased, upon demand made there[254]*254for.” In the other, Linze charges “that he has good cause to believe and does believe that Frederick N. Eckerle has concealed or embezzled various goods, chattels, wares, merchandise, household articles, glassware and other personal property of the deceased, the exact value of which the affiant can not state, but which he believes to be over $500 and that Frederick N. Eckerle had such property in his possession or under his control and refuses to 'deliver them up to the St. Louis Trust Company, executor of Catherine Linze, deceased, upon demand made therefor.”
Gfeller and Eckerle filed answers to the citations, in which they denied that Henry H. Linze had any interest in the estate of his wife, and averred that she died testate without issue, and that the first clause of her will, which had been duly probated, read as follows:
“I declare that I am now married to Henry H. Linze, and that I have no children; and that all the property, real, personal and mixed which I now possess, and which I desire to dispose of hereby, is my absolute property, and that my said husband has in nowise contributed thereto, nor has he any interest therein.”
The answers then severally deny that they have concealed or embezzled any of the various goods, chattels, etc., belonging to the estate of the said Catherine Linze, as charged in the affidavits, Or that they have any of them in possession or control, and Gfeller denies that Catherine Linze died seized of an estate amounting to between $40,000 and $70,000 as alleged in the affidavit.
Afterwards the trust company, as executor, filed written interrogatories “to be answered in writing” by Eckerle.
Those propounded to Eckerle, and his answers thereto, are as follows :
‘ ‘ Interrogatory 1. Is it not a fact that between November 10, 1901, and November 20, 1901, a large quantity of cut glass, silks, satins, linen, curtains, portiers, [255]*255vases, ornaments, clocks and silverware were taken and removed from the residence of Catherine Linze, lately deceased, and that thereafter a portion of said articles came into yonr possession, custody or control?
“Answer. Mrs. Catherine Linze was my aunt. She took me to raise when I was about twelve years old. I am now about thirty-five years of age. As I had a stepmother and could not get along with her, and my aunt didn’t have any children, she proposed to my • father to take me and pay all my expenses and educate me, clothe me, and to recognize me as her child. My father assented to this arrangement, and relinquished all supervision and control over me in favor of my aunt, who was then Mrs. Becker, her first husband, 'Mr. Becker then being alive. I lived with my aunt, Mrs. Linze, formerly Mrs. Becker, and was recognized by her as an adopted son until about three months before my aunt’s death, when I married and set up housekeeping for myself. About three weeks before my aunt’s death she bought a lot of household goods and added to them a lot that was in her house, gave them to me and had them removed to my house. A day or two before my aunt died, she had two lady friends of hers to remove a picture of herself and my young sister, a clock which I had given her, a lot of dresses, some cut glass ware, mainly the pieces of cut glassware that in the past twenty years I had presented to her, a lot of linen, curtains, mantel ornaments, pictures of relations and a carving set which I had given her, from her house to the house of one of these ladies, with directions to the lady to give them to me. Afterwards my aunt told me what she had done; that these articles were there for me, and that I should hold them as a sacred gift from her and never sell them. These are all of the articles specified in the interrogatory which came into my possession, and I hold and claim them as my property, by virtue of [256]*256the gift of them of my aunt to me during her lifetime.
“Interrogatory No. 2. Is it not true that at the time of Catherine Linze’s death, and at the time of the service of the citation in this case upon you, you had in your possession, custody or control, the articles mentioned in the last preceding interrogatory, or a portion thereof?
“Answer. I refer to my answer to interrogatory No. 1.
“Interrogatory No. 3. Did you at the time of the death of Catherine Linze, or at the time of this citation upon you, or at any intermediate time or at any time since, have in your care, custody or control, any money, bonds, stocks, securities, or other personal property, belonging to Catherine Linze, deceased, or which belonged to her at the time of her death?
“Answer. No.
“Interrogatory No. 4. Have you since the death of said Catherine Linze, delivered to any person, firm, society or corporation, any of the moneys, bonds, stocks, securities or other personal property belonging to said Catherine Linze in her lifetime? If so, state when and where and to whom.
