The following opinion was filed November 16, 1920:
Vinje, J.
Mindful of the rule that it requires clear, convincing, and satisfactory evidence to reform a written instrument, and of the further rule that findings of a trial court will not be set aside unless clearly against the preponderance of the evidence, we nevertheless in this case unanimously reach the conclusion that the trial court erred in not finding that the deed was in fact a.mortgage and that an accounting should have been taken. Plaintiff was the mother .of defendant’s husband, John Evans, who died in war service. He had been married before, and Mr. Wilson, ..a lawyer residing at Mankato, Minnesota, and a witness in this case, had secured a divorce for him from his first wife. They had lived upon a farm belonging to his mother and John had not made a success of farming. The result was • that -his mother had from time to time advanced money to him.aggregating upwards of three or four thousand dollars. The. evidence is vague and uncertain as to the amount. The ■ last time-she helped him was when-she signed a note for him ■far$400to settle-Tip his divorce suit. The marriage of John to the defendant did not seem to please his mother; yet she . w.as-willing, to help.them get started on the land in .question, which John-had received by devise from..His grandfather subject to. a life estate in John’s father, who was living at . the tirnethé deed in question was made.. The farm is worth . about $16,000. The. deed was.executed on the llth day of ■September. 1917„- and Mr. Wilson, the lawyer who drew, it, testified as to.what occurred as follows:
.■ -■ “When.-they came...in..the.office, .John, in substance, said: 'Do you remember that $400 note mother signed .with me, . and I. got the money from your bank?’’and í says, Wes.’ ; 'Welj’he'says, 'she has arranged todet me have more money to buy stuff to'go'ón 'the' farm-and she wants ;me'to'give her a deed ’to-theLfarm--in .Wisconsin to-secur-e-the money [143]*143she loans me,’ and I said, ‘Well, why don’t you give her a mortgage?’ Then she spoke up and said, T don’t want a mortgage, I want a deed,' and whenever John pays me back I will deed the land back to him. John don’t know how much it will be anyway. If he will give me a mortgage he will have to be giving other mortgages.’ John said, ‘What I want to know is whether, if I give her a deed, have I a right to get it back whenever I pay her,’ and I said to that, ‘Yes, if you give a deed to secure the money you borrowed, the legal effect of it is just the same as a mortgage.’ ‘Well,’ he says, ‘that is all I want to know; then you make your deed.’ Then I said to Mrs. Evans, ‘Do you want-to give him a contract to convey it back?’ She says, ‘No, John can trust his mother. I will give it back to him whenever he pays up.’ John says, ‘Yes, I am not questioning my mother about giving it back, I know that she will do that. Further I wanted to know from you whether a deed is the same as a mortgage and whether I have a right to get it back when I pay up,’ and then I prepared this deed. There was no money paid by Mrs. Evans to John at the time in my presence. I was interested .in the bank to which I referred, which was the National Citizens’ Bank of which I was director. I handed the deed to John. I don’t know whether he did anything with it in my office or not. I later had a conversation with Mrs. Evans with reference to the transaction in the month of January, 1918. This conversation was at my office. It had reference to this deed. She said she had a letter from John; John wanted to know how to fill out his questionnaire in reference to this farm, and I said to her,* ‘Do you still have the title?’ and she said ‘Yes,’ and I said, ‘Did John ever pay you the money you loaned him, and for which you got as security the deed for. this farm?’ Then she said ‘No.’ Then I said, ‘You should tell John that he should put down in the questionnaire that he owns this farm subject to the amount of money that he owes you.’ I had a further talk with Mrs. Evans in the month of February, at the end of the month or the first of March, over the telephone. I recognized her voice, and she said to me, ‘Have those Germans been'to see you?’- I said, ‘What do you mean?’ ‘Well,’ she said, T mean John's father-in-law.’ .‘Yes,’ I said, ‘he and John were here;’- and she said, ‘What did they want?’ I said, ‘They claim that you say that you would not give them the farm back now if [144]*144John pays you what he owes you/ ‘Well/ she said, T hope you won’t do anything for them.’ I said to her, T could not handle their case for them if they had one.’ I said, T do not understand the position you are taking, Mrs. Evans; you certainly know that this land was deeded to you to secure your loan to John, but it seems, too, you ought to give the farm back to John if he pays up.’ ‘Well,’ she says, T am better able to take care of that farm than John is.’ I think she said something about him going to the service, she did not know what would happen. I had a later talk with her, after John had gone into the service, with reference to the deed, over the telephone, in the month of November, 1919. She called up and she says, T understand you are working against me.’ I said, ‘No, Mrs. Evans, I don’t know what you mean, I don’t know that I am working against you.’ She says, ‘Are you going to be a witness in that case against me ?’ I said, T could not say that I am or am not, but I would naturally suppose that I would be.’ Then I suggested to her again, ‘I can’t understand why you won’t give up that farm if you get your money; you certainly know the way in which it was deeded to you.’ ‘Well,’ she says, ‘if John would come back I would just as soon turn it over to him; but,’ she says, T am not going to give it to this woman.’ When she referred to Germans I knew she referred to John’s wife’s people.”
