This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1365
Ever Cat Fuels, LLC, Relator,
vs.
Ken Peterson, Commissioner, Department of Labor and Industry, State of Minnesota, Respondent,
Occupational Safety and Health Review Board, State of Minnesota, Respondent.
Filed May 23, 2016 Affirmed Halbrooks, Judge
Occupational Safety and Health Review Board File No. 8-1901-31230
Lindsay G. Arthur, Jr., Sarah E. Bushnell, Jeffrey M. Markowitz, Arthur, Chapman, Kettering, Smetak & Pikala, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for relator)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Scott A. Grosskreutz, Rachel E. Bell, Assistant Attorneys General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent department)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Erik M. Johnson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent board) Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and
Toussaint, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HALBROOKS, Judge
Relator challenges the decision of the Minnesota Occupational Safety and Health
(MN OSHA) Review Board that because the methanol in its T-407 tank is neither stored
nor transferred, it is subject to the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119 (2015). We
affirm.
FACTS
In 2008, relator Ever Cat Fuels, LLC, built a 9,000-square-foot biodiesel-fuel
production plant near Isanti. The plant became operational in September 2009. Ever
Cat’s plant produces approximately three million gallons of biodiesel fuel every year.
The plant is in continuous operation every hour of every day with interruptions only for
maintenance or unplanned events.
To produce biodiesel fuel, Ever Cat uses the McGyan process, which involves the
blending of liquid methanol and lipid feedstock.1 Liquid methanol is delivered to and
stored in tank T-101, a 75,000-gallon atmospheric tank. The methanol from T-101 is
transferred through a permanent pipe to tank T-407, an atmospheric tank with a capacity
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. 1 Lipid feedstock, according to one of Ever Cat’s founders and chief science officer, is some type of fat or oil, typically a vegetable oil or an animal fat like tallow or lard.
2 of 2,000 gallons. T-407 usually contains 800 to 1,000 gallons of methanol at any given
time.
The methanol in T-407 is continuously pumped at a rate of eight gallons per
minute into a T junction located inside one of Ever Cat’s production buildings. At the
T junction, the methanol is mixed with lipid feedstock, which comes from a separate
source. The mixture passes through filters and a heat exchanger that brings the two
elements up to the desired reaction temperatures. The mixture is then pumped through a
reactor where a chemical reaction occurs that produces biodiesel fuel and waste products.
Only 10% of the liquid methanol sent from T-407 is consumed in the reaction.
The other 90% is a waste product in gaseous form. The gaseous methanol is distilled to
liquid form and returned to T-407 for reuse in the production process. The liquid
methanol returns to T-407 at a very hot temperature. That heat is used, in part, to keep
newly delivered, unheated methanol from T-101 and the methanol returned to T-407 at a
temperature above 80 degrees Fahrenheit so that the lipid feedstock does not congeal
when the components combine at the T junction.
On October 9, 2012, the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry sent
inspectors to Ever Cat’s plant based on a report of an injury to an employee. The
department performed a follow-up inspection on October 18, 2012, to gather more
information concerning whether the plant was governed by the process safety
management (PSM) requirements under federal and Minnesota law based on the amount
of flammable liquids used in Ever Cat’s process to create biodiesel fuel. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.119; Minn. R. 5205.0010, subps. 1-2 (2015). The PSM standard establishes
3 safety requirements for managing the dangers associated with processes involving highly
hazardous chemicals.
The department subsequently issued Ever Cat a citation identifying 11 items of
noncompliance with the PSM requirements. Ever Cat filed a Notice of Contest and
Service to Affected Employees. The department then filed a summons that Ever Cat
answered.
