Evans v. Centurion Managed Care of Arizona LLC

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: August 9, 2023
• Docket: 2:23-cv-00282
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 LaChoniquie Evans, No. CV-23-00282-PHX-DWL

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Centurion Managed Care of Arizona LLC, et al., 13 Defendants. 14 15 This is an action under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) in which the parties 16 previously reached a settlement and have now asked the Court to approve their settlement 17 on the basis of a redacted version of their settlement agreement that omits the settlement 18 amount. (Docs. 15, 16.) As explained below, although the Court has previously engaged 19 in the process of approving settlements in individual FLSA actions, it now joins the 20 growing number of courts that have concluded that judicial approval is neither authorized 21 nor necessary in this circumstance. 22 BACKGROUND 23 In the complaint, Plaintiff asserts individual claims under the FLSA for unpaid 24 overtime and failure to pay minimum wages. (Doc. 1.) 25 On June 16, 2023, the parties notified the Court that they had reached a settlement. 26 (Doc. 13.) 27 On June 27, 2023, the parties filed a joint motion to approve their settlement and 28 dismiss this action with prejudice. (Doc. 15.) As support for the proposition that courts 1 must “evaluate a proposed FLSA Settlement . . . to ensure the settlement constitutes a fair 2 and reasonable resolution of a bona fide dispute over FLSA provisions,” the parties cite 3 the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Lynn’s Food Stores, Inc. v. United States, 679 F.2d 1350 4 (11th Cir. 1982), as well as several unpublished decisions from district courts in the District 5 of Arizona applying Lynn’s Food. (Id. at 3.) On the merits, the parties argue that settlement 6 approval should be granted because the settlement “was reached only after the Parties 7 performed an extensive investigation” and “resolves a bona-fide dispute between the 8 parties” regarding “numerous substantive issues, including whether certain preliminary and 9 postliminary activities are compensable under FLSA, whether Defendants’ policy of 10 compensating Plaintiff for missed meal breaks was adequate, whether Plaintiff performed 11 off-the-clock and/or overtime work that she reported, whether Defendants had knowledge 12 of unpaid overtime work, and the appropriateness of liquidated damages.” (Id. at 4.) 13 Attached to the motion for settlement approval is a redacted version of the 14 settlement agreement. (Doc. 15-1.) Concurrently, the parties filed a joint motion to file 15 portions of the settlement agreement—specifically, the settlement amount—under seal. 16 (Doc. 16.) The parties argue that “[t]his relief would protect the Parties’ interest in keeping 17 the financial portion of this settlement private, promote the Parties’ agreement to maintain 18 the confidentiality of this information, and advance the public’s interest in encouraging 19 settlements, while still allowing public access to all other terms and conditions of the 20 settlement.” (Id. at 2.) 21 ANALYSIS 22 The general rule is that courts have no role in approving settlement agreements. See, 23 e.g., Caplan v. Felheimer Eichen Braverman & Kaskey, 68 F.3d 828, 835 (3d Cir. 1995) 24 (“Our federal courts have neither the authority nor the resources to review and approve the 25 settlement of every case brought in the federal court system. . . . In what can be termed 26 ‘ordinary litigation,’ that is, lawsuits brought by one private party against another private 27 party that will not affect the rights of any other persons, settlement of the dispute is solely 28 in the hands of the parties. If the parties can agree to terms, they are free to settle the 1 litigation at any time, and the court need not and should not get involved.”) (citation 2 omitted); In re Masters Mates & Pilots Pension Plan & IRAP Litig., 957 F.2d 1020, 1025 3 (2d Cir. 1992) (“Typically, settlement rests solely in the discretion of the parties, and the 4 judicial system plays no role.”). Instead, if the parties to a pending civil case come to an 5 agreement concerning how to settle it, the plaintiff simply files a notice of voluntary 6 dismissal or a stipulation of dismissal. 7 The applicable rule in this context is Rule 41(a)(1)(A) of the Federal Rules of Civil 8 Procedure, which provides that “[s]ubject to Rules 23(e), 23.1(c), 23.2, and 66 and any 9 applicable federal statute, the plaintiff may dismiss an action without a court order by 10 filing” a notice or stipulation of dismissal. Id. Such dismissals are “effective upon filing 11 and there is no need for a court order for dismissal to be effectuated.” 