ON REMAND FROM THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
PER CURIAM:
Ever Higgins brought this action based upon the failure of her supervisors at Tyson Foods to promote her to the position of Oxford Complex HR Manager. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendant and entered a lengthy and detailed Memorandum Opinion. We affirmed based upon that order of September 2, 2004.
At the time of considering the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the case had been reduced somewhat. As set forth by the district court, the following claims had been conceded by the plaintiff: (1) Intentional infliction of emotional distress; (2) Negligent hiring; (3) Conversion; (4) Wilful misrepresentations; (5) Fraud in the inducement; (6) Breach of contract; and (7) Breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. What remained to be considered were race and age discrimination claims related to the Oxford Complex HR Manager position, plus disparate impact claims. In analyzing these claims and the legal requirements imposed upon the plaintiff the district court applied our existing precedent that required evidence that the disparity in qualifications is “so apparent as virtually to jump off the page and slap you in the
face” citing
Cofield v. Goldkist, Inc.,
267 F.3d 1264, 1268 (11th Cir.2001). For the discrepancies to “jump off the page and slap you in the face” the district court determined that they must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person could have chosen the other candidate over the plaintiff. This was based upon
Lee v. GTE Florida, Inc.,
226 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir.2000). The district court concluded that this case is “the mirror image of
Lee
and
Cofield.”
On February 27, 2006, the Supreme Court entered the following order:
The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted. The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, for further consideration in light of
Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
546 U.S. - [126 S.Ct. 1195, 163 L.Ed.2d 1053] (2006).
In
Ash
the Supreme Court held that our test, as set forth in
Cofield,
is “unhelpful and imprecise” as an elaboration of the standard for inferring pretext from superi- or qualifications. While not articulating the standard to be used, the Court made reference to a series of opinions expressing the test differently. These include
Cooper v. Southern Co.,
390 F.3d 695 (11th Cir.2004) (noting that “disparities in qualifications must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question”);
Raad v. Fairbanks North Star Borough School Dist.,
323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th Cir.2003) (holding that qualifications evidence standing alone may establish pretext where the plaintiffs qualifications are “clearly superior” to those of the selected applicant); and
Aka v. Washington Hospital Center,
332 U.S.App.D.C. 256, 156 F.3d 1284, 1294 (D.C.Cir.1998) (en banc) (concluding the factfinder may infer pretext if a “reasonable employer would have found the plaintiff to be significantly better qualified for the job”).
Since
Ash
our Court has used the
Cooper
test.
See, e.g., Brooks v. County Commission of Jefferson County, Al.,
446 F.3d 1160 (11th Cir.2006);
Watkins v. Huntsville,
176 Fed.Appx. 955 (11th Cir.2006);
Roper v. City of Foley Police Dept.,
177 Fed.Appx. 40 (11th Cir.2006);
Price v. M. & H. Valve Co.,
177 Fed.Appx. 1 (11th Cir.2006). This has been most recently discussed in
Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
190 Fed.Appx. 924 (11th Cir.2006) which is our Court’s opinion following the remand from the Supreme Court. In sum, the test is whether the disparities in qualifications are of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question.
After a careful review of the record in this matter, we are convinced that the district court applied the correct test as outlined above. The district court equated the language of “jump off the page and slap you in the face” with requiring the plaintiff to establish that any disparity between her qualifications and the qualifications of Carter and Burdick were so great that no reasonable person would have selected either Carter or Burdick over her. After a painstaking analysis of the entire procedural history, including that of a special review panel, the district court concluded that the plaintiff has simply failed to meet that test. We agree.
A good summary of this history is reflected in a portion of the district court’s order:
Based on all of the information he had collected at the time of his decision, Pittard determined that Carter, an African-American, was the most qualified
for the position in Oxford. Pittard based his decision on the facts that: Carter had a college degree; was bilingual; had great successes in her current plant; had high references; was willing to relocate; exhibited a high degree of enthusiasm and motivation for the job; and interviewed extremely well. During her interview Carter gave specific answers to Pittard’s questions and gave descriptions of programs that she initiated in her then current role as Plant HR Manager. Pittard also felt that Carter was innovative because she developed solutions to thorough problems. When Carter turned down the position, Pittard determined that the next qualified candidate was Burdick because she: was successful in her job; had a good track record; had a high degree of enthusiasm about the job; had a college degree; was heavily involved in the community and willing to do more; and was given high marks by all her references. An independent review panel at Tyson revisited the promotion decision and also determined that Burdick was more qualified than plaintiff for the position. Higgins, Hithon and Burdick all interviewed with the panel, and were asked questions designed by the consulting firm to elicit the candidates’ assessments of their own competence in the areas of intellectual, personal, interpersonal, management, leadership, and motivational. Each interview lasted approximately three and a half hours and each candidate was asked the same questions. Each panelist was also given a copy of the candidates’ resumes to review before their interviews.