Prior to a contested hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ), the parties
filed a pretrial stipulation to narrow the issues. The stipulation states in relevant part:
The sole issue regarding liability for Citation 1, Items 2-7 is whether [Ever Cat’s] tank, referred to as T-407, meets the exemption contained in 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). [The department] stipulates that T-407 meets the 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(b) definition of atmospheric tank. The parties summarize the issue as follows, if the materials in T-407 are included in the calculation to determine whether the flammable liquid threshold amount has been reached under 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), then MN OSHA has proven that Citation 1, Items 2-7 apply and were violated, but if the materials in T-407 are not counted toward the threshold, then MN OSHA cannot prove that Citation 1, Items 2-7 apply, and Citation 1, Items 2-7 should be vacated.
Following a two-day hearing, the ALJ determined that the exemption under 29
C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B) (referred to as the storage-or-transfer exemption) does not
apply to T-407 and, therefore, because the contents of T-407 exceed the flammable-liquid
threshold in 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), the PSM requirements apply. Ever Cat
appealed the ALJ’s decision to the MN OSHA Review Board, which affirmed the ALJ’s
decision, adopting the ALJ’s findings and concluding that the ALJ did not err in his legal
analysis. This certiorari appeal follows.
4 DECISION
I.
On certiorari appeal of the board’s final order, we may affirm, remand, reverse, or
modify “the decision if the substantial rights of the petitioners may have been prejudiced
because the administrative finding, inferences, conclusion, or decisions” are affected by
an error of law, unsupported by substantial evidence, or arbitrary or capricious. Minn.
Stat. § 14.69 (2014).
“Review of a state agency’s interpretation of a federal regulation that the agency is
charged with enforcing and administering is a question of law that we review de novo.”
In re Reichmann Land & Cattle, LLP, 867 N.W.2d 502, 506 (Minn. 2015) (quotations
omitted). In reviewing the interpretation, we first determine if the regulation is clear or
ambiguous when applied in the circumstance. Id. To decide if a regulation is clear or
ambiguous “we construe rules as a whole and interpret words and sentences in the light
of [the context of the regulation at issue].” Id. (quotations omitted); see also In re Cities
of Annandale & Maple Lake NPDES/SDS Permit Issuance for the Discharge of Treated
Wastewater, 731 N.W.2d 502, 517 (Minn. 2007) (“We have said that the meaning of a
word depends on how it is being used.”). If a regulation is unclear or reasonably
susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous. Reichmann Land
& Cattle, 867 N.W.2d at 506. “If the regulation is ambiguous, we generally defer to the
agency’s interpretation of the regulation, if its interpretation is reasonable.” Id. But if the
regulation is unambiguous, we do not defer to the agency’s interpretation and can
substitute our own judgment based on the plain meaning of the regulation. Id.
5 Ever Cat argues that the board erred by determining that T-407 does not meet the
storage-or-transfer exemption contained in 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). According
to 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), the PSM requirements apply to:
(ii) A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas . . . or a flammable liquid with a flashpoint below 100 ºF (37.8 ºC) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for: .... (B) Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 ºF (37.8 ºC) stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration.
The parties agree that T-407 is part of Ever Cat’s process that involves a
flammable liquid (liquid methanol) with a flashpoint below 100 ºF. Further, the parties
stipulated prior to the hearing before the ALJ that T-407 is an atmospheric tank under the
exemption. They also agree that the liquid methanol from T-407 is kept below its normal
boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration. The point of disagreement is
whether the methanol in T-407 is stored or transferred. 29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). If the methanol in T-407 qualifies for the exemption and is not
counted toward the 10,000-pound threshold in the regulation, MN OSHA concedes that
Ever Cat has not violated the PSM requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119.
Both parties assert that the regulation is unambiguous and that the plain meaning
of the storage-or-transfer exemption supports their interpretation of the phrase. The
regulation itself does not define the phrase “stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred.”
But Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb “store” as “[t]o keep (goods, etc.) in
safekeeping for future delivery in an unchanged condition.” Black’s Law Dictionary
6 1646 (10th ed. 2014). The American Heritage Dictionary defines the verb “store” as
“[t]o reserve or put away for future use.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language 1720 (5th ed. 2011).
Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb “transfer” as “[t]o convey or remove
from one place or one person to another; to pass or hand over from one to another, esp. to
change over the possession or control of.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1727 (10th ed. 2014).