“Interrogatory No. 5. Did you, prior to the death of Catherine Linze, remove from her residence, any money, bonds, stocks, securities or other personal property? If so, what did you do with same ? And was it in your possession at the time of service of citation on you?
‘ ‘ Answer. I state that it is fully covered by my answer to interrogatory No. 1, and I refer to that. I will say in addition that I took nothing whatever from my aunt’s house after her death, except that, as her house was small, and to make room for the people who would probably attend her funeral, I removed from her house to a neighboring house a piano and a sewing machine, which were seen and taken up into the inventory by the executor. I also took away from the room that I had oe[257]*257cupied some clothing and personal belonging, such as a guitar, mandolin, and a lot of shirts and underwear, which had always been mine, and which I took to my own house the Monday after my aunt’s death. I had kept my musical instruments there at my aunt’s request, because she liked to have me play for her own and for her visitors ’ entertainment. Her husband, Mr. Linze, although living in the city, never went to see her, and she was entirely alone, except for the visits paid her from time to time by myself and wife. Although I had gone to Mr. Linze’s place of business, and told him of my aunt’s deserted condition since I had left the house, and begged him to try and make up with her, he refused to do so.”
After the filing of the answers to the interrogatories by Gfeller and Eckerle, the executor proceeded to give notice of the taking of depositions in both cases, before H. M. Wood, a notary public.
In the ease against Gfeller, the circuit court, on motion, appointed Hon. Daniel Dillon to take the testimony. Eckerle’s testimony was taken over objection and on application of the counsel for the executor, to have Gfeller sworn; he declined, and Judge Dillon refusing to compel him to testify, certified the matter to the circuit court, where it is now pending.
On or about May 1,1902, the trust company caused notice to be given to Eckerle for the taking in this proceeding of depositions of witnesses on May 6th. Before any testimony was taken under said notice, said Eckerle applied to the presiding judge of the St. Louis Court of Appeals, for a writ of prohibition against the said trust company, and the notary- before whom the depositions were to be taken, to prohibit their proceeding under the notice given. A preliminary rule was ■ made, and after a return by respondents, the St. Louis Court of Appeals discharged the preliminary rule of prohibition, and entered judgment for the defendants.
[258]*258After the decision of said matter by the St. Louis Court of Appeals, the St. Louis Trust Company, in August, 1902, caused another notice of the taking of depositions in the said proceeding against Eckerle in the probate court to be served upon him, and under said notice began the taking of depositions on the 27h day of August, 1902. The taking of said depositions was pro*ceeded with day after day, and on the 22d of September, 1902, after a number of witnesses had been examined, the petitioner, Alfred-Q-feller, was sworn as a witness, and the taking of his deposition in said cause was begun. On that day, however, he was' excused until September 25th, the depositions being continued from day to day in the meantime. On September 25th the examination of Ofeller was proceeded with, and the following questions were put to him by counsel for executor:
“Q. 1. When did you last see St. Louis Brewing
Association bonds numbered 4450 to 4468 inclusive, or any of them, these bonds being for $1,000 each and having belonged to Mrs. Linze, during her lifetime?
“Q. 2. Did you, at the time of Mrs. Linze’s •death or shortly prior thereto, have in your possession any moneys belonging to her, if so, what did you do with it?
“Q. 8. Did you ever see bonds of the city
of Houston, Texas, numbered 1070 to 1076, inclusive, which were for $1,000 each, or any of them, which belonged to Mrs. Linze during her lifetime, if so, when did you see them last?
“Q. 4. Did you ever see five bonds of New Or. leans Brewing Association for $1,000 each, or any of them, which belonged to Mrs. Linze during her lifetime; if so, when?”
Questions 5 to 14 were in the same form as those above, except that other securities were inquired about.