Cross-examination: “I practiced law twenty-three or four years. I am now in the Minnesota State Bank Building. Mr. Laurisch is in the N ational Citizens? State Bank Building across the street. Mr. Laurisch and I are not greater personal friends than other lawyers in the city of Mankato. I have been against him in about as many cases as I have been associated with him. When John came to my office about this case I told him I could not take his case. ■ He did not tell me that his wife did not want him to go into the army. He did not come to have me assist him to get out of the army. I did not tell him to go to Mi-. Laurisch or that I would be a better witness than lawyer. I remember what I fold Mrs. Evans on the first hearing. My stenographer, Ethel Skuse, was not in the room when the deed was made, until the deed was prepared. She then took the acknowledgment. She prepared the deed on the machine and I sat there and told her what to write in. I told her to put in as consideration one dollar and other [145]*145valuable consideration. I knew that John was owing his mother $400 upon a note which was' not yet due. It was a note1 that was given to pay alimony, at the bank of which I am a director. I knew what the terms of the deed were, and I did not take John’s case because T felt that in all probability I would have to be a witness. I felt in fairness and justice to all the parties to the transaction that I should be a witness. I did not mention Mr. Laurisch’s name to him. He suggested Mr. Laurisch when he could not get me. His wife was not with him, his father-in-law was. I did not actually know last November whether L would be a witness or not. I naturally expected to be.
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The following opinion was filed November 16, 1920:
Vinje, J.
Mindful of the rule that it requires clear, convincing, and satisfactory evidence to reform a written instrument, and of the further rule that findings of a trial court will not be set aside unless clearly against the preponderance of the evidence, we nevertheless in this case unanimously reach the conclusion that the trial court erred in not finding that the deed was in fact a.mortgage and that an accounting should have been taken. Plaintiff was the mother .of defendant’s husband, John Evans, who died in war service. He had been married before, and Mr. Wilson, ..a lawyer residing at Mankato, Minnesota, and a witness in this case, had secured a divorce for him from his first wife. They had lived upon a farm belonging to his mother and John had not made a success of farming. The result was • that -his mother had from time to time advanced money to him.aggregating upwards of three or four thousand dollars. The. evidence is vague and uncertain as to the amount. The ■ last time-she helped him was when-she signed a note for him ■far$400to settle-Tip his divorce suit. The marriage of John to the defendant did not seem to please his mother; yet she . w.as-willing, to help.them get started on the land in .question, which John-had received by devise from..His grandfather subject to. a life estate in John’s father, who was living at . the tirnethé deed in question was made.. The farm is worth . about $16,000. The. deed was.executed on the llth day of ■September. 1917„- and Mr. Wilson, the lawyer who drew, it, testified as to.what occurred as follows:
.■ -■ “When.-they came...in..the.office, .John, in substance, said: 'Do you remember that $400 note mother signed .with me, . and I. got the money from your bank?’’and í says, Wes.’ ; 'Welj’he'says, 'she has arranged todet me have more money to buy stuff to'go'ón 'the' farm-and she wants ;me'to'give her a deed ’to-theLfarm--in .Wisconsin to-secur-e-the money [143]*143she loans me,’ and I said, ‘Well, why don’t you give her a mortgage?’ Then she spoke up and said, T don’t want a mortgage, I want a deed,' and whenever John pays me back I will deed the land back to him. John don’t know how much it will be anyway. If he will give me a mortgage he will have to be giving other mortgages.’ John said, ‘What I want to know is whether, if I give her a deed, have I a right to get it back whenever I pay her,’ and I said to that, ‘Yes, if you give a deed to secure the money you borrowed, the legal effect of it is just the same as a mortgage.’ ‘Well,’ he says, ‘that is all I want to know; then you make your deed.’ Then I said to Mrs. Evans, ‘Do you want-to give him a contract to convey it back?’ She says, ‘No, John can trust his mother. I will give it back to him whenever he pays up.’ John says, ‘Yes, I am not questioning my mother about giving it back, I know that she will do that. Further I wanted to know from you whether a deed is the same as a mortgage and whether I have a right to get it back when I pay up,’ and then I prepared this deed. There was no money paid by Mrs. Evans to John at the time in my presence. I was interested .in the bank to which I referred, which was the National Citizens’ Bank of which I was director. I handed the deed to John. I don’t know whether he did anything with it in my office or not. I later had a conversation with Mrs. Evans with reference to the transaction in the month of January, 1918. This conversation was at my office. It had reference to this deed. She said she had a letter from John; John wanted to know how to fill out his questionnaire in reference to this farm, and I said to her,* ‘Do you still have the title?’ and she said ‘Yes,’ and I said, ‘Did John ever pay you the money you loaned him, and for which you got as security the deed for. this farm?’ Then she said ‘No.’ Then I said, ‘You should tell John that he should put down in the questionnaire that he owns this farm subject to the amount of money that he owes you.’ I had a further talk with Mrs. Evans in the month of February, at the end of the month or the first of March, over the telephone. I recognized her voice, and she said to me, ‘Have those Germans been'to see you?’- I said, ‘What do you mean?’ ‘Well,’ she said, T mean John's father-in-law.’ .‘Yes,’ I said, ‘he and John were here;’- and she said, ‘What did they want?’ I said, ‘They claim that you say that you would not give them the farm back now if [144]*144John pays you what he owes you/ ‘Well/ she said, T hope you won’t do anything for them.’ I said to her, T could not handle their case for them if they had one.’ I said, T do not understand the position you are taking, Mrs. Evans; you certainly know that this land was deeded to you to secure your loan to John, but it seems, too, you ought to give the farm back to John if he pays up.’ ‘Well,’ she says, T am better able to take care of that farm than John is.’ I think she said something about him going to the service, she did not know what would happen. I had a later talk with her, after John had gone into the service, with reference to the deed, over the telephone, in the month of November, 1919. She called up and she says, T understand you are working against me.’ I said, ‘No, Mrs. Evans, I don’t know what you mean, I don’t know that I am working against you.’ She says, ‘Are you going to be a witness in that case against me ?’ I said, T could not say that I am or am not, but I would naturally suppose that I would be.’ Then I suggested to her again, ‘I can’t understand why you won’t give up that farm if you get your money; you certainly know the way in which it was deeded to you.’ ‘Well,’ she says, ‘if John would come back I would just as soon turn it over to him; but,’ she says, T am not going to give it to this woman.’ When she referred to Germans I knew she referred to John’s wife’s people.”
Cross-examination: “I practiced law twenty-three or four years. I am now in the Minnesota State Bank Building. Mr. Laurisch is in the N ational Citizens? State Bank Building across the street. Mr. Laurisch and I are not greater personal friends than other lawyers in the city of Mankato. I have been against him in about as many cases as I have been associated with him. When John came to my office about this case I told him I could not take his case. ■ He did not tell me that his wife did not want him to go into the army. He did not come to have me assist him to get out of the army. I did not tell him to go to Mi-. Laurisch or that I would be a better witness than lawyer. I remember what I fold Mrs. Evans on the first hearing. My stenographer, Ethel Skuse, was not in the room when the deed was made, until the deed was prepared. She then took the acknowledgment. She prepared the deed on the machine and I sat there and told her what to write in. I told her to put in as consideration one dollar and other [145]*145valuable consideration. I knew that John was owing his mother $400 upon a note which was' not yet due. It was a note1 that was given to pay alimony, at the bank of which I am a director. I knew what the terms of the deed were, and I did not take John’s case because T felt that in all probability I would have to be a witness. I felt in fairness and justice to all the parties to the transaction that I should be a witness. I did not mention Mr. Laurisch’s name to him. He suggested Mr. Laurisch when he could not get me. His wife was not with him, his father-in-law was. I did not actually know last November whether L would be a witness or not. I naturally expected to be. I was never advised that this case would be tried at New Ulm in 1919 and never heard anything about it. I first learned that I would be. a witness in this case about ten days .ago. I was asked to come here: Mrs. Evans had a telephone conversation with me in March, 1918. When John came first to me I did not remember that she told me. that Mr. Laurisch had told John that if he owned the farm he now lives on he did not have to go to war. That was the time she asked if the Germans had been to see me. The only Germans was his father-in-law. John was not a German. I told her that I — as I did at other times — that I expected to be a witness. I told- her that so far as starting proceedings, I would not have anything to do with it — that I expected to be a witness. John