The American Heritage Dictionary defines the verb “transfer” as “[t]o convey or cause to
pass from one place, person, or thing to another.” The American Heritage Dictionary of
the English Language 1844 (5th ed. 2011).
Ever Cat contends that the liquid methanol is stored in T-407 because it does not
go through any chemical reaction—it is kept in T-407 in an unchanged condition and
reserved for future use. Ever Cat also asserts that the continuous nature of its process
should not exclude T-407 from being defined as a storage tank. The department responds
that the methanol is not kept in an unchanged condition and reserved for future use in
T-407 because methanol continuously returns to T-407 as a waste product from the
process and mixes with new methanol from T-101 to heat the new methanol in
preparation for use in Ever Cat’s biodiesel-fuel production process. The mixed methanol
exits T-407 at a constant rate into the rest of the production process. The department also
contrasts the function of T-407 with that of T-101 (a tank that both parties agree stores
methanol).
The ALJ determined that the fact that methanol does not go through a chemical
reaction in T-407 does not result in the conclusion that it is stored there. The ALJ stated,
7 “The methanol is moving through the tank at all times, and it is actively being heated and
cooled (depending on whether it is coming from the distillation tower or from T-101) for
the purpose of moving on to the next step in the process.” The continuous mixing and
temperature manipulation of the methanol, the ALJ continued, changes the condition of
the methanol that is already in use (as opposed to being reserved for future use).
Ultimately, the ALJ determined that the methanol in T-407 is not stored as is
contemplated by the storage-or-transfer exemption. The board adopted the ALJ’s
reasoning. We agree.
Contrary to Ever Cat’s argument, there is no language in the storage-or-transfer
exemption that dictates that flammable liquid that does not go through a chemical
reaction in an atmospheric tank must be defined as stored in the tank. And a chemical
reaction is not the only way for a flammable liquid to be changed. Methanol from T-101
flows continuously into T-407 and combines with recycled liquid methanol that is
constantly returning from the distillation tower. The recycled methanol changes the
liquid methanol coming from T-101 by heating it in the course of the production process
while the liquid methanol from T-101 cools the recycled liquid methanol. Further, the
methanol is in use, as opposed to being reserved for future use, when it is mixed.
Ever Cat contends in the alternative that, if T-407 does not store methanol, its
function is to transfer methanol from T-101 to the rest of the production process, and,
therefore, the exemption is applicable. It argues that the methanol is either stationary and
stored in T-407 or moving and transferred through T-407.
8 The ALJ found that “the natural and obvious meaning of ‘transfer’ in the PSM
context is the movement of flammable liquid from one place to another that is distinct
from any movement involved in the ‘use, storage, manufacturing [or] handling’ of the
flammable liquid.” As noted, the ALJ found that because the methanol is constantly
being mixed and heated or cooled in T-407, it is in use in the process and not just
transferred to or from storage. The ALJ contrasted the methanol in T-407 with the
methanol moving through the pipe between T-101 and T-407, finding that the methanol
in that pipe is being transferred because it is only passing, unchanged, from one location
to another. The ALJ concluded that Ever Cat’s interpretation of the exemption “to
exclude all stationary and moving flammable liquids would completely vitiate the rule.”
We are persuaded that what happens to the methanol in T-407 goes beyond being
transferred to or from storage. Two sources of methanol are combined and the
temperature is altered. The methanol stored in T-101 is transferred to T-407. We
conclude that the board did not err by determining that the methanol in T-407 does not
qualify for the storage-or-transfer exemption.
II.