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ON REMAND FROM THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT
PER CURIAM:
Ever Higgins brought this action based upon the failure of her supervisors at Tyson Foods to promote her to the position of Oxford Complex HR Manager. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendant and entered a lengthy and detailed Memorandum Opinion. We affirmed based upon that order of September 2, 2004.
At the time of considering the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the case had been reduced somewhat. As set forth by the district court, the following claims had been conceded by the plaintiff: (1) Intentional infliction of emotional distress; (2) Negligent hiring; (3) Conversion; (4) Wilful misrepresentations; (5) Fraud in the inducement; (6) Breach of contract; and (7) Breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. What remained to be considered were race and age discrimination claims related to the Oxford Complex HR Manager position, plus disparate impact claims. In analyzing these claims and the legal requirements imposed upon the plaintiff the district court applied our existing precedent that required evidence that the disparity in qualifications is “so apparent as virtually to jump off the page and slap you in the
face” citing
Cofield v. Goldkist, Inc.,
267 F.3d 1264, 1268 (11th Cir.2001). For the discrepancies to “jump off the page and slap you in the face” the district court determined that they must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person could have chosen the other candidate over the plaintiff. This was based upon
Lee v. GTE Florida, Inc.,
226 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir.2000). The district court concluded that this case is “the mirror image of
Lee
and
Cofield.”
On February 27, 2006, the Supreme Court entered the following order:
The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted. The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, for further consideration in light of
Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
546 U.S. - [126 S.Ct. 1195, 163 L.Ed.2d 1053] (2006).
In
Ash
the Supreme Court held that our test, as set forth in
Cofield,
is “unhelpful and imprecise” as an elaboration of the standard for inferring pretext from superi- or qualifications. While not articulating the standard to be used, the Court made reference to a series of opinions expressing the test differently. These include
Cooper v. Southern Co.,
390 F.3d 695 (11th Cir.2004) (noting that “disparities in qualifications must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question”);
Raad v. Fairbanks North Star Borough School Dist.,
323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th Cir.2003) (holding that qualifications evidence standing alone may establish pretext where the plaintiffs qualifications are “clearly superior” to those of the selected applicant); and
Aka v. Washington Hospital Center,
332 U.S.App.D.C. 256, 156 F.3d 1284, 1294 (D.C.Cir.1998) (en banc) (concluding the factfinder may infer pretext if a “reasonable employer would have found the plaintiff to be significantly better qualified for the job”).
Since
Ash
our Court has used the
Cooper
test.
See, e.g., Brooks v. County Commission of Jefferson County, Al.,
446 F.3d 1160 (11th Cir.2006);
Watkins v. Huntsville,
176 Fed.Appx. 955 (11th Cir.2006);
Roper v. City of Foley Police Dept.,
177 Fed.Appx. 40 (11th Cir.2006);
Price v. M. & H. Valve Co.,
177 Fed.Appx. 1 (11th Cir.2006). This has been most recently discussed in
Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
190 Fed.Appx. 924 (11th Cir.2006) which is our Court’s opinion following the remand from the Supreme Court. In sum, the test is whether the disparities in qualifications are of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question.
After a careful review of the record in this matter, we are convinced that the district court applied the correct test as outlined above. The district court equated the language of “jump off the page and slap you in the face” with requiring the plaintiff to establish that any disparity between her qualifications and the qualifications of Carter and Burdick were so great that no reasonable person would have selected either Carter or Burdick over her. After a painstaking analysis of the entire procedural history, including that of a special review panel, the district court concluded that the plaintiff has simply failed to meet that test. We agree.
