Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the opinion of the court.
In error to review a judgment of the Hustings Court of the city of Richmond affirming a judgment of the Police Court of the city imposing a fine of $25.00 on plaintiff in error for alleged violation of an ordinance of the city fixing a building line. The judgment was' affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State. 110 Virginia, 749.
Plaintiff in error attacks the validity of the ordinance and the statute under which it was enacted on the ground that they infringe the Constitution of the United States in that they deprive plaintiff in error of his property without due process of law and deny him the equal protection of the laws.
The statute authorized the councils of cities and towns, ' among other things, “to make regulations concerning the
building of houses in the city or town, and in their discretion, . . . in particular districts, or along particular streets, to prescribe and establish building lines, or to require property owners in certain localities or districts to leave a certain percentage of lots free from buildings, and to regulate the height of buildings.” Acts of 1908, p. 623, 4.
By virtue of this act the city council passed the following ordinance: “That whenever the owners of two-thirds of the property abutting on any street shall, in writing, request the committee on streets to establish a building line on the side of' the square on which their property fronts, the said committee shall establish such line so that the same shall not be less than five feet nor more than thirty feet from the street line. . . . And no permit for the erection of any building üpon such front of the square upon which such building line is so established shall be issued except for the construction of houses within the limits of such line.” A fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than five hundred dollars is prescribed for a violation of the ordinance.
The facts are as follows: Plaintiff in error is the owner of a lot thirty-three feet’ wide on the south side of Grace street between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth streets.. He applied for and received a permit on the nineteenth of December, 1908, to build a detached brick building to be used for a dwelling, according to certain plans and specifications which had been approved by the building inspector, dimensions of the building to be 26x59x28 feet high.
On the ninth of January, 1909, the street committee being in session, two-thirds of the property owners on the side of the square where plaintiff in error’s lot is situated, petitioned for the establishment of a building line, and in accordance with the petition a resolution was passed establishing a building line on the line of a majority
of the houses then erected and the building inspector ordered to be notified. This was done, and the plaintiff, in error given notice that the line established was “about fourteen (14) feet from the true line of the street and on a line with the majority of the houses.” He was notified further that all portions of his house “including Octagon Bay; must be' set back to conform to” that line. Plaintiff in error appealed to the Board of Public Safety, which sustained the building inspector.
At the time the ordinance was passed the material for the construction of the house had been assembled, but no actual construction work had been done. ■ The building conformed to the line, with the exception of the octagon bay window referred to above, which projected about 'three feet over the line.
The Supreme Court of the State sustained the statute, saying (p. 752) that'it was neither- “unreasonable nor unusual” and that the court was “justified in concluding that it was passed by the legislature in good faith, and in the interest of the health, safety, comfort, or convenience of the public, and for the benefit of the property owners generally who are affected by its provisions; and that the enactment tends to accomplish all, or at least some, of these objects.” The court further said, that the validity of such legislation is generally recognized' and .upheld as an exercise of the police power.
Whether it is a valid exercise of the police power is the question in the case, and that power we have defined, as far as it is capable of being defined by general words, a number of times. . It is not susceptible of circumstantial precision. It extends, we have said, not only to regulations which promote the public health, morals, and safety, but to those which promote the public convenience' or the general prosperity.
C., B. & Q. Ry. Co.
v.
Drainage Commissioners,
200 U. S. 561. And further, “It is.the most essential 'of powers, at times the most insistent, and
always one of the least limitable of the powers of government.”
District of Columbia
v.
Brooke,
214 U. S. 138, 149. But necessarily it has its limits and must stop when it encounters the prohibitions of the Constitution. Á clash will not, however; be lightly inferred. Governmental power must be flexible and adaptive. Exigencies arise, or even conditio:.? less peremptory, which may call for or suggest legislation, and it may be a struggle in judgment to decide whether it must yield to the higher considerations expressed and determined by the provisions of the Constitution.
Noble State Bank
v.
Haskell,
219 U. S. 104. The point where particular interests or principles balance “cannot be determined by any general formula in advance.”
Hudson Water Co.
v.
McCarter,
209 U. S. 349, 355.
But in all the cases there is the constant • admonition both in their rule* and examples that when a statute is assailed as offending against the higher guaranties of the Constitution it must clearly do so . to justify the courts in declaring it invalid. This condition is urged by defendant in error, and attentive to it we approach the consideration of the ordinance.
' It leaves, no discretion in .the committee on streets as to whether the street line shall or shall not be established in a given case, The action of the committee is determined by two-thirds of the property owners. In other words, part of the property owners fronting on the block determine the extent of use that other owners shall make of their lots, and against the restriction they are impotent. This we emphasize. One set of owners determine not only the extent of use but the kind of use which another set of owners may make of their property. In what way is thq, public safety, convenience or welfare served by conferring such power? The statute and ordinance, while conferring the power on some property holders to virtually, control and dispose of the proper rights of others, creates
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Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the opinion of the court.
In error to review a judgment of the Hustings Court of the city of Richmond affirming a judgment of the Police Court of the city imposing a fine of $25.00 on plaintiff in error for alleged violation of an ordinance of the city fixing a building line. The judgment was' affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State. 110 Virginia, 749.
Plaintiff in error attacks the validity of the ordinance and the statute under which it was enacted on the ground that they infringe the Constitution of the United States in that they deprive plaintiff in error of his property without due process of law and deny him the equal protection of the laws.
The statute authorized the councils of cities and towns, ' among other things, “to make regulations concerning the
building of houses in the city or town, and in their discretion, . . . in particular districts, or along particular streets, to prescribe and establish building lines, or to require property owners in certain localities or districts to leave a certain percentage of lots free from buildings, and to regulate the height of buildings.” Acts of 1908, p. 623, 4.