Ever Cat argues that the board’s decision must be reversed because it is not
supported by substantial evidence. To determine if the board’s decision is supported by
substantial evidence, we analyze “whether the agency has adequately explained how it
derived its conclusion and whether that conclusion is reasonable on the basis of the
record.” In re Application of Minn. Power for Auth. to Increase Rates for Elec. Serv. in
Minn., 838 N.W.2d 747, 757 (Minn. 2013). The “relator must show that the evidence,
9 considered in its entirety, and drawing inferences in favor of the decision, is not
substantial, and, therefore, does not adequately support” the department’s decisions. Cup
Foods, Inc. v. City of Minneapolis, 633 N.W.2d 557, 563 (Minn. App. 2001), review
denied (Minn. Nov. 13, 2001). We uphold findings even if there is conflicting evidence
or more than one inference to be drawn as long as there is evidence to support the
decision. Id. at 562.
Ever Cat relies on selected testimony and isolated terminology from the cross-
examination of two department employees to argue that the evidence does not support the
board’s affirmance of the ALJ’s decision. The first employee, Douglas Poeschl, a senior
engineer in the department, testified that no chemical reaction, mixing of chemicals, or
blending of chemicals occurs in T-407. He also testified that liquid methanol is “held” in
T-407. The second employee, Alden Hoffman, the industrial hygiene manager and
member of MN OSHA’s management team, testified that no chemical change occurs in
T-407 and that liquid methanol “resides” in the tank.
But the fact that a chemical reaction does not occur in T-407 does not mean that
the liquid methanol is stored there. Ever Cat overemphasizes the witnesses’ use of the
words “held” and “resides.” Reading the cross-examinations in totality, Poeschl refused
to agree that T-407 is used to “store” the liquid methanol. He consistently insisted on the
opposite. Hoffman refused to concede that liquid methanol is “stored” in T-407 and
reiterated that it is not stored based on the continuous flow of liquid methanol from T-101
to T-407 and the process, among other things. Further, as the department points out, the
board (through its adoption of the ALJ’s findings and reasoning) relied on the testimony
10 of Ever Cat’s chief science officer that T-407 is used to continuously combine the
warmer recycled liquid methanol with the cooler liquid methanol from T-101 to heat the
new methanol and prepare it for the process used to create biodiesel fuel. We conclude
that the board’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.
III.
Ever Cat contends that the board’s decision is arbitrary and capricious. “An
agency decision is arbitrary and capricious if it is an exercise of the agency’s will, rather
than its judgment, or if the decision is based on whim or is devoid of articulated reasons.”
Cup Foods, 633 N.W.2d at 565. If there is room for multiple opinions, an agency’s
choice between the opinions is not arbitrary and capricious. Id. Ever Cat argues that the
decision is arbitrary or capricious because it is contrary to prior interpretations of the
storage-and-transfer exemption by federal and Minnesota ALJs. See Sec’y of Labor v.
Meer Corp., 1995-1997 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,310, 1997 WL 235621 (No. 95-0341, 1997)
(ALJ); Ken B. Peterson, Comm’r, State of Minn., Dep’t of Labor & Indus. v. Interplastic
Corp., MDLI Docket No. 11-1901-21914-2, 2012 WL 6568328 (Mar. 2, 2012) (ALJ).
In Meer, the federal Secretary of Labor issued a citation to Meer Corporation for
failure to comply with the PSM requirements. Meer, 1997 WL 235621, at *1. Meer
Corporation agreed that its process involved more than 10,000 pounds of flammable
liquids, implicating the application of the PSM requirements under 29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.119(a)(1)(ii). Id. But it argued that the storage-or-transfer exemption applied to
enough flammable liquid in its process that it did not exceed the 10,000-pound threshold.
11 Id. The secretary argued that the exemption did not apply because the storage tanks were
connected to the process. Id.
The ALJ determined that the secretary failed to prove that the tanks were
connected to the process. Id. at *6, *9. Although that finding disposed of the secretary’s
argument, the ALJ also considered whether the storage-or-transfer exemption would have
been unconstitutionally vague as applied to Meer (assuming that the secretary proved that
the tanks were interconnected). Id. at *9-10. The ALJ stated that “the Secretary altered
the exemption by adding such qualifying phrases as: ‘and not connected to a process or a
process vessel,’ or ‘unless the atmospheric tank is connected to a process.’” Id. at *10.