never asked me if he could not give his farm to his mother. I understood that the personal property was used up to pay his debts. I knew his mother had helped him. I think I have made a warranty deed for property intended to be a mortgage without a contract tp reconvey,' during my career as a lawyer. One instance was Mr. M. E. Babcock. There was a contract to reconvey about seven or eight years ago. John asked me if he could get it back if he paid. The statement was made that Mrs.. Evans was loaning more money that day. Outside of that I did not know of any money that was owing. I did not put in the amount of money in the deed there was already due and owing from John to his mother, as I did not understand they were deeding then, as she was going to loan him more money that day, so I did not think it necessary to make any such statement. I did not know that it purported to be a gift. I have plenty to do as a lawyer. I have'had other instances of this kind. I don’t know now for siire [146]*146as I can name them. At the time of the divorce John made no claim one way or another of owning this property. He was obtaining a divorce from his first wife and $400 was borrowed--at the Citizens' National Bank, and his mother signed with him, in January, 1917. I think the note may become due the last days of July. Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 is not the note. It might be a renewal. I executed that mortgage or drew that deed September 11th. She gave another note on the same day that deed was given, for $560. That note has been paid, by Mrs. Evans about April 15th, as I understand, and I know it through the records in the bank. I have seen the note there and that it was paid, but the record'nowhere shows who paid it. That $400 note which you have-was for the debt for the note prior to that. I presume this is- a renewal of it. I do not remember of John having- any other notes at the -bank. -There was a $1,000 note, but- my recollection is that Mrs: Evans signed that alone.”.
■ Redirect examination: “I was judge of probate in our court in 1898; from 1900 to 1906 I was prosecuting attorney. During the war I was connected with the Food Administration in Blue Eárth county as the official food administrator in our county. I was a director in the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety and president of the Blue Earth County Safety Association, and director and representative of the War Industries Board. I knew the husband of Jane A. Evans in his lifetime.”
Recross examination: “I came here to testif}'- because I was asked to come. I was not subpoenaed. I live in another state. Nobody is running my business while I am away. I thought it was my duty to come.”
We have set out the evidence of Mr. Wilson almost in full because his testimony is the turning point of the case and was evidently so considered by the trial court, for he says in his written opinion:
“The circumstances disclosed by the evidence, independent of the testimony of S. B. Wilson, relied upon by the defendant in support of her allegations, when considered in their most favorable light are no more persuasive than are those which point to the deed as expressing the real intent of the parties.”
[147]*147■He then goes on to state why the testimony of Mr. Wilson does not satisfy the rule as to the character of evidence necessary to reform a deed. He says:
“The testimony of Mr. Wilson does not convince me that this deed ought to be transformed into a mortgage. He is a lawyer with a large practice. The rule of law herein stated as to the nature and weight of the evidence is as old as the practice of the courts of equity in reforming written instruments on the ground of mistake. Mr. Wilson was without doubt familiar with this rule of law and was aware of the difficulties likely to be encountered-if an appeal had to be made-to the courts to correct the, instrument; .-His plain duty required that he draft the instrument, so., as.to .contain, the.entire agreement of the parties. .There_is.no claim that a defeasance clause was' inadvertently omitted; on the contrary it appears that it was done intentionally. It seems incredible that a lawyer with the experience 'of Mr. Wilson would have deliberately drafted and placed his name as-subscribing witness to a deed, absolute in form, if the parties had told him that they merely desired something drawn that would make the land security for. a .loan. The evidence is not sufficient, in my opinion^ to 'warrant the reformation of the deed.”' '