“Q. 15. I asked you whether Frederick N. Eekerle did not leave the city of St. Louis, within four or [259]*259•five weeks after Mrs. Linze’s death, and go to his rel.atives in Germany, and did he not do so before you disclosed to the St. Louis Trust Company the existence of a safe deposit box in the Mississippi Valley Trust Company which was in the joint names of yourself and Mrs. Linze? You declined to answer this question the other day, claiming that the information came to you in a professional capacity from clients, and I asked their names and you refused to give them. Do you still refuse to answer the main question, and-also refuse to give the names of the client from whom you received this information?
“Q. 16. You stated that when you respondedlo the message from Mrs. Linze saying that she wished to see you and you called at her housé on Saturday, November 9, 1901, and that you had a conversation with her, the substance of which you decline to give. Do you still decline to give that conversation?
‘ ‘ Q. 17. Did that conversation have reference to her propei'ty and securities?
“Q. 18. Where did Mrs. Linze keep her securities so far as you know?
“Q. 19. Before Mrs. Linze’s death did you have any money of hers in your possession?
“Q. 20. If so, what did you do with it?
“ Q. 21. Did you not on the day of her funeral pay cue or more of her servants?
‘ ‘ Q. 22. Did you not make these payments out of her money, and where did you get it from? ’ ’
All of which Gfeller refused to answer, for the reasons stated by him after the first question as follows:
“I again decline to answer the questions propounded for the reasons: first, because in answering the questions I would be compelled to disclose confidential communications and knowledge received as such from my client, Mrs. Catherine Linze, who is now dead: second, because the information sought from me is intended to be used or may be used in a proceeding against [260]*260me now pending in the probate court of the city of St. Louis, in which proceeding, 1 am charged with having embezzled or concealed the securities mentioned in the question, and other property belonging to the estate of Catherine Linze, deceased; third, because the questions propounded to me are incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial to any issue involved in the case in which these depositions are taken; fourth, because I dispute the authority on the part of Mr. J. Hugo Grimm, to put those questions to me, as I have been informed by the chief counsel of the St. Louis Trust Company, A. C. Stewart, the executor of the estate of Catherine Linze, deceased, Mr. Stewart having stated to me that the position which I took in refusing to disclose confidential communications and knowledge coming to me from Mrs. Linze during her lifetime was absolutely impregnable. That conversation of Mr. Stewart occurred prior to the taking of those depositions, and after the affidavit by Henry H. Linze upon which this proceeding is founded had been filed in the probate court, at the office of the said St. Louis Trust Company, where I had been requested to call by said Mr. A. C. Stewart, and in which conversation the relations between Mrs. Catherine Linze, deceased, and her husband, Henry H. Linze, were fully discussed by Mr. Stewart and myself. "When I told Mr. Stewart that all the knowledge and information I had about Mrs. Linze’s affairs or securities or investments had come to me as her counsel, he said I was pursuing the only proper course in declining to give him or anybody else information about it.”
Counsel for the executor then asked the witness: “Q. Do you mean by this second reason you give, that if you answered this question your answer would tend in anywise to incriminate you?
“Mr. Reynolds, counsel for the defendant: I object to that question as one that the witness can not he compelled to answer. The protection of the Constitution of this State and of the United States extends to the [261]*261witness giving any testimony that may even lead up to the establishment of any facts in a case against him where the charge against him is criminal' or in the nature of a criminal charge.
“A. I decline to answer that question because it-is extremely improper, and also for the reasons stated by counsel.”
It having appeared, from an examination of E. N. Eckerle as a witness in the proceeding against Gfeller, that the latter had given him a large envelope full of documents of some kind, and directed him to take the same to Germany, which Eckerle did, the witness wa.s also asked the following questions, which he declined to answer for the reasons set out after each auestion:
“Q. 23. What papers did you deliver to Frederick N. Eckerle just prior to his leaving for Europe in January, 1902?
“Mr. Reynolds: I object to the question as irrelevant and immaterial to any issue in this case, and because it is an improper Question
“A. I decline to answer that question for the reason that the question as put, and the information sought to be elicited thereby, is intended to be used against me, or may be used against me in the proceeding now pending against me in the probate court of the city of St. Louis, heretofore referred to, and would also involve the disclosure of affairs of. some of my clients, knowledge of which came to me in a professional capacity.