1 Gensler, Federal 12 Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules and Commentary, Rule 41, at 1270 (2022). See also Frank 13 v. Gaos, 139 S. Ct. 1041, 1046 (2019) (“In ordinary non-class litigation, parties are free to 14 settle their disputes on their own terms, and plaintiffs may voluntarily dismiss their claims 15 without a court order.”). Indeed, such a dismissal “strips a court of jurisdiction in the sense 16 that it terminates the case all by itself. There is nothing left to adjudicate.” Commercial 17 Space Mgmt. Co., Inc. v. Boeing Co., Inc., 193 F.3d 1074, 1077 n.4 (9th Cir. 1999) 18 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 19 There are a few exceptions to the general prohibition against judicial involvement 20 in the approval of settlement agreements. Caplan, 68 F.3d at 835 (“There are only certain 21 designated types of suits . . . where settlement of the suit requires court approval.”). As 22 noted, the dismissal power under Rule 41(a)(1)(A) is “[s]ubject to Rules 23(e), 23.1(c), 23 23.2, and 66,” which deal, respectively, with class actions, derivative actions, actions 24 relating to unincorporated associations, and actions involving receivers. But this case does 25 not involve any of those things. 26 The final limitation on the dismissal power under Rule 41(a)(1)(A) is that it is 27 “[s]ubject to . . . any applicable federal statutes.” The question here, then, is whether the 28 FLSA is one of those federal statutes that requires judicial approval of settlement 1 agreements. There is, unfortunately, no binding Ninth Circuit law on this question. 2 Although the Ninth Circuit has stated in an unpublished decision that “FLSA claims may 3 not be settled without approval of either the Secretary of Labor or a district court,” 4 Seminiano v. Xyris Enter., Inc., 602 F. App’x 682, 683 (9th Cir. 2015), the rule in the Ninth 5 Circuit is that “[u]npublished dispositions and orders of this Court are not precedent.” See 6 9th Cir. R. 36-3(a). 7 Outside the Ninth Circuit, there is a split of authority on this issue. As the parties 8 correctly note, the Eleventh Circuit has held that “there are only two ways in which back 9 wage claims arising under the FLSA can be settled or compromised by employees”—either 10 “under the supervision of the Secretary of Labor” or, “in the context of suits brought 11 directly by employees against their employer to recover back wages for FLSA violations,” 12 by “present[ing] to the district court a proposed settlement” and asking the court to “enter 13 a stipulated judgment after scrutinizing the settlement for fairness.” Nall v. Mal-Motels, 14 Inc., 723 F.3d 1304, 1306 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing Lynn’s Food, 679 F.2d at 1352). 15 Similarly, the Second Circuit has held that judicial approval—or, alternatively, approval 16 by the Department of Labor (“DOL”)—is required before an individual FLSA claim may 17 be dismissed with prejudice. Cheeks v. Freeport Pancake House, Inc., 796 F.3d 199, 206 18 (2d Cir. 2015) (“We conclude that . . . Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(ii) stipulated dismissals settling 19 FLSA claims with prejudice require the approval of the district court or the DOL to take 20 effect.”).1 In contrast, the Fifth Circuit has held that “parties may privately settle a FLSA 21 claim . . . where there exists a bona fide dispute as to liability.” Martin v. Spring Break ’83 22

23 1 Although Cheeks remains good law in the Second Circuit, a different panel of the Second Circuit declined to “adopt its reasoning” in the course of holding that judicial 24 approval is not required before a plaintiff in an FLSA action can accept an offer of judgment under Rule 68. Mei Xing Yu v. Hasaki Rest., Inc., 944 F.3d 395, 398, 411 (2d 25 Cir. 2019). Among other things, the Mei Xing Yu court emphasized that “Congress knows how to require judicial approval of settlements and dismissals when it wants to”; that 26 “courts are charged with interpreting the actual text of the laws Congress enacts, and not with rewriting or expanding the scope of the laws in the absence of statutory text, no matter 27 how much one may think it may advance purported remedial goals or represent congressional intent”; and that a judicial approval requirement would amount to “a 28 paternalistic judicial fairness proceeding . . . that Congress does not require and the parties, represented by counsel, do not want.” Id. at 412-14. 1 Prods., L.L.C., 688 F.3d 247, 257 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks 2 omitted).2 3 The law in other circuits appears to be unsettled. For example, the Eighth Circuit 4 has somewhat pointedly declined to say whether judicial approval of FLSA settlement 5 agreements is “proper.” Barbee v. Big River Steel, LLC, 927 F.3d 1024, 1027 (8th Cir. 6 2019) (“Here, the district court agreed the parties’ proposed wage settlement satisfied 7 Barbee’s claims. Regardless of whether that assertion of authority was proper, the district 8 court’s authority did not extend beyond concluding the merits settlement was 9 satisfactory.”). See generally Keith William Diener, Judicial Approval of FLSA Back 10 Wages Settlement Agreements, 35 Hofstra Lab. & Emp. L.J. 25, 53-54 (2017) (“The 11 Eleventh and Second Circuits require judicial supervision of FLSA settlement agreements 12 for back wages; the Fifth Circuit carves out a narrow exception to the supervisory 13 requirement; the Fourth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits have not expressly decided 14 the issue, but have (in dicta) acknowledged the requirement of supervision; and the First, 15 Third, Sixth, Tenth, and District of Columbia Circuits having not yet expressly addressed 16 the issue.”) (citations omitted). 