......It..will. thus.be..seen that-the trial judge was.influenced .largely in .reaching..the result.he did. by what.he.regarded -- as. an .incredible, if. not wholly.- unprofessional, act on the .part, of-Mr.. Wilson, to draw-.a deed, absolute ..that was intended as a mortgage. .. That such acts are occasionally done by. .reputable lawyers,, .the .experience, .and observation -of every-Justice of this-.court affirms.. Mr.. Wilson explained fully ,th¿ legal-effect, of their. acts .and suggested that the .plaintiff .should .give..a. written, ..contract to. recó’nvey. ’ She . said..the.son.could, trust her..and,.he said he could. . What .further was there,to do than, to ahpw .the parties.to..have such a writing as they both agreed upon .after Its true, effect was fully.and ■ correctly explained, to .them? .There was a good, reason .why.-plaintiff wanted, a..deed., instead of.,'a mortgage... Her- son ..had not shown, himself to be either, a [148]*148good business man or a good farmer. The mother knew that, and so she said when Mr. Wilson suggested that a mortgage be given, “I don’t want a mortgage, I want a .deed; . ... if he will give me a mortgage he will have to be giving other mortgages.” .She wanted to put it out of her son’s power to incumber the land to others, and this could be done by his deeding it to her. That she was then sincere in intending to reconvey when she was repaid, or at least when . she thought it was safe and prudent to re-invest him with the title, may be admitted. Subsequent events no doubt changed her mind — especially the death of her son and the consequent passing of the title not only to strangers in blood, but to one she disliked. It is therefore because we are satisfied that.the' trial court applied a wrong test to the : tes.tiinon}’- of Mr. Wilson — looking upon the acts testified ■ to by him as só unusual as to be practically incredible — that we the more readily set aside his findings. To us the testimony of. Mr. Wilson rings true. An old, experienced lawyer, who, as the evidence shows, for nearly a quarter of a century has enjoyed the confidence of the people in the community in which he has lived, evidenced by the numer- ', Ops 'offices'pf trust that he has held, and whp has no interest 'in' the result of the case, but who came to testify because, as he truly'said', he regarded it as a matter pf duty, would 'not be likely to perjure himself. And what reputablelawyer . would nottéstify'under thé same ;or similar circumstances? ; Considering the, contents and character of the evidence given by" him;'.he could not be mistaken' through forgetfulness. His' testimony is either' true or false. We think it true We arrive at this conclusion' both froth the intrinsic character (of the testimony and its consistency with what was ''probable under "the circumstances. Here" was a young man, ' a' farmer, .just" married, 'who:' had 'received from his grand- ‘ father' land' .worth about ''$16,000,' His mother was well-to-do.'. She,had. advanced him considerable-sums of money. ' She" was going to advance him more. He was not very thrifty and she feared he would incumber the land if he held [149]*149the title. The son, upon being told that his mother could hold the title as security, consented to passing it to her. He said he could trust her. They did not know how much she would eventually have to loan him. But whatever it might amount to, she held the deed as security for it. That he should at the threshold of life, with a wife to support, absolutely give to his mother, who did not need it, all' the property he owned, even if he had received upwards of S6,000 from her, seems incredible. It would still constitute a gift of some eight or ten thousand dollars. Sons are not and ought not to be so generous to their mother— especially just after marriage,.
In view of the convincing and.specific proof produced by the defendant, it’ was incumbent upon plaintiff, to. .show just what the consideration -of the deed was. This, she fails to do. Her evidence is vague and évasive. 'She' stands upon the deed, but gives no satisfactory reason why a court of equity should permit her to stand there. It is trué that the son in his war questionnaire said that he had deeded the land to his mother, and another witness testified that he said the same'thing to him.- And so he bad; but the conditions under which the deed was given were not stated.. Later he sought to correct the questionnaire by showing such conditions. On the other Hand, there is the testimony ofquitem -number 'of witnesses.that plaintiff' had admitted at'various times :before the-suit was begun, that "she held the title, .as, security only. :But”.even.’if-. we. assume,:as: the trial .'.court: did; .that: the evidence, asidé from Mr.'-Wilson’s.festimony; iS’ás,'|)éfsúasive for one. party, .as‘..the'..other, .we-"think! that'‘his‘.'.testimony ■unquestionably-discloses'- /.where■ the ’.truth.: lie-S’?.and .should decide 'the casé'.'-" ' •• ' ;v:- "A*"..:
By the Cowri. — -Judgment. reversed, and cause ..remanded with directions to declare the deed a mortgage, and to take .an"accounting as prayed"for:by the defendant.:-:
The respondent moved for "a".rehearing:
Tn support of the motion there was a brief by Brassard & [150]*150Zeidler of Columbus, attorneys for the respondent, and Regan & Grogan of Mankato, Minnesota, of counsel.
In opposition thereto there was a brief by Healy & Healy of.Beaver Dam and C. J. Laurisch of Mankato, Minnesota, attorneys for the appellant.
The motion was denied, with $25 costs, on January 11, 1921.