“Q. 24 Give the names of those clients? A. I decline to do so.
“Q. 25. Were there any of the books, stocks, or securities, which belonged to Mrs. Linze during her lifetime, among the papers which vou handed Mr. Eckerle just prior to his going to Europe in Januarv. 1902?
“Mr. Reynolds: I object-to the question because it assumes that he did hand papers to Eckerle when the witness has declined to. answer whether he did or did [262]*262not, and this is an indirect way of obtaining the same information and for the reason before given, I object to and advise the witness not to answer it.
‘‘ The witness: I decline to answer for the reasons last given by myself and Mr. Reynolds.
“Mr. Grimm: I request you to rule whether .the witness must answer questions 22, 23 and 24, being the three immediately preceding this one or not?
“The Notary: I believe the questions are perfectly proper and that the witness should answer the same, and I direct the witness to answer the questions.
“The witness: I decline to answer for the reasons already given by myself and Mr. Reynolds.”
The notary ruled that the questions were relevant to the inquiry and ordered the witness to answer them, and upon his persisting in his refusal so to do, committed him for contempt, and this action of the notary was at once followed by the petition for writ of habeas corpus.
From the deposition of Gfeller it appears that he had represented Mrs. Linze during the last few years of her life, as her attorney, and had charge of her securities, and that he also was the attorney for Mr. Eckerle. When he first was asked when he had last seen the St. Louis Brewing Association bonds, Gfeller declined to answer, for two reasons. First, “because, the disclosure of professional secrets;” secondly, “because I ought not to be called upon to testify in this case, as Mr. Eckerle, against whom this proceeding is pending, is my client.” Gfeller’s deposition shows that both Mrs. Linze and Eckerle had been his clients for a number of years before Mrs. Linze’s death, on November 10, 1900.
It is contended by the petitioner that the probate court was without jurisdiction in the proceeding against Eckerle, hence, the notary public was without authority to commit him for contempt for refusing to answer questions. This contention is based upon the fact that [263]*263the statute providing for the discovery of assets (sec. 74, R. S. 1899) requires as preliminary thereto that the executor or administrator of, or some person interested in the estate, shall file an affidavit in the proper court, stating that the affiant has good cause to believe and does believe that some certain person has concealed or embezzled or is otherwise wrongfully withholding certain personal property belonging to the estate, and that H. H. Linze, who made the affidavit, although the surviving husband of the testatrix, yet as they never had any children, and she gave him nothing by her will which was duly admitted to probate, he was not interested in the estate, and the court was without jurisdiction to issue the citation. This position is, we think, untenable.
In the first place, the probate court, by the terms of the statute under discussion, has authority to cite the person charged, and to require him to answer interrogatories after the filing of an affidavit of the executor or administrator or “other person interested in any estate.” It made the citation in the instance under review upon the affidavit of Mr. Linze, husband of the deceased. The orders in that behalf amount to a decision by the probate court that he is interested in the estate. [Eckerle v. Wood, 95 Mo. App. 378.] And whether the decision of that fact by the probate court be right or wrong, it can not properly be reviewed in this proceeding.
In the second place, even if the question as to" whether or not H. H. Linze had sufficient interest in the estate to warrant his making the affidavit, as the husband of the testatrix, there being no children of their marriage, was under the statute (sec. 2938, R. S. 1899) entitled to one-half of her estate, he clearly had sufficient interest in it to authorize him to make the affidavit.
It is said that the proceeding in the probate court is not a suit within the purview of section 2877, Revised Statutes 1899, which provides for taking of depositions [264]*264in a suit pending; that sections 2637 and 2638, Revised Statutes 1899, provide that a defendant in a criminal proceeding can not be called to testify by the prosecutor and is only competent as a witness when he offers himself as such.