17 In circuits where the law on this issue is unsettled, district courts often assume, 18 without discussion, that they must approve FLSA settlements. This Court will confess that 19 it has done the same thing in past cases. However, in recent years, many district courts 20 have given closer scrutiny to this issue and concluded that the FLSA is not one of those 21 “applicable federal statutes” that authorizes (let alone requires) judicial approval of 22 settlement agreements before an action may be dismissed—or, at a minimum, that judicial 23 approval is not required in the case of a settlement arising from a “bona fide” dispute. See, 24 e.g., Askew v. Inter-Continental Hotels Corp., 620 F. Supp. 3d 635, 643 (W.D. Ky. 2022) 25 (“Faced with a statute that doesn’t require court approval before dismissal, and a Rule that 26 presumes the opposite, the Court concludes that FLSA is not an ‘applicable federal statute’ 27 2 More specifically, the Fifth Circuit “[a]pproved of th[e] rationale” of a district court 28 decision reaching this conclusion. Martin, 688 F.3d at 255 (citing Martinez v. Bohls Bearing Equip. Co., 361 F. Supp. 2d 608 (W.D. Tex. 2005)). 1 under Rule 41(a)(1)(A) that prevents dismissal at the parties’ behest.”); Alcantara v. Duran 2 Landscaping, Inc., 2022 WL 2703610, *1 (E.D. Pa. 2022) (“To stay true to Rule 41’s 3 language, it is incumbent on courts to avoid throwing up procedural hurdles to settlement. 4 The rule requiring prior court approval of an FLSA settlement is an example of just such a 5 procedural hurdle. The rule has no support in the FLSA’s text; it is a judge-made rule that 6 makes litigation slower and more expensive and is at odds with the text of Rule 41.”); 7 Walker v. Marathon Petroleum Corp., 2023 WL 4837018, *3 (W.D. Pa. 2023) (“This Court 8 agrees with the analysis in Alcantara and Askew, and likewise finds nothing in the text of 9 the FLSA (or in any Third Circuit case) that requires or even authorizes court approval for 10 private-party FLSA settlement agreements.”); Jackson v. Dovenmuehle Mortgage, Inc., 11 2023 WL 4304871, *1 (E.D. Wisc. 2023) (“The Seventh Circuit has never explicitly held 12 that court approval of individual FLSA settlement agreements is required, and the Court 13 will not, in this case, self-impose or adopt such a requirement where the FLSA does not 14 explicitly require it.”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); Martinez v. Back 15 Bone Bullies Ltd., 2022 WL 782782, *12 (D. Colo. 2022) (“[P]arties to a bona fide FLSA 16 claim may resolve their dispute via a private settlement agreement, with such agreement 17 being legally effective regardless of submission to or approval by the trial court.”). See 18 generally Anderson v. Team Prior, Inc., 2022 WL 16531690, *5 n.4 (D. Me. 2022) (“[A] 19 growing number of federal courts are rejecting [Eleventh Circuit precedent] and holding 20 that court approval of private FLSA settlements is not necessary.”). 21 Upon reflection, the Court finds these cases persuasive. Most important, nothing in 22 the text of the FLSA indicates that judicial approval of settlement agreements is required 23 and other features of the statutory text strongly suggest that Congress did not intend to 24 create such a requirement. As one court put it:

25 [T]he FLSA itself contains no language requiring judicial approval of settlement agreements. The statute mentions the court only in the very 26 different context of attorney fees and costs. Although the statute expressly cites the [DOL’s] supervisory role and the employee’s waivers, it doesn’t 27 condition the validity of an employee’s dismissal on the court’s approval of an underlying settlement. 28 Askew, 620 F. Supp. 3d at 639 (citations omitted). Similarly, as another court explained: 1 The FLSA includes a private right of action against any “employer who violates” the overtime and minimum wage provisions of the statute. The 2 statute permits the Secretary of Labor to file a case and administer a 3 settlement. Neither those provisions nor any other part of the FLSA requires a court to approve a settlement between an individual plaintiff and an 4 employer . . . . A court should not lightly assume that Congress has omitted 5 from its adopted text requirements that it nonetheless intends to apply. That is particularly true where Congress has shown that it knows how to include 6 the relevant language. When Congress adopted the FLSA in 1938, Congress 7 had included language in other statutes that required court approval of a settlement. . . . The fact that Congress knew how to include provisions 8 requiring approval of settlements, but did not include that language in the 9 FLSA, indicates that Congress did not intend to require courts to approve FLSA settlements. 