By virtue of this act the city council passed the following ordinance: “That whenever the owners of two-thirds of the property abutting on any street shall, in writing, request the committee on streets to establish a building line on the side of' the square on which their property fronts, the said committee shall establish such line so that the same shall not be less than five feet nor more than thirty feet from the street line. . . . And no permit for the erection of any building üpon such front of the square upon which such building line is so established shall be issued except for the construction of houses within the limits of such line.” A fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than five hundred dollars is prescribed for a violation of the ordinance.
The facts are as follows: Plaintiff in error is the owner of a lot thirty-three feet’ wide on the south side of Grace street between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth streets.. He applied for and received a permit on the nineteenth of December, 1908, to build a detached brick building to be used for a dwelling, according to certain plans and specifications which had been approved by the building inspector, dimensions of the building to be 26x59x28 feet high.
On the ninth of January, 1909, the street committee being in session, two-thirds of the property owners on the side of the square where plaintiff in error’s lot is situated, petitioned for the establishment of a building line, and in accordance with the petition a resolution was passed establishing a building line on the line of a majority
of the houses then erected and the building inspector ordered to be notified. This was done, and the plaintiff, in error given notice that the line established was “about fourteen (14) feet from the true line of the street and on a line with the majority of the houses.” He was notified further that all portions of his house “including Octagon Bay; must be' set back to conform to” that line. Plaintiff in error appealed to the Board of Public Safety, which sustained the building inspector.
At the time the ordinance was passed the material for the construction of the house had been assembled, but no actual construction work had been done. ■ The building conformed to the line, with the exception of the octagon bay window referred to above, which projected about 'three feet over the line.
The Supreme Court of the State sustained the statute, saying (p. 752) that'it was neither- “unreasonable nor unusual” and that the court was “justified in concluding that it was passed by the legislature in good faith, and in the interest of the health, safety, comfort, or convenience of the public, and for the benefit of the property owners generally who are affected by its provisions; and that the enactment tends to accomplish all, or at least some, of these objects.” The court further said, that the validity of such legislation is generally recognized' and .upheld as an exercise of the police power.
Whether it is a valid exercise of the police power is the question in the case, and that power we have defined, as far as it is capable of being defined by general words, a number of times. . It is not susceptible of circumstantial precision. It extends, we have said, not only to regulations which promote the public health, morals, and safety, but to those which promote the public convenience' or the general prosperity.
C., B. & Q. Ry. Co.
v.
Drainage Commissioners,
200 U. S. 561. And further, “It is.the most essential 'of powers, at times the most insistent, and
always one of the least limitable of the powers of government.”
District of Columbia
v.
Brooke,
214 U. S. 138, 149. But necessarily it has its limits and must stop when it encounters the prohibitions of the Constitution. Á clash will not, however; be lightly inferred. Governmental power must be flexible and adaptive. Exigencies arise, or even conditio:.? less peremptory, which may call for or suggest legislation, and it may be a struggle in judgment to decide whether it must yield to the higher considerations expressed and determined by the provisions of the Constitution.
Noble State Bank
v.
Haskell,
219 U. S. 104. The point where particular interests or principles balance “cannot be determined by any general formula in advance.”
Hudson Water Co.
v.
McCarter,
209 U. S. 349, 355.
But in all the cases there is the constant • admonition both in their rule* and examples that when a statute is assailed as offending against the higher guaranties of the Constitution it must clearly do so . to justify the courts in declaring it invalid. This condition is urged by defendant in error, and attentive to it we approach the consideration of the ordinance.
' It leaves, no discretion in .the committee on streets as to whether the street line shall or shall not be established in a given case, The action of the committee is determined by two-thirds of the property owners. In other words, part of the property owners fronting on the block determine the extent of use that other owners shall make of their lots, and against the restriction they are impotent. This we emphasize. One set of owners determine not only the extent of use but the kind of use which another set of owners may make of their property. In what way is thq, public safety, convenience or welfare served by conferring such power? The statute and ordinance, while conferring the power on some property holders to virtually, control and dispose of the proper rights of others, creates
no standard by which the power thus given is to be exercised; in other words, the property' holders who desire and have the authority to establish the.line may do so solely for their own interest or even capriciously. Taste (for even so arbitrary a thing as taste may control) or judgment may. vary in localities, indeed in the same locality. There- may be one taste or judgment of comfort or convenience on one side of a street and a different one on the other. There may be diversity in other blocks; and viewing them in succession, their building lines may be continuous or staggering (to adopt a word of the mechanical arts) as the interests of certain of the property owners may prompt against the interests of others. The only discretion, we have seen, which exists in the Street Committee or in the Committee of Public Safety, is in the location of the line, between .five and. thirty feet. It is hard to understand how public comfort or convenience, much less public health, can be promoted by a line which may be so variously disposed.
We are testing the ordinance by its extreme possibilities to show how in its tendency and instances it enables the convenience or purpose, of one set of property owners to control the property right of others, and property determined, as the case may be, for- business or residence-even, it may be, the kind of business or .character of residence.
One
person having a two-thirds ownership of a block may have that power against a
number
having a less collective ownership. If it be said that in the instant case there is no such condition presented, we answer that there is control- of the property of plaintiff in error by other owners of property exercised under the ordinance. This, as we have said, is the vice of. the ordinance, and makes it, we think, an unreasonable exercise of the police power.
The case requires no further comment. We need not consider the power of a city to establish a building line or regulate the structure or height of buildings. The cases
which are cited are not apposite to the present case. The ordinances or statutes which were passed on had more general foundation and a more general purpose, whether exercises of the police power or that of eminent domain. Nor need we consider the cases which distinguish between the esthetic and the material effect of regulations the consideration of which occupies some space in the argument and in the reasoning of the cases.
Judgment reversed and case remanded for further 'proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.