But that was not a proceeding against the petitioner, but against Eckerle, and, certainly as to him, it is no concern of the petitioner whether it be a proceeding criminal in its character or not; it is “a suit pending” within the meaning of the law for taking of depositions” (Eckerle v. Wood, supra), in which the notary public had the right and authority to require the petitioner to answer all legal and proper questions. The case of Gordon v. Eans, 97 Mo. 587, relied upon by the petitioner, was a proceeding under the statute by an administrator of an estate against the widow of the deceased to recover certain assets of the estate, and it was said by the court, “that the sole question was, was the defendant guilty of embezzlement, that is, had she fraudulently appropriated, to her own use, money or property entrusted to her care by another? . . . This proceeding, it must be remembered, is quasi-criminal in' its nature, its object and purpose being to discover and compel the surrender of property, so fraudulently misappropriated, to the party having a right thereto. ’ ’
But notwithstanding these observations the court held that the probate court had jurisdiction for the sole purpose of ascertaining the guilt or innocence of the defendant of the émbezzlement charged.
It is perfectly clear that the citation issued in the case against Eckerle was not void, but at most only void as to the charge of embezzlement, which charge if thought necessary may at any time be abandoned or the citation amended by leave of court by striking out that charge before the trial, and thus relieve the case of any question or doubt as to the jurisdiction of the court over it.
In the Matter of Charles Green, 86 Mo. App. 216, [265]*265Green, who had been administrator of an estate, was proceeded against by the administratrix de bonis non of the estate under section 74, Revised Statutes 1899, by suing out of the probate court of St. Louis .county a citation against him, and upon his appearance thereto there was propounded to him the following interrogatory: “Did you not conceal, embezzle or otherwise wrongfully withhold said goods, chattels, moneys, books, papers and evidence of indebtedness from the estate of the deceased?” The court said:
“The interrogatories propounded to Green are in groups of three or four questions, and in each group he is asked if he has not embezzled or concealed the things described in that group. To all of the interrogatories he has answered denying that he has in his possession or under his control, or that he has embezzled or concealed any of the assets mentioned in the interrogatories belonging to the estate of Fleming. In this state of the record it is apparent that if he has the assets or any of them, he has embezzled and is secreting them, and that this is the real issue which the jury will have to try. At most the investigation is in that situation where it reasonably appears that the administrator is seeking’ to convict Green of embezzlement. And though not in name or form a criminal investigation, it is so in character, and the verdict, if for the estate, must be one of conviction. [R. S. 1899, sec. 77.] To make out a case for the estate under the condition in which we find the interrogatories and answers thereto, it will be incumbent on the administrator to adduce evidence proving or tending to prove that Green has embezzled some of the assets described in the interrogatories. From making out such a case against himself, from furnishing a link in a chain of evidence leading to his conviction, and from furnishing any information by which evidence might be obtained tending to convict him, Green is protected by the Constitution, according to all of the 'authorities, as much so as if he was being prosecuted [266]*266under an indictment charging embezzlement of the assets of the estate of Alfred W% Fleming, deceased. He is not in the same situation as a witness in an ordinary civil suit, who, to claim his protection, must first be sworn as a witness, and then when a question is propounded to him, that to answer would criminate or tend to criminate him, must so declare under oath and invoke the protection of the law. But, as before stated, Green’s situation as a witness is analogous to' that of a defendant in a criminal suit by indictment or on information. He may or may not testify as he elects. He can not be called by the opposite party as a witness, nor sworn as such, unless he voluntarily offers himself to be sworn. When he refused to be sworn as a witness, he exercised a constitutional right, and is entitled to his discharge under the writ of habeas corpus. [Ex parte Lange, 85 U. S. 163; People, etc., v. Kelly, 24 N. Y. 74; People, etc., v. Liscomb, 60 N. Y. 559; In re Dill, 32 Kan. 668.] ” But, as has been said, this is not a proceeding against Gfeller under the statute in which he declined to be sworn to answer interrogatories propounded to him, but a proceeding under the same statute against another person wherein he, Gfeller, was sworn as a witness to the end of having his deposition taken in that suit, and his refusal to answer the questions propounded to him as hereinbefore set forth.