The alteration and addition of language by the secretary without actually modifying the
regulation to properly inform companies compelled the ALJ to conclude that the
exemption was unconstitutionally vague as applied to Meer. Id. at *11.
A week after the Meer decision was released, the director of OSHA’s compliance
program issued a memorandum regarding “Coverage of Stored Flammables under the
Process Safety Management Standard.” Interplastic, 2012 WL 6568328, at *7. The
director stated in the memorandum:
Until the [exemption] is revised . . . OSHA will abide by the Meer decision, and will not cite 1910.119 under circumstances when coverage of the process would be based partly or solely on the quantity of flammable liquid in connected atmospheric storage tanks, that would otherwise qualify for the 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B) exemption.
Id. OSHA has not amended the storage-or-transfer exemption since 1997. Id. at *8.
12 In July 2000, MN OSHA amended its compliance instructions to specifically
address the coverage of flammable liquids implicating the PSM requirements. Id. It
made two more amendments to the instructions in 2005 and 2009. Id. Included in its
2000, 2005, and 2009 amendments are conditions for a flammable liquid to be considered
“stored” in an atmospheric tank under the exemption. Id. at *8-9. The conditions require
that the tank not be connected to the process—language that is contrary to the
memorandum from the director and the ALJ’s decision in Meer. Id. at *9.
Following its compliance instructions, the department cited Interplastic
Corporation in 2010 based on the aggregate volume of flammable liquid stored in eight
separate atmospheric storage tanks connected to the company’s process. Id. at *3.
Interplastic challenged the citation. Id. at *5. It argued that the storage-or-transfer
exemption is unconstitutionally vague and indefinite as applied to its facility and that MN
OSHA engaged in unauthorized rulemaking when it amended the instructions pertaining
to the storage-or-transfer exemption. Id.
The ALJ agreed, finding the void-for-vagueness analysis from Meer compelling.
Id. at *12. The ALJ reasoned that MN OSHA added qualifying language that specified
“flammable liquids cannot be considered to be ‘stored’ in atmospheric tanks if the tank is
‘connected to a process.’” Id. The qualifying language made the storage-or-transfer
exemption unconstitutionally vague as applied to Interplastic. Id. at *12. And the ALJ
concluded that MN OSHA engaged in unauthorized rulemaking by issuing the
compliance instructions clarifying its position on “stored” flammable liquids. Id. at *14.
13 In contrast to Meer and Interplastic, the department here did not define the liquid
methanol in T-407 as “stored” because it is connected to the process. It determined that
the exemption does not apply to T-407 because of the constant mixing of hot recycled
liquid methanol with unheated liquid methanol from T-101, which prepares the methanol
for use in Ever Cat’s biodiesel-fuel production process. The department followed the
Meer and Interplastic decisions by defining the liquid methanol in T-101 as “stored” for
purposes of the exemption. It did not argue that the liquid methanol in T-101 is not
stored because it is piped to T-407 and therefore part of the process. We conclude that
the board’s decision is not arbitrary or capricious.
IV.
Ever Cat argues that the storage-or-transfer exemption is unconstitutionally vague
as applied to T-407. The ALJ determined that Ever Cat waived any argument pertaining
to whether the regulation is unconstitutional, and the board affirmed. On appeal, the
department again contends that Ever Cat waived its void-for-vagueness challenge.
A party is bound by a stipulation of the issues before a decision-maker unless it is
released from that stipulation. Atl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Judd Co., 380 N.W.2d 122, 124
(Minn. 1986) (citing Pampusch v. Nat’l Council of Knights & Ladies of Sec., 145 Minn.
71, 72, 176 N.W. 158, 158 (1920) (“A stipulation made by a party in the trial of a cause,
unless he is relieved from it, is binding upon him.”)). Ever Cat stipulated that whether
T-407 meets the storage-or-transfer exemption was the “sole issue regarding liability.”
14 We therefore conclude that Ever Cat has waived its void-for-vagueness challenge and do
not address it.
Affirmed.