A good summary of this history is reflected in a portion of the district court’s order:
Based on all of the information he had collected at the time of his decision, Pittard determined that Carter, an African-American, was the most qualified
for the position in Oxford. Pittard based his decision on the facts that: Carter had a college degree; was bilingual; had great successes in her current plant; had high references; was willing to relocate; exhibited a high degree of enthusiasm and motivation for the job; and interviewed extremely well. During her interview Carter gave specific answers to Pittard’s questions and gave descriptions of programs that she initiated in her then current role as Plant HR Manager. Pittard also felt that Carter was innovative because she developed solutions to thorough problems. When Carter turned down the position, Pittard determined that the next qualified candidate was Burdick because she: was successful in her job; had a good track record; had a high degree of enthusiasm about the job; had a college degree; was heavily involved in the community and willing to do more; and was given high marks by all her references. An independent review panel at Tyson revisited the promotion decision and also determined that Burdick was more qualified than plaintiff for the position. Higgins, Hithon and Burdick all interviewed with the panel, and were asked questions designed by the consulting firm to elicit the candidates’ assessments of their own competence in the areas of intellectual, personal, interpersonal, management, leadership, and motivational. Each interview lasted approximately three and a half hours and each candidate was asked the same questions. Each panelist was also given a copy of the candidates’ resumes to review before their interviews.
Before the interviews began, the panel was informed that it was to make the best selection for the position and that whomever the panel selected would be placed in the position. The panel was told that their job was to “second-interview these individuals as if this position had never been filled.” At the end of each candidate’s interview, the panel reviewed their opinions of the candidate’s strengths and weaknesses. After the interviews, each panelist ranked the candidates in the following manner:
Mantooth Roles Eggman Parks
1. Burdick 1. Burdick 1. Burdick 1. Higgins
2. Higgins 2. Higgins 2. Higgins 2. Burdick
3. Hithon 3. Hithon 3. Hithon 3. Hithon
Three of the four panelists determined that Burdick was the most qualified candidate for the position. The fourth panelist, Parks, determined that Higgins and Burdick were equally qualified, but that Higgins should receive the promotion because of her seniority. The panel ultimately recommended that Bur-dick was “the candidate who best fits the Oxford Complex HRM position.”
Burdick has been employed by Tyson in a personnel function since June 1992. (footnotes omitted).
Higgins v. Tyson Foods, Inc.,
mem. op. at 71, 72 (N.D.AL. Sept. 2, 2004).
After considering all of the evidence presented, the district court concluded:
Plaintiffs argument is in essence that, since she had seniority, she was entitled to the job. That is not the measure. There is no direct evidence of discrimination as to age or race. Assuming without deciding, that plaintiff has proved a prima facie case, defendant has articulated that it determined Burdick to be better qualified after a considered evaluation which applied reasonable criteria similar to that in
Lee,
226 F.3d at 1252. The initial evaluation was confirmed by an independent review. Plaintiff has not presented sufficient evidence to establish pretext, (footnote omitted).
Id.
at 83, 84.
In deciding what the appropriate test should be, we note the following observation by the district court:
Other circuits have more clearly articulated the evidentiary burden a plaintiff must meet in order to prove pretext by showing she was substantially more qualified than the person promoted.
See [Alexander
v.]
Fulton County,
207 F.3d [1303] 1340 [(11th Cir.2000)]. In
Deines [v. Texas Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services],
for example, the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s instruction to the jury stating that “disparities in qualifications are not enough in and of themselves to demonstrate discriminatory intent unless those disparities are so apparent as virtually to jump off the page and slap you in the face.” 164 F.3d [277] 280 [(5th Cir.1999)]. The court explained that the phrase “jump off the page and slap [you] in the face” ... should be understood to mean that disparities in qualifications must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question. This evidentiary standard does not alter the plaintiffs evidentiary burden to prove the fact of intentional discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. Instead, the standard only describes the character of this particular type of evidence that will be probative of that ultimate fact.
Id.
at 280-81. (footnote omitted).
Id.
at 85, 86.
The sole issue before us at this point is the legal test the district court used in granting summary judgment in favor of Tyson Foods. We are satisfied that the court used the correct test as set forth in
Cooper.
Although reference was made to the language found to be “unhelpful and imprecise” by the Supreme Court, the district court clearly equated this to mean that the “disparities in qualifications must be of such weight and significance that no reasonable person, in the exercise of impartial judgment, could have chosen the candidate selected over the plaintiff for the job in question.” Consequently, we again affirm the ruling of the district court.
AFFIRMED.