By questions, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14 the witness was simply asked whether he had ever seen the sureties therein mentioned.
Question 2 was as to what he had done with St. Louis Brewing Association bonds numbered 4450 to 4468, inclusive. To this question the witness replied: “I decline to answer that question for two reasons: First, ■ because the disclosure of professional secrets, and, secondly, because I ought not to be called upon to testify in this oase as Mr. Eckerle against whom this ■proceeding is pending is my client.”
“Mr. Reynolds: I object to the question because [267]*267it is irrelevant and immaterial to any issue in the citation against Eckerle. I make the further objection on behalf of the witness that the bonds inquired of are the bonds supposed to be referred to in the citation in the probate court of the city of St. Louis against the witness Alfred Gfeller, in which proceeding said Gfeller is charged with having received or embezzled bonds of this brewing company, and he can not be compelled in this case, or in any case, to give testimony concerning or bearing upon that issue. ”
The grounds for the refusal by the witness himself, as well also as those given by his counsel for his refusal to answer the question, were no justification or excuse for not answering the questions. If his professional secrets were obtained from Mrs. Linze as he stated they were, the privilege belonged to her, and after her death to the St. Louis Trust Company, her executor, at whose instance that suit was being prosecuted.
Our statute places attorneys and physicians upon substantially the same grounds with respect to privileged communications, and it was held in Thompson v. Ish, 99 Mo. 160, that the protection afforded by the statute, against calling a physician to give evidence of the information acquired in a professional character from his patient, may be waived by the latter or those representing him after his death, for the purpose of protecting rights acquired under him. The court said: “Notwithstanding our statute provides for no exception, still it deals with a privilege, and it must be taken as established law that the privilege may be ^waived by the patient; and we'have held that it may be waived by the representative, and, in this, our ruling accords with that of the Supreme Court of Michigan under a like statute. If the patient may waive this right or privilege for the purpose of protecting his rights in a litigated cause, we see no substantial reason why it may not be done by those who represent him [268]*268after Ms death, for the purpose of protecting rights acquired under him.
‘ ‘ Some light may be thrown upon this question by analogy from the rules of law applied to confidential communications between client and attorney. Such communications, it is held in Russell v. Jackson, 9 Hare 390, must not be revealed in cases where the rights and interests of a client, or those claiming under him, come in conflict with the rights and interests of third persons;. but this rule, it is held, does not apply to cases of testamentary disposition of property by the client. The disclosure in such cases, it is considered, can affect no right or interest of the client, and is therefore not witMn the reason of the rule. Taylor says: ‘In stating that the
privilege does not terminate with the death of the client, care must be taken to distinguish between cases where disputes arise between the client’s representative and strangers, and those in which both of the litigating parties, claim under the client.’ As to the latter class of cases he says, ‘it would be obviously unjust to determine that the privilege should belong to one claimant raiher than the other.’ [1 Taylor on Ev., sec. 928, p. 603. See, also, Blackburn v. Crawfords, 3 Wall. 175; Scott v. Harris, 113 Ill. 454.]”
Winters v. Winters, 102 Iowa 53, was a will contest, and it was therein held that the attending physician upon the testator in his last sickness might, on the-probate of the will, be examined by the contesting heirs at law, as well as by the devisee or the executor, in respect to information acquired in his professional capacity, though the Iowa Code, section 3643, prohibits the-disclosure of such information unless the party for whose benefit the prohibition is made waives his rights thereunder.
“While there was no express waiver by the executor in this case with respect to the communication between the petitioner and his client, Mrs. Linze, or anything-that he may have learned from her in his capacity as-[269]*269attorney for her in regard to the bonds in question, there could have been no stronger evidence of such waiver than to proceed against him as it did under the statute for discovery and production.