10 11 Alcantara, 2022 WL 2703610 at *2-3 (citations omitted). 12 Notwithstanding this textual black hole, some courts have suggested that the 13 Supreme Court’s decisions in Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697 (1945), and 14 D.A. Schulte, Inc. v. Gangi, 328 U.S. 108 (1946), support interpreting the FLSA as 15 implicitly requiring judicial approval of all settlement agreements. See, e.g., Cheeks, 796 16 F.3d at 202. The Court respectfully disagrees. O’Neil held that when there is no dispute 17 that liquidated damages are due under the FLSA, a waiver of those liquidated damages will 18 not be enforceable. 324 U.S. at 704. However, the Court drew a distinction between a 19 “release [that] was given in settlement of a bona fide dispute between the parties with 20 respect to coverage or amount due under the Act” and “a mere waiver of [an undisputed] 21 right to liquidated damages.” Id. at 703. The Court also emphasized that it was not 22 deciding whether the FLSA limited “the validity of agreements between an employer and 23 employee to settle claims arising under the Act if the settlement is made as the result of a 24 bona fide dispute between the two parties, in consideration of a bona fide compromise and 25 settlement.” Id. at 714. Similarly, Gangi involved a waiver agreement where there was no 26 dispute as to the amount of compensation and liquidated damages owed. 328 U.S. at 111- 27 12. Although the Court held that such a waiver would not be enforceable in future litigation 28 where the only bona fide dispute involved FLSA coverage, it made clear that “we [do not] 1 need to consider here the possibility of compromises in other situations which may arise, 2 such as a dispute over the number of hours worked or the regular rate of employment.” Id. 3 at 114-15. In short, neither case addressed the question presented here, which is whether 4 represented parties embroiled in FLSA litigation, who have bona fide disputes over such 5 matters as the number of hours worked, can reach a compromise and then stipulate to 6 dismissal of the action without judicial approval of their settlement. See, e.g., Mei Xing 7 Yu., 944 F.3d at 405 (“In the intervening seven decades since Gangi, the Supreme Court 8 has never resolved these lingering questions about when and how employees can release 9 their FLSA rights. . . . Notably absent from any of these Supreme Court interpretations of 10 the FLSA is any discussion on whether a settlement or dismissal of an action to vindicate 11 FLSA rights under § 216(b) is conditioned on court approval.”); Askew, 620 F. Supp. 3d at 12 642 (“[N]either Brooklyn Savings nor Gangi compel the conclusion that settling a FLSA 13 case requires court approval.”).3 14 Some courts have also relied on “the unique policy considerations underlying the 15 FLSA” as the basis for concluding that settlements reached during FLSA litigation require 16 judicial approval. See, e.g., Cheeks, 796 F.3d at 206. The Court again respectfully 17 disagrees. As the district court cogently put it in Alcantara: “Congressional intent is 18 discerned primarily from the statutory text. And policy cannot overcome the text of a 19 statute.” 2022 WL 2703610 at *3-4 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). At 20

21 3 A footnote in Gangi stated that if there had been a lawsuit filed with an “agreed judgment,” such that the issues were pleaded and the judgment submitted “to judicial 22 scrutiny,” the outcome might have been different. 328 U.S. at 113 n.8. This is a far cry from establishing that submission to judicial scrutiny is the only way (aside from DOL 23 supervision) for parties’ FLSA settlements to be enforceable, and an even farther cry from establishing that parties to FLSA lawsuits cannot agree to stop litigating without submitting 24 their settlements to judicial scrutiny. In the many decades since Gangi was decided, the Supreme Court has never suggested that such a requirement exists. To the contrary, several 25 Justices recently provided the following illustration of “how a collective FLSA action seeking damages unfolds”: “A plaintiff . . . sues under § 216(b) on behalf of both herself 26 and others. . . . Now introduce a settlement offer into the picture: Assume that before the court finally decides whether to permit a collective action, the defendant proposes to pay 27 Smith the value of her individual claim in exchange for her abandonment of the entire litigation. If Smith agrees, of course, all is over; like any plaintiff, she can assent to a 28 settlement ending her suit.” Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66, 83-84 (2013) (Kagan, J., dissenting) (emphasis added). 1 any rate, to the extent policy considerations might be relevant here, the overarching policy 2 consideration is that “the FLSA is to be construed liberally in favor of employees.” 3 Douglas v. Xerox Bus. Servs., LLC, 875 F.3d 884, 889 (9th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). At 4 least in cases like this one, where the parties have been represented by counsel from the 5 outset and have avowed that their settlement arises from various bona fide disputes, a 6 construction that forces employees to pay heightened litigation fees to tee up a motion for 7 post-settlement judicial approval is not, on balance, “in favor of” employees. See generally 8 Alcantara, 2022 WL 2703610 at *4 (“[S]everal [policy reasons] weigh against requiring 9 courts to approve FLSA settlements. First, the requirement of court approval slows the 10 resolution of FLSA settlements and, by extension, the payment of wages to plaintiffs. 11 Second, the requirement requires lawyers to expend more time and to seek higher fees to 12 resolve small cases. Where possible, the law should avoid forcing lawyers to do work that 13 is disproportionate to the size of the case. . . . [Finally], a requirement of court approval 14 could force a risk-averse employer to demand employees file suit before settling, rather 15 than settling pre-suit. That would have the impact of adding transaction costs to the 16 settlement and clogging court dockets. All of these concerns augur against a prudential 17 rule that requires judicial approval of FLSA settlements between individual parties.”). 18 Indeed, if an employee were forced to continue litigating due to judicial rejection of a 19 settlement agreement, that employee could later face a less favorable settlement offer via 20 a Rule 68 offer of judgment—an offer that would not be subject to judicial oversight, 21 Kubiak v. Cnty. of Ravalli, 32 F.4th 1182, 1187 (9th Cir. 2022)—along with the possibility 22 that rejecting the offer could result in paying the employer’s post-offer costs. See, e.g., id. 23 (“[A] plaintiff who receives a Rule 68 offer is in a difficult position . . . .”). “In short, 24 settlements rather than litigation will serve the interests of plaintiffs as well as defendants.” 25 Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 10 (1985). See also Martinez, 2022 WL 782782 at *12 26 (“[M]andatory judicial oversight of every FLSA settlement unduly burdens everyone 27 involved in the process: courts, attorneys, and litigants.”). 28 As for how to proceed in light of these conclusions, one option might be to deny 1 both of the pending motions and order the Clerk to terminate this action in 60 days (unless 2 a party requests reinstatement in the meantime), as is the Court’s standard practice upon 3 receiving a notice of settlement. The rationale for that approach would be that (1) the 4 request for settlement approval fails on the merits, because the Court lacks authority to 5 provide the sort of approval the parties are seeking; (2) the motion to seal is moot in light 6 of that determination; and (3) there is no reason for the case to remain pending on the 7 docket in light of the fact that the parties have entered into a settlement (which, contrary to 8 the parties’ understanding, does not require judicial approval to become valid). However, 9 the Court also recognizes that the parties may wish to be further heard on the judicial- 10 approval issue. Because district courts in the District of Arizona (including this Court) 11 have routinely and uncritically engaged in the settlement-approval process in past FLSA 12 cases, it is understandable why the parties may have believed that a reference to Lynn’s 13 Food would be sufficient to establish the propriety and necessity of judicial review here. 14 Thus, to the extent the parties wish to attempt to make a more comprehensive showing on 15 that issue (and attempt to demonstrate why the conclusions reached in this order are 16 incorrect), they are free to do so and the Court will consider their arguments with an open 17 mind. 18 … 19 … 20 … 21 … 22 … 23 … 24 … 25 … 26 … 27 … 28 … 1 Accordingly, 2 IT IS ORDERED that: 3 1. The parties’ joint motion to approve settlement and dismiss with prejudice (Doc. 15) is denied without prejudice. 5 2. The parties’ joint motion to seal (Doc. 16) is denied as moot. 6 3. Within 14 days of the issuance of this order, the parties shall file one of the following: (1) a stipulation of dismissal pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1)(A)Gi); (2) a renewed 8 || motion for approval of their settlement; or (3) a status report otherwise informing the Court as to the status of this action. 10 Dated this 9th day of August, 2023. 11 12 Lm 13 } t Dominic W. Lanza 14 United States District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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