Nor could the petitioner decline to answer the question upon the ground of privilege growing out of the relations between himself and his client Mrs. Linze, even if his right to do so was not waived by the executor (which we do not concede), for no professionál confidence would have been violated in telling where he last saw these bonds or in answering any of the other questions propounded to him. As was said in Shanghnessy v. Fogg, 15 La. 330, “If an attorney at law were not permitted to disclose who was his client, and what sums of money he had received or disbursed on his account, it would give rise to great frauds. If the attorney may be interrogated as to who is his client, he may also be asked through whose agency, or in what manner, and at what time, he was retained. [1 Greenleaf’s Evidence, sec. 245; 2 Starkie on Evidence, 398; 6 N. S. 284; 4 La. 500; 11 Wheat. 280; 3 Rob. 204; 3 Rob. 230.]”
There are many transactions between attorney and client that have no element of confidence in them, with respect to which the attorney is competent to testify. For instance, he may prove his client’s handwriting; may prove what money was collected by him, when paid over, and to whom paid. [Johnson v. Patterson, 13 Tenn. 626. See, also, Turner v. Warren, 160 Pa. St. 336.]
And it would have been competent for plaintiff to have asked the petitioner- what property of Mrs. Linze he did have and what disposition he had made of the same (State ex rel. Hardy v. Gleason, 19 Ore. 159, and authorities cited) and it must necessarily follow that it was entirely proper to ask him when he last saw her St. Louis Brewing Association bonds, which were numbered 4450 to 4466, inclusive.
As to that part of the objection by the petitioner [270]*270to answering the question predicated on the fact that Eckerle was his client, it offers but a flimsy pretext for refusing to do so, and places the witness in the unenviable position of representing two clients with respect to conflicting interests at the same time, that is to say, the interest of Mrs. Linze represented by her executor, and the interest of Eckerle. Nor could he after having been the attorney of Mrs. Linze and as such come into the possession of facts in regard to her business and property that were not privileged, thereafter become the attorney of Eckerle, and by reason thereof seal his mouth as to matters that were not privileged as the attorney of Mrs. Linze.
As to whether the question was irrelevant or immaterial was for the decision of the notary public before whom the evidence was being taken. [Ex parte McKee, 18 Mo. 599.]
Among other reasons assigned by the petitioner for refusing to answer questions numébered 1 and 22 inclusive was the following: “I again decline to answer the questions propounded, for the reasons, because the information sought from me is intended to be used, or may be used in a proceeding against me now pending in the probate court of the city of St. Louis, in which .proceeding, I am charged with having embezzled or concealed the securities mentioned in’the question, and other property belonging to the estate of Catharine Linze, deceased.” It will be observed that this objection to answering the questions is not based upon the ground that to answer them would incriminate or tend to incriminate the witness, but solely upon the ground that it might be used against him in a proceeding pending against him in the probate court for embezzlement. In this connection the petitioner was asked by executor if he meant by declining to answer the question that his answer would tend in anywise to incriminate him, when the follpwing occurred:
“Mr. Reynolds, counsel for the defendant: I [271]*271object to that question as one that the witness can not be compelled to answer. The protection of the Constitution of this State and of the United States extends to the witness giving any testimony that may even lead up to the establishment of any facts in a case against him where the charge against him is criminal or in the nature of a criminal charge.
‘‘A. I decline to answer that question because it is extremely improper, and also for the reasons stated by counsel.”
The questions numbered 23, 24 and 25, and the refusal for answering same proceeded upon the same lines.
It will be observed that the grounds upon which the petitioner refused to answer the questions now under consideration were not that to answer them would be to incriminate him, or to furnish evidence against himself in a criminal prosecution then pending or about to be instituted against him, but upon the ground that the Constitution of this State and of the United States protect him from giving any testimony that may even lead up to the establishment of any facts in a case, against him where the charge against him is criminal or in the nature of a criminal charge. It is apparent that both the questions propounded to the witness and the reasons assigned by him for refusing to answer them, furnished no justification or excuse for so doing. They were with respect to matters, the answers to which in no way tended to incriminate the witness, nor was his refusal to answer the questions placed upon that ground.
The petitioner will be remanded to the custody of the sheriff of the city of St. Louis and required to answer the questions.
All concur.